Framing in the simplest and shortest way. Framing is creating of frames in data link layer.

1. A Presentation on
F R A M I N G
Communication Network
By Th Nanao
7th Semester ECE
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2. Frames and Framing
Frames Are The Small data Units Created By
Data Link Layer
And The Process Of Creating Frames By The
Data Link Layer Is Known As Framing.
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3. Communication without FRAMING
UNFRAMED DATAS
“NITMANIPUR”
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RECEIVED! SEND!!

4. So what FRAMING does is…
NIT Manipur
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5. Methods of FRAMING
Character Count.
Starting & Ending Characters With Character Stuffing.
Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing.
Physical Layer Coding Violation.
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6. Character Count
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5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
Frame 1
5 characters
Frame 2
5 characters
Frame 3
8 characters
Frame 4
8 characters

7. Starting & Ending Characters With Character
Stuffing.
Data from Network Layer
A B C D
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Start of Frame DATA End of Frame
DLE STX A B C D DLE ETX

8. Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing
01111110 DATA 01111110
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FLAGS
Starting Flag Bit Ending Flag Bit

9. An example of Bit Stuffing
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011011111111111111110010
011011111011111011111010010
011011111111111111110010
Original data
Bits stuffed at the sender
Bits de-stuffed at the receiver

10. Physical Layer Coding Violation
 This Framing Method Is Used only In those network In which
Encoding On The Physical Medium Contain some Redundancy.
 Some LANs Encode Each Bit Of Data By using two Physical Bit i.e.
Manchester coding is Used.
 In this method Bit 1 Is encoded into high-low(10) Pair And Bit 0 Is
Encoded Into low-high(01)pair shown in figure.
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11. Physical Layer Coding Violation
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0 1 0 1 1 0
Menchester Encoding

12. Conclusion
We learned what is framing, why we need it and how to apply
them according to the requirements.
Without framing the data sequence will not be in order.
Without framing we wouldn't be able to view the original
information received.
 Framing is the key to Sequential flow of data in its true form.
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13. Thank You
For ‘any’ doubt visit www.google.com
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