Formation of oil and natural gas deposit
•
1 like•1,377 views
This document discusses oil and natural gas deposits, including their formation, current usage and reserves, methods of extraction, and alternative natural gas sources. It notes that petroleum is a nonrenewable resource, and that over 1 trillion barrels of oil have been consumed worldwide so far, with 1.2 trillion barrels estimated to remain. The United States consumes about 25% of the oil used globally each year. Natural gas presently supplies 25% of US energy needs, with 200 trillion cubic feet in reserves and 20 trillion cubic feet consumed annually. Enhanced oil recovery techniques beyond primary pumping are also outlined.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
![[OIL AND NATURAL GAS DEPOSIT] January1, 2016
FORMATION OFOIL ANDNATURAL GASDEPOSIT
o Petroleum
Liquid petroleum (oil)- comprises a variety of liquid hydrocarbon compounds
(made up of diff. proportions of C and H)
Natural gas- gaseous hydrocarbons
Ex: methane (CH4)- most common
NOTE: Petroleum is a nonrenewable energy source
(1) OIL
- Commonly discussed in units of barrel (1 barrel = 42 gallons)
- 1 trillion barrel ----- consumed worldwide
- 1.2 trillion barrel --- estimated remaining reserve
U.S.A – consumes about 25% oil used worldwide](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/formationofoilandnaturalgasdeposit-160228154654/85/Formation-of-oil-and-natural-gas-deposit-1-320.jpg)
![[OIL AND NATURAL GAS DEPOSIT] January1, 2016
-7½ billion barrels / year (to supply 40% energy used)
-10% world’s oil resource
Middle East – 60% world oil reserves
(2) NATURAL GAS
- U.S.A ---natural gas presently supplies 25% of the energy used
-200 trillion cubic feet natural gas reserve
- consumes 20 trillion cubic feet/year
-imports 20% of its consumption
(3) ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
- PRIMARY RECOVERY- using no techniques beyond pumping
- SECONDARY RECOVERY – when floew falls off, water may be pumped into tha reservoir,
filling empty pores and buoying up more oil into the well
*combination of both recovery extracts an average of one-third of the oil in the given trap
- OTHER METHODS
-increasing the permeability of rock by deliberate fracturing using explosives
- carbon dioxide gas under pressure can be used to force out more oil
- Hot water or steam may be pumped underground to warm thick, viscous oils so
that they flow more easily
*CONSEQUENCES OF OIL RECOVERY
1. Ground Subsidence
2. groundwater pollution
(4) ALTERNATENATURAL GASSOURCES
Coal- bed methane
Geopressurized zone- thousand of meters below the surface
- natural gas under tremendous pressure exerted by the overlying rock
dissolves in water
- 150 to 2000 trillion cubic feet potentially recoverable gas
Methane hydrates- Gas (usually methane) hydrates are crystalline solids of gas and water
-abundant in arctic regions and in marin sediments
-contains carbon twice as in the fossil fuels
COAL
*see other notes
OIL SHALE
o Kerogen- waxy solid potential fuel
- formed from the remains of plants, algae, and bacteria
-general term describing organic matter that is not readily dissolved either in water or in
organic solvents
-solid precursor organic compounds of oil and natural gas
TAR SAND
- Known as oil sands
- Sedimentary rocks containing a very thick, semisolid, tarlike petroleum (bitumen)](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Natural Gas
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon composed primarily of methane that is found in conventional and unconventional deposits underground. Conventional deposits are commonly found near oil reservoirs, while unconventional sources include shale gas, tight gas in low-permeability sandstone, coalbed methane, methane hydrates, and biogenic gas. Shale gas is trapped within organic-rich shale formations, tight gas has migrated into reservoirs with small pore spaces, and coalbed methane is contained in coal deposits. Methane hydrates consist of methane molecules trapped within a cage of water molecules in arctic sediments and ocean floors. Natural gas has several environmental and health effects but produces fewer emissions than other fossil fuels when burned, and its transportation and storage requires strict safety regulations
Introduction to Natural Gas -NG
This module is an introduction to natural gas resources. It gives description on source, reservoir and cap rocks as well as suitable environments for natural gas generation, migration and accumulation.
Oil shale
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of ancient organisms that lived millions of years ago. It contains kerogen, which breaks down into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas when heated. The largest oil shale deposit in the United States is the Green River formation, spanning Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, which contains over 1.8 trillion barrels of shale oil. Oil shale is classified based on its depositional environment such as lacustrine, marine, or terrestrial, and mineral content including carbonate-rich, siliceous, or cannel shale types.
Oil shale 2
- The document discusses oil shale deposits around the world and in Egypt. It defines oil shale as a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which can be converted to shale oil through heating. Oil shale deposits are classified based on their depositional environment (marine, lacustrine, terrestrial) and mineral composition (carbonate-rich, siliceous, cannel). The largest known deposit is the Green River Formation in the US, containing over 2 trillion barrels of shale oil. Egypt has significant oil shale deposits in the Red Sea region, Quseir-Safaga area, and Abu Tartur plateau containing billions of tons of oil shale.
Energy assignment by h luqman
This document provides information about the group members and topic of an assignment on statistics of fuel reserves in Pakistan. It then summarizes different types of fuels including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It discusses primary and secondary fuels and provides details on production and consumption of various fuels in Pakistan such as fuel oil, coal, natural gas, and rice production.
Coal & petroleum
A beginner level presentation which introduces coal and petroleum , their production and what their excess usage leads to. The image quality and some features may be reduced to improve compatibility.
Introduction to petroleum industry
Petroleum, or crude oil, is a thick, flammable liquid found beneath the earth's surface that is the precursor to many useful products. It is obtained through oil drilling and refined into fuels like gasoline and diesel. The top petroleum producing countries are located in the Middle East and Russia. Petroleum is essential for transportation fuels and many other industries that produce plastics, fabrics, and medicines. While it provides an energy-dense fuel source, dependence on petroleum also contributes to environmental issues like greenhouse gas emissions and oil spills.
Fossil fuel
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Coal forms over millions of years as dead plant material is compressed, and oil and natural gas form similarly from the remains of marine organisms. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources that are extracted and refined, then burned as an energy source for activities like generating electricity or powering vehicles, releasing emissions in the process. Major accidents like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon oil spills have caused environmental damage when fossil fuels are transported and extracted.
