This project is truly belongs to kuriancredit’s. Can be used free of charge. Selling without prior written consent prohibited. Obtain permission before redistributing. In all cases this notice must remain intact. © copyright . kuriancredit . 2015 . All rights reserved

1. This project is truly belongs to
kuriancredit’s. Can be used free of charge.
Selling without prior written consent
prohibited. Obtain permission before
redistributing. In all cases this notice must
remain intact.
© copyright . kuriancredit . 2015 . All rights reserved

2. Submitted To,
Ms. Jyothi Thomas
F.I.A.T TRIVANDRUM
Aviation Research
Project

3. Alwin Kurian Abraham
Batch : O 1
F.D.A.H.T.M
F.I.A.T TRIVANDRUM

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the very outset , am very much grateful to the God almighty
for his blessings showered upon me to complete my
assignment “AVIATION RESEARCH PROJECT ”. I also thank my
mom for enough support .
Any attempt at any level cannot be completed without the
support and guidance of learned people. I express my sincere
gratitude to
Ms.JYOTHI THOMAS

5. Introduction ….
The unique feature of air travel is the fact that men, goods and mail can move quickly from
any point of the global air network to any other by any combination of routes, on a single
ticket valid everywhere. This is the result of a massive system of bilateral agreements between
governments, pains-taking arrived at since the end of world War II.
Life is becoming more and more busy People want to save time in every way.
There is no way out for such persons other than the aero plane . There is no
obstacle in air travel as we find on roads. Air-travel is most comfortable.
The tremendous and continuous progress made in recent years in speed, safety, passenger-
comfort and convenience, is bound to make more and more people air minded. Air travel has
brought with it new philosophies. Scientific progress is bringing about changes in he outlook
of men. All these changes are certain to make the aero plane more popular. The future of air-
travel, in India and in other counties, is bright.

6. Bibliography of Earlier Aviation Assignment
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Express_Flight_812
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747
• http://businesstoday.intoday.in/categorylist/12/1/aviation.html
• http://www.firstpost.com/tag/air-india
• http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Indian-Airlines

7. Analysis of Previous Aviation Assignment
• Current scenario of aviation industry.
• Different low cost airlines of India
• How to handle emergency situations (medical and technical).
• Responsibilities of a cabin crew.
• Special Handling Passengers .
• Emergency equipments and their usage.
• About latest aircrafts of Airbus and Boeing .
• Case study of an aircraft accident .

8. Research Proposal and Hypothesis
 Related Questions :
o What is an Emergency landing?
o What are the different types of emergency landing?
o What are the causes for an emergency landing?
o How to overcome emergency landings?
 Hypothesis
o With proper training and planning , they can be made without serious injuries .

9. Justification
• Despite in common, emergency landings are a rare phenomena in the aviation
industry. An emergency landing can happen as a result of several factors, which could
be caused by latent and or active failures.
I. Latent failure is described as a failure caused by the planning system, such as
airline management or maintenance procedures.
II. Active failures could also described as pilot or operator error; these are the
errors directly caused by the system or equipment operator, such as pressing the
wrong button and these are the main classifications of an emergency landing
and that’s why I chose the topic
“Will the Aircraft Overcome Emergency Landing “.

10. Action Plans / Review Dates
Task Date

11. Code of Ethics
 The content of the project are :
* Made by collecting true data's
* True evaluation
* Précised error
* Not copied /cooked up
* Description of fairness
* Transparency in collecting data

12. Primary and Secondary Source
Primary Source Secondary Source
Frankfinn - Faculty World Wide Web
Colleagues Brochures
Family Friends Journals (Aviation History)
Mentors Newspapers (Current Affairs)

13. Analysis of Source Data
 Primary Source
Aviation Faculty Ms. Jyothi Thomas , she helped me in sorting out the correct data and she
also gave me tips which were very useful for the assignment .
My family friend Mr. Ravi VP , retired warrant officer from INDIAN AIRFORCE.
My family friend Mr. Unni , Ramp Manager working in AIR INDIA .
 Secondary Source
It helps me to find relevant data .
It also help me to search various terms , compare with other incidents .
It keeps me find précised data.

