The topic of this presentation is on Emergency landing. In this project..there have many types of Emergency landing displayed here.

1. Aviation Research Project

2.  Name Akash Siddharth Pol
 Submitted to Sneha mam
 Subject Aviation Research Project
 Batch 24
 Centre Thane
 Year 2018 - 2019

3. The unique feature of air travel is the fact that men, goods and mail can more quickly
from any point of the global air network to any other by any combination of routes, on a
single ticket valid everywhere.This is the result of a massive system of bilateral
agreements between government pains-taking arrived at since the end of world war 2.
Life is becoming more and more busy people want to save time in every way.There is no
way out for such perons other than the acro planc.There is no obstacle in air travel as we
find on roads. Air-travel is most comfortable.
The tremendous and continuous progress made in recent years in speed, safety,
passenger comfort and convenience, is bound to make more and more people air
minded. Air travel has brought with it new philosophic. Sci entific progress is bringing
about changes in he outlook of men. All these changes are certain to make the acro plane
more popular.The future of air travel, in India and in other counties in bright.
Introduction

4. Acknowledgment
 I take this opportunity to thank my teachers and colleagues for helping me out to
complete this presentation.
 I specially thank our Aviation faculty Mrs. Sneha mam for giving all assistance in
my work.
 I also thank all the faculty and my colleagues at Frankfinn for their help and
support.
 Last but not least I thank God Almighty for his Love and care.

5. Analysis and
Presentation of My
Findings

6. What is an Emergency Landing ?
An “Emergency Landing” is a landing made by an aircraft in response to a crisis
which either interferes with the operation of the aircraft or involves sudden medical
emergencies necessitating diversion to the nearest airport.
OR
An unscheduled airplane landing that is made under circumstances (engine failure or
adverse weather)not under the pilot’s control.

7. What are the different types of emergency landing ?
Despite common portrayal in the movies, emergency landings are a rare
phenomena in the aviation industry. An emergency landing can happen as a result of
several factors, which could be caused by latent and or active failures.
(1)Latent failure is described as a failure caused by the planning system, such as
airline management or maintenance procedures.
(2) Active failure could also described as pilot or operator error, these are the errors
directly caused by the system or equipment operator.
There are several different types of emergency landings for powered aircraft.
(A) Planned landing
(B) Unplanned landing

8. A, Wheels-Up Landing (Belly Landing)
When a plane lands with the wheels
up/retracted, using the belly of the aircraft
instead some factors that may contribute to a
belly landing are mechanical failure (the gear
can not pulled out) or pilot error (forgot to
pull out the landing gear). In other instances,
such as during a water landing or landing off a
prepared surface due to engine failure. Fuel
starvation etc. a pilot may elect to land with
the wheels up as a skid for the landing,
whereas in these situations having the wheels
down may cause the aircraft to ‘dig in’ or flip
over.

9. B, Water Landing (also known as Ditching)
One option for the pilot of an aircraft experiencing engine failure(s). Fuel
starvation or exhaustion, or other emergencies which require the aircraft to be
landed that will allow the aircraft to decelerate more slowly than land based
emergency landing.
An aircraft landed successfully on the water will often remain afloat for some
time due to design and the buoyancy provided by fuel tanks etc.
Pilots receive briefings and simulator training (in the airline environment) on
how to carry out water landing many such landings are survivable. But the
continued success of a safe landing is dependent on the post-accident actions,
such as use of flotation devices and rescue.-

10. Water Landing

11. C, Hard Landing
A hard landing is not specifically an emergency, although it may result from
an emergency situation. A hard landing happence when a plane uses sleep
descent on final approach to touchdown. In some cases, the plane may
bounce back into the air before it finally lands on the runway.
“Aviation Glossary (2009)” defines the terms as “an event during landing
that results in excessive G-forces being transmitted into the structure of the
aircraft”. A hard landing may have one or more of several potential
outcomes pilot embarrassment, a heavy landing engineering inspection,
burst type structural damage or even structural failure of the aircraft
resulting in an insurance write-off or catastrophic destruction.

12. Hard Landing

13. D, Dead – Stick Landing
A dead – stick landing occurs “when an aircraft loses all of its propulsive
power and is forced to land “ Although this situation is generally categorized
under emergency landing for most aircraft same gliders and display pilots
carry out dead stick landing as their normal landing technique.This type of
landing is rarely experienced by commercial aircraft and if it does occur it is
classified as an emergency landing
With helicopters a forced landing involves autorotation since the helicopter
glides by allowing its rotor to spin freely during the descent thus generating
lift.When a pilot makes an emergency landing of an aircraft that has some
or all of its propulsive power still available, it is known as a precautionary
landing.