Recommended
Natural Gas
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon composed primarily of methane that is found in conventional and unconventional deposits underground. Conventional deposits are commonly found near oil reservoirs, while unconventional sources include shale gas, tight gas in low-permeability sandstone, coalbed methane, methane hydrates, and biogenic gas. Shale gas is trapped within organic-rich shale formations, tight gas has migrated into reservoirs with small pore spaces, and coalbed methane is contained in coal deposits. Methane hydrates consist of methane molecules trapped within a cage of water molecules in arctic sediments and ocean floors. Natural gas has several environmental and health effects but produces fewer emissions than other fossil fuels when burned, and its transportation and storage requires strict safety regulations
Introduction to Natural Gas -NG
This module is an introduction to natural gas resources. It gives description on source, reservoir and cap rocks as well as suitable environments for natural gas generation, migration and accumulation.
Oil shale
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of ancient organisms that lived millions of years ago. It contains kerogen, which breaks down into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas when heated. The largest oil shale deposit in the United States is the Green River formation, spanning Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, which contains over 1.8 trillion barrels of shale oil. Oil shale is classified based on its depositional environment such as lacustrine, marine, or terrestrial, and mineral content including carbonate-rich, siliceous, or cannel shale types.
Oil shale 2
- The document discusses oil shale deposits around the world and in Egypt. It defines oil shale as a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which can be converted to shale oil through heating. Oil shale deposits are classified based on their depositional environment (marine, lacustrine, terrestrial) and mineral composition (carbonate-rich, siliceous, cannel). The largest known deposit is the Green River Formation in the US, containing over 2 trillion barrels of shale oil. Egypt has significant oil shale deposits in the Red Sea region, Quseir-Safaga area, and Abu Tartur plateau containing billions of tons of oil shale.
Energy assignment by h luqman
This document provides information about the group members and topic of an assignment on statistics of fuel reserves in Pakistan. It then summarizes different types of fuels including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It discusses primary and secondary fuels and provides details on production and consumption of various fuels in Pakistan such as fuel oil, coal, natural gas, and rice production.
Coal & petroleum
A beginner level presentation which introduces coal and petroleum , their production and what their excess usage leads to. The image quality and some features may be reduced to improve compatibility.
Introduction to petroleum industry
Petroleum, or crude oil, is a thick, flammable liquid found beneath the earth's surface that is the precursor to many useful products. It is obtained through oil drilling and refined into fuels like gasoline and diesel. The top petroleum producing countries are located in the Middle East and Russia. Petroleum is essential for transportation fuels and many other industries that produce plastics, fabrics, and medicines. While it provides an energy-dense fuel source, dependence on petroleum also contributes to environmental issues like greenhouse gas emissions and oil spills.
Fossil fuel
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Coal forms over millions of years as dead plant material is compressed, and oil and natural gas form similarly from the remains of marine organisms. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources that are extracted and refined, then burned as an energy source for activities like generating electricity or powering vehicles, releasing emissions in the process. Major accidents like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon oil spills have caused environmental damage when fossil fuels are transported and extracted.
Fossil Fuel resources for sustainable development
This document provides information about fossil fuels, specifically focusing on coal. It discusses the formation of coal from ancient plant matter over millions of years. Coal is divided into four categories based on carbon content and stage of formation: peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Each stage represents increased pressure and heat over time. The document outlines the characteristics and uses of each coal type. Coking coal is used to make steel, while anthracite burns most efficiently. Coal-bed methane is also sometimes extracted from coal deposits.
Aquatic Pollution And Coastal Zone Managment
The document discusses oil pollution from various sources and its impacts. It defines an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment through human activity. Oil pollution in marine environments can originate from natural seeps, sea-based activities like shipping and extraction, land-based discharges, and air pollution. The largest spill was the Kuwait Oil Fires of 1991 that released over 136,000 tons of crude oil. The document then examines the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons and provides details on the Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010 as a case study of ecological impacts.
Coal petroleum
This document summarizes the formation and uses of coal, petroleum, and plastics. It explains that coal forms from accumulated organic matter in ancient swamps that are then compressed and cooked over time. Petroleum forms similarly from marine organisms but deeper underground where heat breaks down molecules into oil and gas. Both coal and petroleum have many industrial uses as fuel and in producing materials like coke, asphalt and plastics. Plastics are polymers created by linking repeating structural units that can be engineered to have various desirable properties and applications.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are deposits of coal, oil, and natural gas formed from the remains of ancient plant and animal life. Coal forms from plant remains over millions of years of heat and pressure, and is used mainly for electricity and steel production. Oil forms from ocean organisms and is primarily used for fuel like gasoline; natural gas forms similarly to oil and is the cleanest burning fossil fuel mainly used for fuel. Refineries are important for processing fossil fuels into usable forms. The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill released millions of gallons of oil into Alaska's Prince William Sound, killing wildlife and damaging coastal ecosystems.
Mahbubur rahman 42124-44925
The document discusses the environmental issues associated with oil and gas extraction and production activities. It outlines the various stages of the petroleum industry from exploration to transportation and the potential atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial environmental impacts at each stage like air pollution, water contamination, and disturbance of land, vegetation, and wildlife. It also examines some potential emergencies in the industry such as oil spills, explosions, and natural disasters and their environmental and economic consequences. While oil and gas will continue to be important sources of global and local energy, the industry must mitigate the environmental costs of these activities.
Fk fossil fuels
Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of dead plants and animals over millions of years. Coal is formed from dead plants trapped under layers of water and dirt that are subjected to heat and pressure over time. Oil is formed similarly from the remains of dead sea creatures. Natural gas is formed from decayed plant and animal remains that are trapped underground by rock and subjected to heat and pressure. These fossil fuels are important energy sources, with coal mainly used for electricity and oil and natural gas used for transportation and other functions.