14. Analysis and Presentation
of My Findings..

15. What is an Emergency Landing ?
An ” Emergency Landing ”is a landing made by an aircraft in response to a crisis
which either interferes with the operation of the aircraft or involves sudden
medical emergencies necessitating diversion to the nearest airport .
OR
An unscheduled airplane landing that is made under circumstances (engine failure
or adverse weather) not under the pilot's control.

16. What are the different types of emergency landing?
• Despite common portrayal in the movies, emergency landings are a rare
phenomena in the aviation industry. An emergency landing can happen as a result
of several factors, which could be caused by latent and or active failures.
(i) Latent failure is described as a failure caused by the
planning system, such as airline management or maintenance procedures.
(ii) Active failures could also described as pilot or operator
error; these are the errors directly caused by the system or equipment operator,
such as pressing the wrong button.
There are several different types of emergency landings for powered aircraft:
A, Planned landing
B, Unplanned landing

17. A , Wheels-Up Landing (Belly Landing)
When a plane lands with the wheels up/retracted, using the belly of the aircraft
instead. Some factors that may contribute to a belly landing are mechanical failure (the
gear can not be pulled out) or pilot error (forgot to pull out the landing gear) . In other
instances, such as during a water landing or landing off a prepared surface due to
engine failure, fuel starvation etc. a pilot may elect to land with the wheels up. On a
rough surface or water landing, the aircrafts belly may act as a skid for the landing,
whereas in these situations having the wheels down may cause the aircraft to 'dig in'
or flip over.

18. B, Water Landing (also known as Ditching)
One option for the pilot of an aircraft experiencing engine failure(s),
fuel starvation or exhaustion, or other emergencies which require the aircraft to be landed
immediately, is a water landing. Water landings may offer a flatter, obstacle free surface
that will allow the aircraft to decelerate more slowly than land based emergency landing.
An aircraft landed successfully on the water will often
remain afloat for some time due to design and the buoyancy provided by fuel tanks etc.
Pilots receive briefings and simulator training (in the airline environment) on how to carry
out water landings. Many such landings are survivable, but the continued success of a safe
landing is dependant on the post-accident actions, such as use of floatation devices
(correctly- inflate AFTER or as leaving the aircraft) and rescue.

19. C , Hard Landing
A hard landing is not specifically an emergency, although it may result from an
emergency situation. A hard landing happens when a plane uses steep descent on final
approach to touchdown. In some cases, the plane may bounce back into the air before it
finally lands on the runway.
“Aviation Glossary (2009)” defines the terms as "an event
during landing that results in excessive G-forces being transmitted into the structure of
the aircraft". A hard landing may have one or more of several potential outcomes: pilot
embarrassment, a heavy landing engineering inspection, burst tyre, structural damage or
even structural failure of the aircraft resulting in an insurance write-off or catastrophic
destruction.

20. D, Dead - Stick Landing
A dead-stick landing occurs "when an aircraft loses all of its propulsive power and is forced to
land" Although this situation is generally categorized under emergency landing for most
aircraft, some gliders and display pilots carry out dead-stick landings as their normal landing
technique. This type of landing is rarely experienced by commercial aircraft and if it does
occur it is classified as an emergency landing.
With helicopters , a forced landing involves autorotation, since the
helicopter glides by allowing its rotor to spin freely during the descent thus generating lift.
When a pilot makes an emergency landing of an aircraft that has some or all of its propulsive
power still available, it is known as a precautionary landing.

21. An example of such a DEAD STICK LANDING occurred on April 29, 2007, at Manchester Airport in the United Kingdom ,
when a bird got sucked into the right engine of a Thomson fly Boeing 757 , flight Thomson 235H, just as it rotated off the
runway .

22. E, Crash Landing
A crash landing is one of the most dangerous type of landings, as the impact and
deceleration forces experienced in this landing are normally enormous. Pilots are not
generally trained to 'crash land' but a crash landing may occur when the pilot does not
have time, experience or the level of control required to achieve a better result.
Simulator and flight training are designed to teach the best procedures to avoid and
minimize the effects of an actual crash but when it comes to the real situation, the results
may not always meet the theoretical target.

