Sound waves are produced by the vibration of material objects. A disturbance in the form of a longitudinal wave travels away from the vibrating source. High-pitched sounds are produced by sources vibrating at high frequency, while low-pitched sounds are produced by low-frequency sources Sound waves consist of traveling pulses of high-pressure zones, or compression, alternating with pulses of low-pressures zones, or rarefaction. Sound can travel through gases, liquids, and solid, but not through a vacuum.
To know that sound can be reflected, refracted, diffracted, and produces interference effects.
Know that sound is a wave because it can be reflected and refracted as with particles, diffraction and interference only occur with waves
A powerpoint explaining what sound waves are, the equation used to calculate displacement, the equation used to calculate pressure and the equation for intensity.
Sound waves are produced by the vibration of material objects. A disturbance in the form of a longitudinal wave travels away from the vibrating source. High-pitched sounds are produced by sources vibrating at high frequency, while low-pitched sounds are produced by low-frequency sources Sound waves consist of traveling pulses of high-pressure zones, or compression, alternating with pulses of low-pressures zones, or rarefaction. Sound can travel through gases, liquids, and solid, but not through a vacuum.
To know that sound can be reflected, refracted, diffracted, and produces interference effects.
Know that sound is a wave because it can be reflected and refracted as with particles, diffraction and interference only occur with waves
A powerpoint explaining what sound waves are, the equation used to calculate displacement, the equation used to calculate pressure and the equation for intensity.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Unit 5: Waves and Sound
15.1 Properties of Sound
15.2 Sound Waves
15.3 Sound, Perception, and Music
Chapter15 Sound
3. Chapter15 Objectives
1. Explain how the pitch, loudness, and speed of sound are
related to properties of waves.
2. Describe how sound is created and recorded.
3. Give examples of refraction, diffraction, absorption, and
reflection of sound waves.
4. Explain the Dopplereffect.
5. Give a practical example of resonance with sound waves.
6. Explain the relationship between the superposition principle
and Fourier’s theorem.
7. Describe how the meaning of sound is related to frequency
and time.
8. Describe the musical scale, consonance, dissonance, and beats
in terms of sound waves.
5. 15.1 Properties of Sound
Key Question:
What is sound and how
do we hear it?
*Students read Section 15.1
AFTER Investigation 15.1
6. 15.1 Properties of Sound
If you could see the
atoms, the difference
between high and low
pressure is not as great.
Here, it is exaggerated.
7. 15.2 The frequency of sound
We hearfrequencies of sound as
having different pitch.
A low frequency sound has a low
pitch, like the rumble of a big truck.
A high-frequency sound has a high
pitch, like a whistle orsiren.
In speech, women have higher
fundamental frequencies than men.
10. 15.1 Loudness
Every increase of 20 dB,
means the pressure wave
is 10 times greaterin
amplitude.
Logarithmic
scale
Linear scale
Decibels (dB) Amplitude
0 1
20 10
40 100
60 1,000
80 10,000
100 100,000
120 1,000,000
11. 15.1 Sensitivity of the ear
How we hearthe loudness of
sound is affected by the
frequency of the sound as well
as by the amplitude.
The human earis most
sensitive to sounds between
300 and 3,000 Hz.
The earis less sensitive to
sounds outside this range.
Most of the frequencies that
make up speech are between
300 and 3,000 Hz.
12. 15.1 How sound is created
The human voice is a complex
sound that starts in the larynx, a
small structure at the top of your
windpipe.
The sound that starts in the larynx
is changed by passing through
openings in the throat and mouth.
Different sounds are made by
changing both the vibrations in the
larynx and the shape of the
openings.
13. 15.1 Recording sound
1. A common way to record sound starts with a
microphone. A microphone transforms a sound wave
into an electrical signal with the same pattern of
oscillation.
14. 15.1 Recording sound
2. In modern digital recording, a sensitive circuit converts
analog sounds to digital values between 0 and 65,536.
15. 15.1 Recording sound
3. Numbers correspond to the amplitude of the signal and
are recorded as data. One second of compact-disk-
quality sound is a list of 44,100 numbers.
16. 15.1 Recording sound
4. To play the sound back, the string of numbers is read by
a laserand converted into electrical signals again by a
second circuit which reverses the process of the
previous circuit.
17. 15.1 Recording sound
5. The electrical signal is amplified until it is powerful
enough to move the coil in a speakerand reproduce the
sound.
18. 15.2 Sound Waves
Key Question:
Does sound behave like
other waves?
*Students read Section 15.2
BEFORE Investigation 15.2
19. 15.2 Sound Waves
1. Sound has both frequency (that we hear
directly) and wavelength (demonstrated by
simple experiments).
2. The speed of sound is frequency times
wavelength.