Fossil fuel
Fossil fuels are the remains of ancient plants and animals that have undergone heat and pressure over millions of years to form coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal forms from decaying plant matter and goes through stages from lignite to bituminous to anthracite as it gains carbon. Oil forms from animal and plant remains under layers of sediment. Natural gas forms from organic material trapped under rock. These fossil fuels are extracted and refined for use as energy sources by burning them to produce electricity or using oil and natural gas as transportation fuels and to power machinery. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon catastrophes cause environmental damage that can persist for decades.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. Coal forms from peat deposits that are compressed over time into lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Oil forms from the remains of marine organisms compressed under layers of sediment. Natural gas forms as organic material decays and is trapped under layers of rock that subject it to heat and pressure over millions of years. Refineries process crude oil by separating it into usable products or feedstock. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon caused environmental damage by releasing oil into coastal waters.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are a non-renewable energy source formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. The document discusses the three main types of fossil fuels: oil, coal, and natural gas. It describes how each type is formed over millions of years, the processes used to extract and refine it, common uses as fuel sources, and the environmental pollution problems caused by their combustion, such as global warming. While fossil fuels remain an important energy source, the document cautions that alternatives like solar and wind are needed due to the environmental damage from their use.
petroleum
This science project discusses different types of natural resources with a focus on fossil fuels like coal and petroleum. Coal is a non-renewable fossil fuel formed over millions of years from decaying organic matter. Through destructive distillation, coal can be broken down into useful gases, coke, coal tar, and ammonium compounds. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons found trapped underground that can be refined into fuels like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. Natural gas is also found with petroleum and is primarily methane, a clean burning fuel that can be transported via pipelines.
Coal and mine version 2007
Coal was formed in prehistoric ecosystems from the remains of plants that sank into swamps without oxygen and were subjected to heat and pressure over time. As the plant material was compressed, water and other substances were displaced and the carbon content increased, eventually forming coal. Coal deposits were then further layered with other geological materials from natural disasters. Different coal extraction methods were developed depending on the geological formations, including drift mining using inclined tunnels to access shallow coal seams.
Class 8 chap.5 coal and petroleum
This document discusses coal, petroleum, and natural gas as exhaustible fossil fuels. It explains that coal was formed from plant matter that sank into swamps over 300 million years ago and was subjected to heat and pressure. Coal can be categorized into types based on carbon content and properties. Petroleum was formed from marine organisms buried under layers of sediment. Natural gas consists mainly of methane and was also formed from ancient organisms. The document also notes that fossil fuels are limited resources and their combustion causes environmental problems.
Coal and petroleum
This document discusses coal and petroleum as fossil fuels. It defines fossil fuels as the remains of dead organisms buried over millions of years, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is formed through the carbonization of dead vegetation over millions of years. Petroleum, also called crude oil, is a dark oily liquid found in rock formations in the earth. It is refined in petroleum refineries to produce useful products like petrol and diesel. The Petroleum Conservation Research Association promotes conservation of petroleum products and energy efficiency.
Coal and petrolium class 8 by tiara
This document discusses coal and petroleum as exhaustible natural resources. It provides details on:
- Coal forms from dead plant matter that is compressed over millions of years. It is used as fuel for electricity generation and industries. Coke, coal tar, and coal gas can be produced from coal.
- Petroleum forms from dead sea organisms and is found in underground deposits. It is refined into fuels like petrol and diesel. Natural gas forms alongside petroleum deposits.
- Both coal and petroleum are finite, exhaustible resources that are important fuel sources but must be conserved for future use.
Mineral & Energy Resources of Bangladesh
This document summarizes the mineral and energy resources of Bangladesh. It outlines that Bangladesh has a population of over 170 million people within its 147,570 square kilometer area. It then describes the location and climate of Bangladesh. It provides details on the major mineral resources including coal, limestone, natural gas, oil, glass sand, white clay, peat, and hard rock. For each resource, it gives information on locations within Bangladesh where that resource is found. It concludes by stating that discovering additional mineral resources both on land and in the ocean is important for Bangladesh to sustain its growing population.
Fossil fuels power point
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient organisms. Coal is a hard, black rock that is burned for energy, while oil was formed from microscopic sea creatures and is refined into fuel. Natural gas is composed mostly of methane and is extracted from underground reservoirs for use in powering homes and businesses. The document discusses two major oil spills, Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon, which caused environmental damage.
Coal & petroleum aditya
This document summarizes information about coal and petroleum. Coal and petroleum are non-renewable sources of energy that were formed from prehistoric plants and organisms over millions of years. The document describes the different types of coal and processes used to mine coal. It also discusses the chemical composition and products derived from coal and petroleum like coke, coal tar, coal gas, and their various uses. The environmental impacts of coal mining and petroleum extraction are also summarized.
Oil shale
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which can be converted to oil. Major oil shale deposits exist in the United States, Russia, Brazil, Estonia, and China. World reserves are estimated at 660 billion tons of oil equivalent, with about 2/3 in the United States. Oil shale exploration involves geophysical and geochemical methods. Extracting oil from oil shale has significant environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, land disturbance, and water pollution.
Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in marine environment
This document discusses petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the marine environment. It begins by defining hydrocarbons and petroleum, noting that petroleum occurs naturally beneath the Earth's surface. It then defines marine pollution and lists various types, focusing on oil pollution. Oil pollution in marine environments is caused by oil spills from tankers, drilling rigs, and refined product spills. When oil spills occur, the oil spreads and components evaporate, emulsify, or form tar balls. The impacts of oil pollution include toxic effects on humans and wildlife as well as damage to coastal plants and mangroves. Methods to treat oil spills include bioremediation, manual treatment, and mechanical approaches like booms, burning, chemical
Coal n petroleum
Coal and petroleum are two important fossil fuels. Coal formed from ancient buried forests and takes millions of years to form. It is used for cooking, in power plants, and industries. Coke, coal tar, and coal gas are products of coal processing. Petroleum formed from ancient sea organisms and is refined to produce fuels like petrol, diesel, and kerosene as well as other products like paraffin wax and lubricating oil. Both coal and petroleum are limited resources that should be used judiciously.
COAL AND OIL FORMATION
The document discusses the formation of coal, oil, and natural gas. Forest debris that was buried in wet environments without oxygen became peat over time. The peat was then buried deeper where it was heated and compressed to form coal. Natural gas and petroleum also form from organic material buried and heated underground over millions of years.
