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Four classes of macromolecules
- 1. Four Classes of Macromolecules NotesBooklet: Inside Panels Biological Importance, Dietary Sources, Functional Groups
- 2. Carbohydrates • Biological Importance •Very abundant in nature • Preferred energy source for most organisms • Photosynthesis directly produces glucose • Cellulose is the most abundant terrestrial biomolecule • Energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration • Make up cell walls • plants, bacteria, fungi, algae • Make up exoskeletons • arthropods, insects
- 3. Carbohydrates Dietary Sources • Fruits,honey, milk • Vegetables, grains Functional Groups • Hydroxyl (-OH)
- 4. Lipids • Biological Importance •Long term energy storage • A gram of fat stores twice as much energy as a gram of starch • Lots of C-H bonds (high-energy bonds) • Cell membranes would NOT exist (there for no cells, no life as we know it) • Phospholipid bilayer • Biological markers (glycolipids)
- 5. Lipids Dietary Sources • Animalfats • Plants: nuts, seeds (oils) Functional Groups • Hydroxyl (-OH) • Phosphate (-PO4) • Carbonyl (-C=O)
- 6. Proteins • Biological Importance •Determine the structure and function of cells! • Do the WORK of cells • Every living cell contains 100s – 1000s of proteins • ~50% the dry mass of a cell is protein! • Every dynamic function of a living thing depends on proteins • Regulate metabolism • Biomarkers (glycoproteins) • Human proteome • Over 19,000 proteins identified • Expected # of human proteins = 250,000 – one million!
- 7. Proteins Dietary Sources • Animals •Plants Functional Groups • Amino (-NH2) • Carboxyl (-COOH)
- 8. Nucleic Acids • BiologicalImportance • Reproduction (cellular and organism level) • DNA controls its own reproduction • RNA production is controlled by DNA • Protein production is controlled by DNA and RNA • DNA is like computer software • RNA and proteins are like the hardware • DNA contains a code for the production of PROTEINS! • Human genome • About 20,000 genes code for proteins
- 9. Nucleic Acids Dietary Sources •Almost every type of food has DNA in it! • Raw foods = highest amount of DNA • Unprocessed • Uncooked Functional Groups • Phosphate (-PO4) • Hydroxyl (-OH) • Amino (-NH2)
- 10. ATP • Biological Importance •Life processes require a constant supply of energy • ATP is the molecular unit of energy for cells to do work • ATP fuels cellular metabolism! • ATP stores and transfers energy in cells! • Covalent bonds between –PO4 are high-energy • Hydrolysis of ATP releases high energy that is used by the cell to drive its activities • Reverse reaction is a special type of reaction called PHOSPHORYLATION. • Ingested nutrients are converted to ATP
- 11. ATP Dietary Sources • ATPis not directly supplied in the diet • Nutrients in the diet are converted to ATP in cells Functional Groups • Phosphate (-PO4) • Amino (-NH2) • Hydroxyl (-OH)