This document summarizes key concepts in biochemistry, including: 1) It describes different types of energy like chemical, electrical, and mechanical energy and how they relate to living systems and concepts of potential and kinetic energy. 2) It discusses important chemical bonds for life like ionic bonds between atoms, covalent bonds involving shared electrons, and hydrogen bonds that influence molecular structure. 3) It outlines major organic macromolecules that make up living things like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ATP and their biological roles and significance.

1. Biochemistry Chemistry Comes to Life

2. Energy Types: How do these relate to living systems? Chemical energy Electrical energy Mechanical energy Radiant energy How do these relate to the ideas of potential and kinetic energy?

3. Chemical bonds Ionic Covalent Hydrogen bonds

4. Ionic bonds Involve electron transfer from one atom to another. Common in salts, electrolytes Ions are necessary for many body functions

5. Covalent Bonds Shared electrons Stable compounds Polar covalent bonds in water have biochemical significance

6. Hydrogen Bonds Weak bonds Involved in water tension Create intramolecular bonds which bind parts of the same molecule together Significant in the shape of proteins, DNA, and enzyme function

7. Patterns of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reaction Examples: amino acids joined to make proteins, simple sugars joined on to polysaccharides. Protein Synthesis link

8. Patterns of Chemical Reactions Decomposition reactions Example: glycogen broken down to glucose molecules http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html

9. Patterns of Chemical Reactions Exchange or displacement reactions Example: Hemoglobin picks up Oxygen and unloads Carbon Dioxide.

10. Significant inorganic molecules Water Salts Acids and Bases

11. Biological significance of water High Heat Capacity Prevents sudden changes in body temp. Polarity and Solvent Properties Salts, O 2 , CO 2, dissolved in blood; lubricant molecules Chemical Reactivity Reactant in digestion; hydrolysis Cushioning properties CSF, amniotic fluid

12. Polarity and Solvent Properties

13. Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids ATP

14. Biological Macromolecules

15. Carbohydrates C, H, O H:O::2:1 3 Types Monosaccharide Disaccharides Polysaccharides Starches in plants Glycogen in animals

16. Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” Do NOT mix with water Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils Function Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs

17. Lipids:Triglycerides Triglycerides (neutral fats): Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains Saturated: in animals, solid at room T, called fats Unsaturated: in plants, liquid at room T, called oils Transfats: man-made unsaturated, solid fat.

18. Lipids: Phospholipids Cell Membrane up close and personal

19. Lipids: steroids Flat, four-ring shape From cholesterol and sex hormones.

20. Proteins Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

21. Proteins C,H,O,N and sometimes S Made up of chains of amino acids Structural proteins: muscle, keratin, collagen; make up 50% of organic matter Functional proteins Antibodies Hormones Transport protein: hemoglobin Enzymes: biological catalysts http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

22. Nucleic Acids Store hereditary information Contain information for making all the body’s proteins Two types exist --- DNA & RNA

23. Nucleic Acids: DNA: D eoxyribonucleic A cid Double Helix is the nucleic acid whose nucleotide sequence stores the genetic code for its own replication and for the sequence of amino acids in proteins. RNA: R ibonucleic A cid Single Strand is a single-stranded nucleic acid that translates the genetic code of DNA into the amino acid sequence of proteins.

24. Macromolecules

25. Macromolecules

26. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate ATP-energy molecule formed from breakdown of glucose.

27. ATP 1. ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) is a nucleotide of adenosine composed of ribose and adenine. 2. Derives its name from three phosphates attached to the five-carbon portion of the molecule. 3. ATP is a high-energy molecule because the last two unstable phosphate bonds are easily broken. 4. Usually in cells, a terminal phosphate bond is hydrolyzed , leaving ADP (adenosine diphosphate ). 5. ATP is used in cells to supply energy for energy-requiring processes (e.g., synthetic reactions); whenever a cell carries out an activity or builds molecules, it "spends" ATP.