Petroleum formation summary
1. Marine phytoplankton and phytobenthos are the main sources of organic matter in marine sediments, with bacteria also contributing.
2. Areas of high primary productivity have the greatest accumulation of organic matter. The decomposition of this organic matter reduces oxygen levels and produces hydrogen sulfide.
3. During diagenesis, organic matter undergoes biochemical degradation by microorganisms, polycondensation, and insolubilization, forming kerogen from the original biopolymers. Kerogen is the precursor for petroleum production during later stages of evolution.
More Related Content
What's hot
Fossil Fuel resources for sustainable development
This document provides information about fossil fuels, specifically focusing on coal. It discusses the formation of coal from ancient plant matter over millions of years. Coal is divided into four categories based on carbon content and stage of formation: peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Each stage represents increased pressure and heat over time. The document outlines the characteristics and uses of each coal type. Coking coal is used to make steel, while anthracite burns most efficiently. Coal-bed methane is also sometimes extracted from coal deposits.
Aquatic Pollution And Coastal Zone Managment
The document discusses oil pollution from various sources and its impacts. It defines an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment through human activity. Oil pollution in marine environments can originate from natural seeps, sea-based activities like shipping and extraction, land-based discharges, and air pollution. The largest spill was the Kuwait Oil Fires of 1991 that released over 136,000 tons of crude oil. The document then examines the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons and provides details on the Deepwater Horizon spill of 2010 as a case study of ecological impacts.
Coal petroleum
This document summarizes the formation and uses of coal, petroleum, and plastics. It explains that coal forms from accumulated organic matter in ancient swamps that are then compressed and cooked over time. Petroleum forms similarly from marine organisms but deeper underground where heat breaks down molecules into oil and gas. Both coal and petroleum have many industrial uses as fuel and in producing materials like coke, asphalt and plastics. Plastics are polymers created by linking repeating structural units that can be engineered to have various desirable properties and applications.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are deposits of coal, oil, and natural gas formed from the remains of ancient plant and animal life. Coal forms from plant remains over millions of years of heat and pressure, and is used mainly for electricity and steel production. Oil forms from ocean organisms and is primarily used for fuel like gasoline; natural gas forms similarly to oil and is the cleanest burning fossil fuel mainly used for fuel. Refineries are important for processing fossil fuels into usable forms. The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill released millions of gallons of oil into Alaska's Prince William Sound, killing wildlife and damaging coastal ecosystems.
Mahbubur rahman 42124-44925
The document discusses the environmental issues associated with oil and gas extraction and production activities. It outlines the various stages of the petroleum industry from exploration to transportation and the potential atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial environmental impacts at each stage like air pollution, water contamination, and disturbance of land, vegetation, and wildlife. It also examines some potential emergencies in the industry such as oil spills, explosions, and natural disasters and their environmental and economic consequences. While oil and gas will continue to be important sources of global and local energy, the industry must mitigate the environmental costs of these activities.
Fk fossil fuels
Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of dead plants and animals over millions of years. Coal is formed from dead plants trapped under layers of water and dirt that are subjected to heat and pressure over time. Oil is formed similarly from the remains of dead sea creatures. Natural gas is formed from decayed plant and animal remains that are trapped underground by rock and subjected to heat and pressure. These fossil fuels are important energy sources, with coal mainly used for electricity and oil and natural gas used for transportation and other functions.
Fossil fuel
Fossil fuels are the remains of ancient plants and animals that have undergone heat and pressure over millions of years to form coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal forms from decaying plant matter and goes through stages from lignite to bituminous to anthracite as it gains carbon. Oil forms from animal and plant remains under layers of sediment. Natural gas forms from organic material trapped under rock. These fossil fuels are extracted and refined for use as energy sources by burning them to produce electricity or using oil and natural gas as transportation fuels and to power machinery. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon catastrophes cause environmental damage that can persist for decades.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. Coal forms from peat deposits that are compressed over time into lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Oil forms from the remains of marine organisms compressed under layers of sediment. Natural gas forms as organic material decays and is trapped under layers of rock that subject it to heat and pressure over millions of years. Refineries process crude oil by separating it into usable products or feedstock. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon caused environmental damage by releasing oil into coastal waters.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are a non-renewable energy source formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. The document discusses the three main types of fossil fuels: oil, coal, and natural gas. It describes how each type is formed over millions of years, the processes used to extract and refine it, common uses as fuel sources, and the environmental pollution problems caused by their combustion, such as global warming. While fossil fuels remain an important energy source, the document cautions that alternatives like solar and wind are needed due to the environmental damage from their use.
petroleum
This science project discusses different types of natural resources with a focus on fossil fuels like coal and petroleum. Coal is a non-renewable fossil fuel formed over millions of years from decaying organic matter. Through destructive distillation, coal can be broken down into useful gases, coke, coal tar, and ammonium compounds. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons found trapped underground that can be refined into fuels like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. Natural gas is also found with petroleum and is primarily methane, a clean burning fuel that can be transported via pipelines.
Coal and mine version 2007
Coal was formed in prehistoric ecosystems from the remains of plants that sank into swamps without oxygen and were subjected to heat and pressure over time. As the plant material was compressed, water and other substances were displaced and the carbon content increased, eventually forming coal. Coal deposits were then further layered with other geological materials from natural disasters. Different coal extraction methods were developed depending on the geological formations, including drift mining using inclined tunnels to access shallow coal seams.
Class 8 chap.5 coal and petroleum
This document discusses coal, petroleum, and natural gas as exhaustible fossil fuels. It explains that coal was formed from plant matter that sank into swamps over 300 million years ago and was subjected to heat and pressure. Coal can be categorized into types based on carbon content and properties. Petroleum was formed from marine organisms buried under layers of sediment. Natural gas consists mainly of methane and was also formed from ancient organisms. The document also notes that fossil fuels are limited resources and their combustion causes environmental problems.
Coal and petroleum
This document discusses coal and petroleum as fossil fuels. It defines fossil fuels as the remains of dead organisms buried over millions of years, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal is formed through the carbonization of dead vegetation over millions of years. Petroleum, also called crude oil, is a dark oily liquid found in rock formations in the earth. It is refined in petroleum refineries to produce useful products like petrol and diesel. The Petroleum Conservation Research Association promotes conservation of petroleum products and energy efficiency.
