Framing
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The document discusses different methods for framing data at the data link layer, including byte counting, character-oriented protocols using flag bytes, and bit-oriented protocols using a special bit pattern as a delimiter. It describes problems that can occur with each method, such as flag bytes or escape characters appearing in the data, requiring techniques like byte stuffing. The document also briefly introduces flow control to restrict sending data until acknowledgement and error control using automatic repeat requests to retransmit frames if errors are detected.
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Please note that the content in this guide is protected under copyright law even if it is not distributed with software that includes
an end user license agreement. The content of this guide is furnished for informational use only, is subject to change without
notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe Systems Incorporated assumes no
responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in the informational content contained in this guide.
Please remember that existing artwork or images that you may want to include in your project may be protected under copyright
law. The unauthorized incorporation of such material into your new work could be a violation of the rights of the copyright
owner. Please be sure to obtain any permission required from the copyright owner. Any references to company names in sample
files are for demonstration purposes only and are not intended to refer to any actual organization.
Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, Classroom in a Book, Flash, Illustrator, InDesign, Dreamweaver, Photoshop, Adobe Muse,
PostScript, and PostScript 3 are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States
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Mac, macOS, and Macintosh are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Microsoft, Windows, Windows XP, Windows 7, and Windows 8 are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.
and/or other countries. Wacom and Intuos are trademarks of Wacom Company Ltd. PANTONE®, myPANTONE™ and other
Pantone LLC properties are trademarks or registered trademarks of Pantone LLC in the United States and other countries. All
rights reserved. NVIDIA is a trademark and/ or registered trademark of NVIDIA Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third party trademarks
that may appear in this w
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This document discusses computer networks and various topics related to the physical and data link layers. It covers physical layer and data link layer switching concepts like bridges, switches, and routers. For the data link layer, it discusses design issues, error detection and correction, and data link layer protocols. It also covers wired local area networks (LANs) like Ethernet, the IEEE standards, and the evolution of Ethernet through different generations including standard, fast, and gigabit Ethernet.
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Adobe Press is an imprint of Pearson Education, Inc. For the latest on Adobe Press books, go to www.adobepress.com. To report
errors, please send a note to errata@peachpit.com. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate
contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
If this guide is distributed with software that includes an end user license agreement, this guide, as well as the software described
in it, is furnished under license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. Except as permitted
by any such license, no part of this guide may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Please note that the content in this guide is protected under copyright law even if it is not distributed with software that includes
an end user license agreement. The content of this guide is furnished for informational use only, is subject to change without
notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe Systems Incorporated assumes no
responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in the informational content contained in this guide.
Please remember that existing artwork or images that you may want to include in your project may be protected under copyright
law. The unauthorized incorporation of such material into your new work could be a violation of the rights of the copyright
owner. Please be sure to obtain any permission required from the copyright owner. Any references to company names in sample
files are for demonstration purposes only and are not intended to refer to any actual organization.
Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, Classroom in a Book, Flash, Illustrator, InDesign, Dreamweaver, Photoshop, Adobe Muse,
PostScript, and PostScript 3 are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States
and/or other countries. Adobe product screenshots reprinted with permission from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Apple, Safari,
Mac, macOS, and Macintosh are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Microsoft, Windows, Windows XP, Windows 7, and Windows 8 are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.
and/or other countries. Wacom and Intuos are trademarks of Wacom Company Ltd. PANTONE®, myPANTONE™ and other
Pantone LLC properties are trademarks or registered trademarks of Pantone LLC in the United States and other countries. All
rights reserved. NVIDIA is a trademark and/ or registered trademark of NVIDIA Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third party trademarks
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Section 3 describes in the detail the PathMATE Application Messaging Protocol and all supported message formats, as defined for the CPP Transformation Maps in 8.2.0 software releases.
Appendix A lists sources for referenced information for Ethernet and TCPIP protocols.
05 chapter03 03_memory_structure_slc500_fa16
This document discusses memory structure and addressing in programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the different types of memory structures as address-based, tag-based, and a combination. It then focuses on Allen-Bradley SLC500 PLCs which use rack-based, address-based memory. The document explains how the PLC program memory stores ladder logic instructions and covers addressing schemes for input/output modules and internal memory types like bits, timers and counters. Input and output interactions with physical devices are demonstrated through examples.
Interprocess Message Formats
This Technical Note describes the Message formats used in PathMATE Multi-Process
deployments when communicating between any two process instances.
Section 2 provides an overview of the different message protocol layers involved during
transmission defining basic terminology and the basic concepts.
Section 3 describes in the detail the PathMATE Application Messaging Protocol and all supported message formats, as defined for the CPP Transformation Maps in 8.2.0 software releases.