23. F , Go-around/Missed Approach (Near-miss Landing)
A go-around is the description given to the act of aborting a landing attempt. When this
happens, pilots will often have another attempt at the approach and/or landing. There are
many situations where a missed approach is required, such as obstructed runway, too close
to the aircraft ahead, poor configuration (gear up, wrong flap, wrong speed), wind shear
etc.
Pilots are trained to monitor for these situations and are
expected to go-around if they occur. However, an approach may become dangerous when
the pilots do not realize one of these situations exist and they believe that the plane is still
on the right approach. The video below shows that the pilots did not realize that the flight
computer miscalculated the landing procedures.

24. G, Precautionary Landing
This type of landing is to prevent bad situations from becoming worse. During a
precautionary landing the pilot elects to land
away from the intended destination or an
otherwise prepared landing area. The pilot
will assess a location for suitability- surface,
length, slope, obstacles etc before carrying out
a landing. This type of landing is also part of
assessment when pilot applying for their licenses.

25. Precautionary Landing
The sooner a pilot locates and
inspects a potential landing site, the less the chance of additional
limitations being imposed by worsening aircraft conditions,
deteriorating weather, or other factors. This may be as a result
of problems with the aircraft, or a medical or police emergency.

26. Statistics
Not all phases of flight are equally prone to accidents. Most
accidents (55%) occur during landing or take-off. Only 10%
occur when the aircraft is en route.

27. What are the Causes of Emergency Landing?
Improper airspeed control
Poor judgment in the selection of an emergency landing area
Failure to estimate the approximate wind speed and direction
Failure to fly the most suitable pattern for existing situation.
Failure to accomplish the emergency checklist
Undershooting or overshooting selected emergency landing area

28. Other Emergencies can be :
Ice and snow
Medical Emergency
Terrorism
Low fuel
Bomb Scare
Lightening
Engine Failure .

29. Other Emergencies can be :
Bird Strike
Ground Damage
Volcanic Ash
Human Factors such as Pilot error
Piloting while intoxicated
Structural failure of the aircraft
Stalling
Fire

30. Other Emergencies can be :
Controlled flight into terrain
Electromagnetic Interference
Runway safety : it includes Runway excursion ,
Runway overrun , Runway incursion and Runway
confusion .
Deliberate air crew action
Military Action

31. How to overcome from these Emergencies?
Pre-flight safety demonstrations
Aircraft safety cards
Aircraft rescue and fire fighting
Proper , Planning

32. There are a wide range of factors that will affect survivability. This list is
non-inclusive and each variable is affected by many other variables:
• Airspeed
• Rate of descent
• Approach angle
• Aircraft attitude (nose position relative to forward motion, not how it's feeling that
day)
• Skid/slip angle (deviation from flying straight ahead)
• Aircraft design
• Aircraft configuration (flaps down, gear down)
• Existing airframe damage .
• The Pilot At the Controls (PAC) experience and skill

33. Summary
After doing the project I came into the conclusion that proper planning and taking
the right decision at the time of emergency can help the aircraft from an air accident.
 It is not easy to execute in the air but tactfulness and skill of the pilot and crew
can compensate from an emergency .
 Another factor is luck and faith in god are the essential factors for a work to be
successful .

34. Identification of Areas of
Future Research…

35. What would be your future research if you get a
chance?
If I get a chance to do research once again ,
My future research would be based on the missing of Malaysian flight MH370
My Hypothesis would be :
“ Seventh Arc Theory behind Malaysian Airline MH370 ”

36. My Experience….

37. My Experience…
After the completion of this assignment, I came to know more
about the aircrafts , and the types of different emergencies
happen during a flight. And I can cross study what is
emergency landing ,different types of emergency landing and
how it occurs.
So, I can conclude that the assignment was a great learning
experience for me which will definitely help in future.

38. BIBLIOGRAPHY....

39. Bibliography……
• http://www.airtrafficmanagement.net/2014/09/seventh-arc-remains-key-to-
finding-mh370/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5NXpar4Ouw
• http://aviationglossary.com/uncategorized/hard-landing/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadsti
ck_landing
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_landing
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_safety
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airline_flights_that_required_gliding

40. Thanks………..