Coal and petrolium class 8 by tiara
This document discusses coal and petroleum as exhaustible natural resources. It provides details on:
- Coal forms from dead plant matter that is compressed over millions of years. It is used as fuel for electricity generation and industries. Coke, coal tar, and coal gas can be produced from coal.
- Petroleum forms from dead sea organisms and is found in underground deposits. It is refined into fuels like petrol and diesel. Natural gas forms alongside petroleum deposits.
- Both coal and petroleum are finite, exhaustible resources that are important fuel sources but must be conserved for future use.
Mineral & Energy Resources of Bangladesh
This document summarizes the mineral and energy resources of Bangladesh. It outlines that Bangladesh has a population of over 170 million people within its 147,570 square kilometer area. It then describes the location and climate of Bangladesh. It provides details on the major mineral resources including coal, limestone, natural gas, oil, glass sand, white clay, peat, and hard rock. For each resource, it gives information on locations within Bangladesh where that resource is found. It concludes by stating that discovering additional mineral resources both on land and in the ocean is important for Bangladesh to sustain its growing population.
Fossil fuels power point
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient organisms. Coal is a hard, black rock that is burned for energy, while oil was formed from microscopic sea creatures and is refined into fuel. Natural gas is composed mostly of methane and is extracted from underground reservoirs for use in powering homes and businesses. The document discusses two major oil spills, Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon, which caused environmental damage.
Coal & petroleum aditya
This document summarizes information about coal and petroleum. Coal and petroleum are non-renewable sources of energy that were formed from prehistoric plants and organisms over millions of years. The document describes the different types of coal and processes used to mine coal. It also discusses the chemical composition and products derived from coal and petroleum like coke, coal tar, coal gas, and their various uses. The environmental impacts of coal mining and petroleum extraction are also summarized.
Oil shale
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which can be converted to oil. Major oil shale deposits exist in the United States, Russia, Brazil, Estonia, and China. World reserves are estimated at 660 billion tons of oil equivalent, with about 2/3 in the United States. Oil shale exploration involves geophysical and geochemical methods. Extracting oil from oil shale has significant environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, land disturbance, and water pollution.
Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in marine environment
This document discusses petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the marine environment. It begins by defining hydrocarbons and petroleum, noting that petroleum occurs naturally beneath the Earth's surface. It then defines marine pollution and lists various types, focusing on oil pollution. Oil pollution in marine environments is caused by oil spills from tankers, drilling rigs, and refined product spills. When oil spills occur, the oil spreads and components evaporate, emulsify, or form tar balls. The impacts of oil pollution include toxic effects on humans and wildlife as well as damage to coastal plants and mangroves. Methods to treat oil spills include bioremediation, manual treatment, and mechanical approaches like booms, burning, chemical
Coal n petroleum
Coal and petroleum are two important fossil fuels. Coal formed from ancient buried forests and takes millions of years to form. It is used for cooking, in power plants, and industries. Coke, coal tar, and coal gas are products of coal processing. Petroleum formed from ancient sea organisms and is refined to produce fuels like petrol, diesel, and kerosene as well as other products like paraffin wax and lubricating oil. Both coal and petroleum are limited resources that should be used judiciously.
What's hot (20)
Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in marine environment
Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in marine environment
Viewers also liked
COAL AND OIL FORMATION
The document discusses the formation of coal, oil, and natural gas. Forest debris that was buried in wet environments without oxygen became peat over time. The peat was then buried deeper where it was heated and compressed to form coal. Natural gas and petroleum also form from organic material buried and heated underground over millions of years.
Petroleum formation summary
1. Marine phytoplankton and phytobenthos are the main sources of organic matter in marine sediments, with bacteria also contributing.
2. Areas of high primary productivity have the greatest accumulation of organic matter. The decomposition of this organic matter reduces oxygen levels and produces hydrogen sulfide.
3. During diagenesis, organic matter undergoes biochemical degradation by microorganisms, polycondensation, and insolubilization, forming kerogen from the original biopolymers. Kerogen is the precursor for petroleum production during later stages of evolution.
Petroleum Geology - Origin of Petroleum
Petroleum Geology, Petroleum Engineering, Origin of Petroleum (Formation, Migration, & Accumulation of Petroleum)
Ogin of petroleum
The document summarizes a student presentation on petroleum geology and exploration techniques. It discusses the origin of petroleum based on organic and inorganic theories. It also describes different types of petroleum traps including structural traps like anticlines and fault traps, and stratigraphic traps like unconformities. Additionally, it covers abnormal fluid pressures, including subnormal and overpressured systems. Finally, it outlines common exploration methods such as seismic, gravity, magnetic surveys, and others.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas form through the burial and thermal alteration of ancient organic matter in sedimentary basins. Coal forms as plant material accumulates in swamps and is compressed over millions of years. Oil and natural gas form as marine organic sediments are buried deeper, heated to temperatures of 100-300°C, and thermally "cooked" to form liquid petroleum that can migrate and be trapped in reservoir rocks. The location of economic fossil fuel deposits depends on the right conditions occurring for organic matter preservation, thermal maturation, migration, and trapping of these resources.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas form through the burial and thermal alteration of ancient organic matter in sedimentary basins. Coal forms as plant material accumulates in swamps and is compressed over millions of years. Oil and natural gas form as marine organic sediments are buried deeper, heated to temperatures of 100-300°C, and thermally "cooked" to form hydrocarbons. For fossil fuels to be economically recoverable, the hydrocarbons must also migrate from their source rock into reservoir rocks and become trapped in structures such as anticlines.
FORMATION OF GAS
This document discusses the constituents and origins of natural gas found in sedimentary basins. Natural gas is primarily composed of methane but can also contain ethane, propane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen. Gas is formed through both organic processes like hydrocarbon generation during diagenesis and catagenesis, as well as inorganic processes like magmatic activity and radioactivity. The distribution of gas in sedimentary basins depends on the sources and migration patterns of the different gas constituents. Characterization of natural gas involves analyzing the ratios of methane to other hydrocarbons and carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions to determine the gas's origin.