3. Resonance happens with sound.
4. Sound can be reflected, refracted, and
absorbed and also shows evidence of
interference and diffraction.
20. 15.2 Sound Waves
A sound wave is a wave of alternating high-pressure and
low-pressure regions of air.
22. 15.2 The Dopplereffect
The shift in frequency caused by motion is called the
Dopplereffect.
It occurs when a sound source is moving at speeds less
than the speed of sound.
23.
24. 15.2 The speed of sound
The speed of sound in air is 343 meters per
second (660 miles per hour) at one atmosphere
of pressure and room temperature (21°C).
An object is subsonic when it is moving slower
than sound.
25. 15.2 The speed of sound
We use the termsupersonic to describe motion at
speeds fasterthan the speed of sound.
A shockwave forms where the wave fronts pile up.
The pressure change across the shockwave is what
causes a very loud sound known as a sonic boom.
26.
27. 15.2 Standing waves and resonance
Spaces enclosed by boundaries can create
resonance with sound waves.
The closed end of a pipe is a closed boundary.
An open boundary makes an antinode in the
standing wave.
Sounds of different frequencies are made by
standing waves.
A particular sound is selected by designing the
length of a vibrating system to be resonant at the
desired frequency.
28.
29. 15.2 Sound waves and boundaries
Like other waves, sound
waves can be reflected
by surfaces and
refracted as they pass
from one material to
another.
Sound waves reflect
from hard surfaces.
Soft materials can
absorb sound waves.
30. 15.2 Fourier's theorem
Fourier’s theorem says any complex wave can
be made from a sum of single frequency waves.
31. 15.2 Sound spectrum
A complex wave is really a sumof component frequencies.
A frequency spectrum is a graph that shows the amplitude
of each component frequency in a complex wave.
32. 15.3 Sound, Perception, and Music
Key Question:
How is musical sound
different than other
types of sound?
*Students read Section 15.3
AFTER Investigation 15.3
33. 15.3 Sound, Perception, and Music
A single frequency by itself does not have much meaning.
The meaning comes frompatterns in many frequencies
together.
A sonogram is a special
kind of graph that shows
how loud sound is at
different frequencies.
Every person’s sonogramis
different, even when saying
the same word.
34. 15.3 Hearing sound
The eardrum vibrates in
response to sound waves
in the earcanal.
The three delicate bones
of the innereartransmit
the vibration of the
eardrumto the side of
the cochlea.
The fluid in the spiral of
the cochlea vibrates and
creates waves that travel
up the spiral.
35. 15.3 Sound
The nerves nearthe
beginning see a
relatively large
channel and respond
to longerwavelength,
low frequency sound.
The nerves at the small end of the channel respond to
shorterwavelength, higher-frequency sound.
36. 15.3 Music
The pitch of a sound is how high orlow we hear
its frequency. Though pitch and frequency usually
mean the same thing, the way we heara pitch can
be affected by the sounds we heard before and
after.
Rhythmis a regulartime pattern in a sound.
Music is a combination of sound and rhythmthat
we find pleasant.
Most of the music you listen to is created froma
pattern of frequencies called a musical scale.
37.
38. 15.3 Consonance, dissonance, and beats
Harmony is the study of how sounds work together to
create effects desired by the composer.
When we hear more than one frequency of sound and
the combination sounds good, we call it consonance.
When the combination sounds bad or unsettling, we
call it dissonance.
39. 15.3 Consonance, dissonance, and beats
Consonance and dissonance are related to beats.
When frequencies are far enough apart that there are
no beats, we get consonance.
When frequencies are too close together, we hear
beats that are the cause of dissonance.
Beats occur when two frequencies are close, but not
exactly the same.
40.
41. 15.3 Harmonics and instruments
The same note sounds different when played on
different instruments because the sound from an
instrument is not a single pure frequency.
The variation comes from the harmonics, multiples of
the fundamental note.
When we hear complex sounds, the nerves in the ear respond separately to each
different frequency. The brain interprets the signals from the ear and creates a
“sonic image” from the frequencies. The meaning in different sounds is derived
from the patterns in how the different frequencies get louder and softer.
The Equal Loudness Curve on the right shows how sounds of different frequencies
compare. Sounds near 2,000 Hz seem louder than sounds of other frequencies, even at the same
decibel level.
For example, the Equal Loudness Curve shows that a 40 dB sound at 2,000 Hz
sounds just as loud as an 80 dB sound at 50 Hz.
The Equal Loudness Curve on the right shows how sounds of different frequencies
compare. Sounds near 2,000 Hz seem louder than sounds of other frequencies, even at the same
decibel level.
For example, the Equal Loudness Curve shows that a 40 dB sound at 2,000 Hz
sounds just as loud as an 80 dB sound at 50 Hz.