14. Dead – Stick Landing

15. E, Crash Landing
A crash landing is one of the most dangerous type of landings, as the impact
and declaration forces experienced in this landing are normally enormous.
Pilots are not generally trained to ‘crash land’ but a crush landing may occur
when the pilot does not have time, experience or the level control required
to achieve a better result
Simulator and flight training are designed to teach the best procedures to
avoid and minimize the effects of an actual crash but when it comes to the
real situation, the results may not always meet the theoretical target.

16. Crash Landing

17. F, Go-round/Missed Approach(Near-miss Landing)
A go-around is the description given to the act of aborting a landing
attempt. When this happens pilots will often have another attempt at the
approach and /or landing.There are many situations where a missed
approach is required, such as obstructed runway, too close to the aircraft
ahead, poor configuration (gear up, wrong flap, wrong speed).Wind shear
etc.
Pilots are trained to monitor for these situation and are expected to go
around if they occur. However, an approach may become dangerous when
the right approach.The video below shows that the pilots did not realize
that the flight computer miscalculated the landing procedures.

18. Go-round/Missed Approach(Near-miss Landing)

19. G, Precautionary Landing
This type of landing is to prevent bad
situations from becoming worse. During a
precautionary landing the pilot elect to land
away from the intended destination or an
otherwise prepared landing area.The pilot
will assess a location for suitability – surface.
Length, slope, obstacles etc before carrying
out a landing.This type of landing is also part
of assessment when applying for their
licenses.

20. Precautionary Landing
The sooner a pilot locates and inspects a
potential landing site, the less the
enhance of additional limitations being
imposed by worsening aircraft conditions
deteriorating weather, or other factors.
This may be as a result of problems with
the aircraft or a medical or police
emergency.

21. Statistics
Not all phases of flight are equally prone to accidents. Most accidents (55%)
occur during landing or take – off. Only 10% occur when the aircraft is en
route.

22. What are the Causes of Emergency Landing ?
• Improper airspeed control
• Poor judgment in the selection of an emergency landing area.
• Failure to estimate the approximate wind speed and direction.
• Failure to fly the most suitable pattern for existing situation.
• Failure to accomplish the emergency checklist.
• Undershooting or overshooting selected emergency landing area.

23. Other Emergencies can be :
• Ice and snow
• Medical Emergency
• Terrorism
• Low fuel
• Bomb scare
• Lightening
• Engine Failure

24. Other Emergencies can be :
• Bird Strike
• Ground Damage
• Volcanic Asia
• Human Factors such as Pilot error
• Piloting while intoxicated
• Structural failure of the aircraft
• Stalling
• Fire

25. Other Emergencies can be :
• Controlled flight into terrain
• Electromagnetic Interference
• Runway safety, it includes runway excursion, Runway overrun, Runway
incursion and runway confusion.
• Deliberate air crew action
• Military Action

26. How to overcome from these Emergencies ?
• Pre – flight safety demonstration
• Aircraft safety cards
• Aircraft rescue and fire fighting
• Proper planning

27. There are a wide range of factors that will affect survivability.This
list is non – inclusive and each variable is affected by many other
variables.
• Airspeed
• Rate of descent
• Approach angle
• Aircraft altitude
• Skid/Slip angle
• Aircraft design
• Aircraft configuration
• Existing airframe damage.
• The pilot at the controls(PAC) experience and skill

28. Summary
After doing the project I came into the conclusion that proper planning and
taking the right decision at the time of emergency can help the aircraft from
an air accident.
• It is not easy to execute in the air but tactfulness and skill of the pilot and
crew can compensate from an emergency.
• Another factor is lich and faith is god are the essential factors for a work
to be successful.

29. Identification of Area of
Future Research

30. What would be your future research if you get a
chance?
If I get a chance to do research once again.
My future research would be based on the missing of Malaysian flight
MH370.
My Hypothesis would be
“Seventh Are theory behind Malaysian airline MH370”

31. My Experience

32. My Experience…
After the completion of this assignment, I came to know more about the
aircrafts, and the types of different emergencies happen during flight. And I
can cross study what is emergency landing, different types of emergency
landing and how it occurs.
So, I can conclude that the assignment was a great learning experience for
me which will definitely help in future.

33. Bibliography

34. Bibliography
http://www.airtrafficmanagement.net/2014/09/seventh-are-remains-key-
tpo-finding-mh370/
http://www.yoputube.com/watch?v-a5NXpar4Ouw
http://aviationglossary.com/uncategorized/hard-landing/
http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_landing
http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/deadstick_landing
http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_landing
http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_safety

35. Thank you