Malampaya work
The document discusses the Malampaya gas field located offshore the Philippines. It provides details on the geological setting and depositional environment of the field. The Malampaya reservoir consists of Oligocene-Miocene carbonates deposited during the drifting stage in a reef environment along the continental margin. Stratigraphic correlations of well data using diagenetic units revealed heterogeneity in the reservoir porosity and permeability.
Fossil fuels
This document summarizes various fossil fuels and their formation. It discusses oil and natural gas deposits, how they are formed, and supply and demand issues. Specifically, it notes that while over 1 trillion barrels of oil have been consumed, estimated remaining reserves are only about 1.2 trillion barrels. For natural gas, global demand is expected to increase significantly as nations adopt cleaner fuels. The document also briefly outlines coal, oil shale, tar sands, and potential alternate natural gas sources like methane hydrates.
Principles of petroleum geology m.m.badawy
Petroleum geology relates to the origin, migration, and accumulation of oil and gas. Key points in the document include:
- Early discoveries were near oil seeps at the surface. The anticline theory proposed that oil would accumulate in structural folds.
- Subsurface geology studies helped trace lateral changes in rock layers. Geophysics tools like seismography and gravity measurements aided exploration.
- Modern methods include direct hydrocarbon detection, which identifies gas reservoirs as bright spots on seismic data, and seismic stratigraphy for tracing facies.
Organic geochemistry
This document discusses the use of organic geochemistry in oil exploration. It begins with an introduction to organic geochemistry and outlines source rock evaluation including quantity and quality of organic matter, and thermal maturation. Quantity is evaluated using total organic carbon content. Quality is evaluated using Rock-Eval pyrolysis and van Krevelen diagrams to determine kerogen type. Maturation is evaluated using Tmax, vitrinite reflectance and production index. Biomarkers obtained through extraction, chromatography and mass spectrometry are used to determine depositional environment.
The conversion of organic matter to petroleum
1. The conversion of organic matter to petroleum requires organic matter such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and lignin to be buried in deep sediment layers in an oxygen-deficient environment.
2. Over time and with increasing heat and pressure, the organic matter transforms first into kerogen and then into petroleum and natural gas through the processes of diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis.
3. Key factors that influence the preservation of organic matter and its conversion to petroleum include rapid burial to limit oxidation, high total organic carbon content, and a low oxygen to carbon ratio in the original organic material.
Coal
All of us want an affordable and reliable energy source which we can only get by using coal energy. Although using coal energy is very significant for us and living without it would become impossible, we should always open our minds to the damage the continuous use of coal energy will eventually bring to us and to our environment.
PETROLEUM SYSTEM FINAL
1. The document describes the key elements of a petroleum system including the source rock, migration route, reservoir rock, seal rock, and trap that are necessary for oil and gas accumulation.
2. It explains the processes of generation of petroleum from organic-rich source rocks buried deep underground and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years, and the migration of oil and gas from the source rock into porous reservoir rocks.
3. The document outlines the characteristics of reservoir rocks that allow for the accumulation and storage of oil and gas, as well as cap rocks that form an impermeable seal above reservoir rocks preventing further migration and trapping hydrocarbons below.
Geo technical engineering v.n.s.murthy
This document contains two forewords for the textbook "Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering".
The first foreword praises the textbook for being the most comprehensive text on the subject found, with clear explanations and ample example problems. It believes students and engineers will enjoy using the book.
The second foreword recommends the textbook highly for students and engineers. It covers important topics like soil improvement methods and geotextile applications. Numerous examples illustrate key concepts clearly. The organization and depth of coverage make it a valuable reference.
Basics of petroleum geology
This document provides an overview of petroleum geology, including:
1) It discusses the key components of petroleum geology - geochemistry, geophysics, and biology.
2) It explains the process of formation of an oil accumulation, which requires a source rock, reservoir rock, seal, and trap.
3) It describes the basic components of organic matter in sediments and how they are transformed into kerogen and then oil and gas through burial and heating over time.
Hydrocarbon Traps & Seals
This document discusses the key geological elements of a petroleum system including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, migration routes, and traps. It explains that source rocks contain organic matter that generates hydrocarbons through diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis as the rocks are buried deeper. Reservoir rocks have pore spaces that can absorb hydrocarbons, while seal rocks are impermeable layers that trap hydrocarbons between them and the reservoir rock. Traps form where hydrocarbons are blocked from further migrating, such as in structural traps like folds and faults or stratigraphic traps caused by changes in rock layers.
Hydrocarbon Generation & Migration
This document discusses the origin and formation of oil and gas from plankton and other microscopic organisms. It explains that under low oxygen conditions on the seafloor, organic matter accumulates and is buried over time. Increased temperature and pressure converts the organic matter into kerogen and then into oil and gas. The hydrocarbons can then migrate from the source rock through porous carrier rocks until being trapped by an impermeable cap rock, forming an oil or gas reservoir. Sweet crude oil contains low sulfur while sour crude has higher sulfur levels, affecting refining.
Petroleum Geology
Petroleum geology is the application of geology to explore for and produce oil and gas. It relies on understanding rock structures that can trap hydrocarbons underground. Key techniques used include seismic surveys, which use shock waves to map underground rock layers and structures that may indicate oil and gas traps. Important milestones include the development of the anticlinal theory of trapping in 1883, the invention of the seismograph in 1914, and the introduction of 3D seismic in the 1980s to improve imaging of underground structures.
Introduction into Oil and Gas Industry. OIL: Part 1
The document provides an introduction to the oil and gas industry, covering the following key points in 7 sentences or less:
Oil formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. It varies in composition and properties depending on its origin. Major oil producers and traders include OPEC countries, international oil majors, and national oil companies. OPEC coordinates policies to stabilize oil markets and ensure supply. While oil reserves could last over 40 years at current production rates, consumption is rising. Large price fluctuations can significantly impact oil-producing and consuming economies. The industry is working to increase capacity and ensure secure long-term oil supplies.