Appendix A lists sources for referenced information for Ethernet and TCPIP protocols.
error_correction.ppt
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in digital communications. It describes three main types of error coding: parity bits for error detection, block coding for error detection and correction (e.g. Reed-Solomon), and convolutional coding for error correction (e.g. Viterbi). It provides details on parity bits, block codes including cyclic codes, and convolutional codes. Formulas for coding gain, data rates, required signal-to-noise ratios, and bit error rate calculations as a function of modulation scheme and energy per bit to noise spectral density ratio are also summarized.
data link layer to print
The document discusses the data link layer of the OSI model. It describes the data link layer as the second layer that is responsible for framing data, error detection and correction, and flow control between nodes on a network. The data link layer has two sublayers - the logical link control layer deals with protocols, flow control and error control, while the media access control layer controls access to the shared media. The data link layer frames data from the network layer, provides addressing, synchronization, error detection using parity checks and CRC, error correction using ACKs and retransmissions, and flow control using stop-and-wait or sliding window protocols.
Vernam Conjugated Manipulation of Bit-Plane Complexity Segmentation
Vernam Conjugated Manipulation of Bit-Plane Complexity SegmentationUniversitas Pembangunan Panca Budi
This document discusses using Vernam cipher conjugation to increase security in Bit-Plane Complexity Segmentation (BPCS) steganography. BPCS divides an image into segments and bit-planes to hide data, but the standard pattern is not secure. The author proposes using Vernam cipher to encrypt each bit-plane before insertion. This would modify the bit-plane pattern randomly, increasing security by obscuring the stored data. An example demonstrates the BPCS process of dividing an image segment into bit-planes and calculating their complexity values. Combining Vernam cipher encryption of the bit-planes with BPCS storage in the image is described as a way to securely enhance the steganographic technique.Chapter3
The document discusses various functions and protocols of the data link layer, including framing, error control, flow control, and elementary protocols like stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols. It also covers topics like error detection codes, finite state machines, Petri nets, and example data link layer protocols including HDLC, PPP, and protocols used in the Internet.
Advanced Encryption System & Block Cipher Modes of Operations
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric block cipher that can operate with three different key lengths - 128 bits, 192 bits, and 256 bits, known as AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256. The AES algorithm performs encryption and decryption on blocks of 128 bits using rounds of processing that include substitution, permutation, and mixing functions. AES also supports various block cipher modes of operation like Electronic Codebook (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), Output Feedback (OFB), and Counter (CTR) for different applications.
AN INTRODUCTION TO SERIAL PORT INTERFACING
The document provides an introduction to serial port interfacing and communication. It discusses key concepts such as asynchronous and synchronous communication, baud rate, start and stop bits, parity for error detection, RS-232 serial interface standard, and programming in C to send serial data from a PC to a microcontroller.
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哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
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Design and optimization of ion propulsion drone
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
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Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
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22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Framing
- 2. Physical Layer and Data Link Layer Physical Layer Data Link Layer 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Bits of data frame
- 3. Ways of Framing Byte count Character Oriented Protocol Bit Oriented Protocol
- 4. Method #1: Byte Count Uses a field in a header to specify the number of bytes into frame. 5 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 6 9 3 0 2 1 A byte stream: 5 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 6 9 3 0 2 1 Framing: Byte count Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3
- 5. Problem with byte count 5 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 6 9 3 1 2 1 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Without error: 5 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 6 9 3 1 0 2 1 With error: Frame 1 Frame 2 F3 Frame 4
- 6. The response: Using FLAG BYTE Flag 1 2 3 4 Flag 5 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 6 9 3 1 2 1 Flag 6 7 Flag Flag 2 3 4 Flag 5 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 6 9 3 0 2 1 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3
- 7. Method #2: Character- oriented protocol Uses a flag byte, that is used as both the starting and ending delimiter Flag Byte Uses a character in ASCII Flag 1 2 3 4 Flag Flag 6 7 Flag Flag 2 3 4 Flag
- 8. Problems with Character- oriented protocol 1: FLAG byte occurs in the data Original bytes A FLAG as data B After Stuffing A ESC FLAG as data B Byte Stuffing
- 9. Byte Stuffing the technique of inserting a special byte (ESC) just before each accidental flag byte in the data.
- 10. Problems with Character- oriented protocol 2: ESC occurs in the data Original bytes A ESC as data B After Stuffing A ESC B ESC as data
- 11. Problems with Character- oriented protocol 3: ESC and FLAG occurs in the data Original bytes A ESC as data B After Stuffing A ESC B ESC as data FLAG as data ESC FLAG as data
- 12. Problems with Character- oriented protocol 4: Two ESC occursin the data Original bytes A ESC as data B After Stuffing A ESC B ESC as data ESC ESC as data ESC as data
- 13. Method #3: Bit-oriented protocols Uses a special 8-bit pattern flag 0111 1110 As the delimiter to define the beginning of the frame 01111110 00010101010101010111111 010101101010101 01111110 Flag data Flag
- 14. Bit Stuffing Rule: When sending five consecutive 1 bits, a 0 bit is stuffed. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
- 15. 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 Original data Data after stuffing
- 16. Flow Control and Error Control
- 17. Flow Control It refers to a set of procedure used to restrict the amount of data that the sender can send before waiting for acknowledgement.
- 19. Error Control Error control in the data link layer is based on automatic repeat request. Any time an error is detected in an exchange, specified frames are retransmitted.
- 20. End of discussion If you want to have a copy of my presentation: rustymillabas@gmail.com