Viewers also liked (20)
Introduction into Oil and Gas Industry. OIL: Part 1
Introduction into Oil and Gas Industry. OIL: Part 1
Similar to Formation of oil and natural gas deposit
coalpetroleum[1].ppt
This document discusses coal and petroleum, including their formation processes and uses. Coal forms from the accumulation and lithification of organic matter in swamps. Lower grade coals contain more minerals while higher grades are closer to metamorphic rocks. Coal is used as fuel and to make coke for smelting iron. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms and results from cracking of organic molecules into hydrocarbons under heat and pressure. It is contained in reservoirs sealed by impermeable caps. Crude oil is refined into fuel and many other products like solvents, asphalt, plastics and more through fractional distillation.
petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is composed mainly of hydrocarbons. It is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. There are three main stages of petroleum formation: organic material deposition, burial and heating, and migration and accumulation. Crude oil is transported from extraction sites by pipelines, roads, railways, and ocean tankers to be refined into useful products like gasoline, diesel and other fuels. While petroleum provides a valuable energy source, its usage also has disadvantages such as pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and geopolitical issues.
Sources of energy
We have already know that energy is the capacity of a body to do work. There are two main types of energy sources: natural sources like solar, wind, and hydro energy which are obtained directly from nature; and synthetic sources like batteries which are man-made. Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are considered non-renewable resources as they take millions of years to form from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Petroleum, in particular, is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth's surface that is refined into fuels like gasoline. It consists of hydrocarbon remains of ancient microscopic organisms that lived hundreds of millions of years ago.
Coal and petrolium presentation
Coal forms over millions of years from the accumulation and compression of plant matter in an oxygen-deprived environment like a swamp. The level of cooking and pressure experienced during burial determines the grade of coal, from lignite to anthracite. Coal provides an important fuel source and its byproducts have many industrial uses. Petroleum and natural gas are formed similarly from the remains of ancient marine organisms. They become trapped underground in permeable reservoir rocks sealed by impermeable caprock. Drilling releases these fuels which are refined into useful products like gasoline, lubricants, plastics and more. Plastics are synthetic polymers with applications across many industries due to their versatility and low cost.
The water and the ground. ppt to become an app. Stucom
The document discusses various types of natural resources including renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources such as solar, wind and hydro energy are discussed in detail including their advantages and disadvantages. Non-renewable resources like coal are also examined, outlining where they are produced globally and environmental impacts. The document provides information on different renewable and non-renewable resources that can be used as energy sources.
417 cdn o&g_11-1
This document provides an overview of three major Canadian oil and gas companies: Suncor, Crescent Point, and Canadian Oil Sands. It discusses the Canadian oil and gas industry, including key statistics on crude oil and natural gas production, reserves, and common extraction technologies like oil sands processing and fracking. The document also analyzes factors that influence commodity prices and outlines components of the upstream, midstream, and downstream industry sectors.
Petroleum ppt.pptx
Petroleum (or crude oil) is a naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, but containing some compounds of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur. It is an oily, thick,
flammable, usually dark-colored liquid ,commonly obtained by drilling, used in a natural or refined state as a fuel
and separated by fractional distillation into gasoline, naphtha ,benzene ,kerosene ,paraffin etc.
It is often referred to as the “black gold.This name itself is an indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to manufacture various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc. Petroleum or oil has also been the world’s leading source of energy since the 1950s.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and algae–underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
The word petroleum means “rock oil.” It is derived from the Greek word “petra” (means rock) and the Latin word “oleum” (means oil). When it is drilled from the ground in the liquid form, it is called crude oil. Humans have known about its existence for 4000 years. However, the first time crude oil was pumped from the ground was 2500 years ago in China and the world’s first crude oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA only in the year 1859.
Where is petroleum found?
Today petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where there were ancient seas. Petroleum reserves can be located beneath the land, or under the ocean. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines.
How do you know where to find oil?
Geologists are the masters of locating oil. Often called oil exploration, geologists will look for an area that ticks all the boxes of finding an oil trap aka striking (black) gold.
Oil is often found in the vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were once located. This can either be beneath land or out in the ocean below the seabed.
During the earlier years of oil mining, the geologists would study the soil, surface rock, and other surface features to determine if oil may be lying below.
Later came satellite imagery, along with more technological advances such as gravity meters, means to test the Earth’s magnetic field, and ‘sniffers’ that detect the smell of hydrocarbons.
The most common way used today is to generate shock waves that pass through the rock layers and reflect back to the surface where they can be interpreted for signs of oil traps. This is done with seismic source devices such as a compressed-air gun, a thumper truck, or explosives .
Where does crude oil come from?
Composition of petroleum
Uses
Extraction of petroleum
Crude Oil Refining
Crude Oil Refining; history; Hydrocarbons; Alkanes; Synthesis procedures; alkenes; associated problems
DPV2043 week1-2
The document provides an overview of the petroleum industry, including defining petroleum and natural gas as raw materials extracted from the ground that are refined into usable products, listing various petroleum and petrochemical products, and discussing the upstream processing and general refining processes used to produce petroleum products.
133828582 petroleum-geology-pptx
This presentation was prepared by Jacob Jok and Joshua Malidzo. It gives the general conception of the origin of oil formations, extraction and its environmental impacts.
3rd Year students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Coek.info introduction to-the-petroleum-industry
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons found beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed from the remains of ancient organisms that have decomposed over millions of years under heat and pressure. There are various types of petroleum ranging from light to heavy crude oil depending on factors like density, viscosity, and sulfur content. In addition to crude oil, petroleum formations also produce natural gas. The modern petroleum industry emerged in the late 1800s and has since grown to be important for economies, politics, and technology in industrialized societies worldwide.
Coal and petroleum
The document discusses the formation of coal and petroleum from organic matter. Coal forms from accumulated organic matter like plant debris in swamps that is cooked and compressed over time by increasing burial depth. Petroleum forms similarly from the remains of marine organisms but deeper underground where heat and pressure cause the organic molecules to break down into hydrocarbon compounds like oil and natural gas. These fossil fuels provide important sources of fuel but also many other products due to the versatility of their hydrocarbon components.
FUNDAMENTAL OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Petroleum, or hydrocarbons, are a mixture of liquids, solids, and gases that occur naturally beneath the earth's surface and are composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon. Petroleum exists in several forms, including crude oil, natural gas, and semi-solid forms like asphalt and tar. Crude oil is a liquid hydrocarbon that contains dissolved gases and other impurities, floats on water, and is soluble in various organic compounds. Natural gas is composed mainly of lighter hydrocarbon gases like methane. Semi-solid forms include heavy hydrocarbons and bitumens. Petroleum exploration involves studying the geology and structures beneath the earth's surface to locate potential hydrocarbon deposits.
petrochemicals introduction (lec 1).pptx
Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum products. They include plastics, rubbers, fibers, paints, solvents and detergents. Petrochemicals are produced from purified hydrocarbon feedstocks separated from crude oil. Feedstocks undergo cracking and other processes to produce intermediates like ethylene and propylene. These intermediates are then polymerized and further processed to create finished petrochemical products like polymers, resins and solvents.
1-Petroleum, Origin, Formation and Composition of Petroleum .pptx
This document provides an overview of petroleum formation and uses. It discusses that petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key compounds in petroleum are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Petroleum is found underground in porous rock formations and is trapped by impermeable layers. It can be extracted and refined for various applications like gasoline and other fuels. While petroleum provides energy, its extraction and use also causes environmental issues like pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and health risks. Pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers are used to transport petroleum around the world.
Coalpetroleum
Coal and petroleum are both fossil fuels that are formed from the remains of ancient organic matter. Coal forms when plant matter accumulates in swamps and is subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried in sea sediments. As these remains are buried deeper, heat breaks them down into hydrocarbon compounds like oil and natural gas. These fossil fuels provide fuel and raw materials for many products after extraction and processing. Coal is used for fuel and in steel production, while petroleum yields fuels as well as asphalt, plastics, and other materials through fractional distillation and chemical processing.
Coal petroleum
This document summarizes the formation and uses of coal and petroleum. Coal forms from organic matter accumulated in swamps that is cooked and pressed over time into higher grades of coal. Canada's coal fields mark ancient swamp areas. Coal is used as fuel and to make coke for smelting iron. Byproducts are also useful. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried underground and cooked over time into hydrocarbon compounds. It is contained in reservoirs and extracted via drills. Crude oil is distilled into useful fractions like gasoline and solvents. Both coal and petroleum have many industrial and consumer applications as fuels, materials, and chemicals.
coalpetroleum (1).ppt
This document discusses the formation of coal and petroleum from organic matter. Coal forms from accumulated organic matter such as plant debris in swamps that is cooked and compressed over time. Lower grade coals experienced less cooking than higher grade coals. Coal is used as fuel and in producing coke and byproducts. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried deep over time, where heat and pressure break down organic molecules into hydrocarbon compounds. Oil and gas accumulate in permeable rock reservoirs capped by impermeable rock. Crude oil is refined into fuels and other products like solvents, wax, asphalt, and plastics through fractional distillation. Plastics are synthetic polymers made of linked hydrocarbon units that have desirable
coalpetroleum.ppt
This document discusses the formation of coal and petroleum from organic matter. Coal forms from accumulated organic matter such as plant debris in swamps that is cooked and compressed over time. Lower grade coals experienced less cooking than higher grade coals. Coal is used as fuel and in producing coke and byproducts. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried deep over time, where heat and pressure break down organic molecules into hydrocarbon compounds. Oil and gas accumulate in permeable reservoir rocks that are capped by impermeable layers, and can be extracted through drilling. Crude oil is refined into useful fuels and products through fractional distillation. Plastics are synthetic polymers derived from petroleum that have versatile applications.
Coal Petroleum PPT.ppt
This document discusses the formation of coal and petroleum from organic matter. Coal forms from accumulated organic matter such as plant debris in swamps that is cooked and compressed over time. Lower grade coals experienced less cooking than higher grade coals. Coal is used as fuel and in producing coke and byproducts. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried deep over time, where heat and pressure break down organic molecules into hydrocarbon compounds. Oil and gas accumulate in permeable rock reservoirs capped by impermeable rock. Crude oil is refined into fuels and other products like solvents, wax, asphalt, and plastics through fractional distillation. Plastics are synthetic polymers made of linked hydrocarbon units that have versatile
Similar to Formation of oil and natural gas deposit (20)
The water and the ground. ppt to become an app. Stucom
The water and the ground. ppt to become an app. Stucom
1-Petroleum, Origin, Formation and Composition of Petroleum .pptx
1-Petroleum, Origin, Formation and Composition of Petroleum .pptx
Recently uploaded
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingAuthoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsRemote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Recently uploaded (20)
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Formation of oil and natural gas deposit
- 1. [OIL AND NATURAL GAS DEPOSIT] January1, 2016 FORMATION OFOIL ANDNATURAL GASDEPOSIT o Petroleum Liquid petroleum (oil)- comprises a variety of liquid hydrocarbon compounds (made up of diff. proportions of C and H) Natural gas- gaseous hydrocarbons Ex: methane (CH4)- most common NOTE: Petroleum is a nonrenewable energy source (1) OIL - Commonly discussed in units of barrel (1 barrel = 42 gallons) - 1 trillion barrel ----- consumed worldwide - 1.2 trillion barrel --- estimated remaining reserve U.S.A – consumes about 25% oil used worldwide
- 2. [OIL AND NATURAL GAS DEPOSIT] January1, 2016 -7½ billion barrels / year (to supply 40% energy used) -10% world’s oil resource Middle East – 60% world oil reserves (2) NATURAL GAS - U.S.A ---natural gas presently supplies 25% of the energy used -200 trillion cubic feet natural gas reserve - consumes 20 trillion cubic feet/year -imports 20% of its consumption (3) ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY - PRIMARY RECOVERY- using no techniques beyond pumping - SECONDARY RECOVERY – when floew falls off, water may be pumped into tha reservoir, filling empty pores and buoying up more oil into the well *combination of both recovery extracts an average of one-third of the oil in the given trap - OTHER METHODS -increasing the permeability of rock by deliberate fracturing using explosives - carbon dioxide gas under pressure can be used to force out more oil - Hot water or steam may be pumped underground to warm thick, viscous oils so that they flow more easily *CONSEQUENCES OF OIL RECOVERY 1. Ground Subsidence 2. groundwater pollution (4) ALTERNATENATURAL GASSOURCES Coal- bed methane Geopressurized zone- thousand of meters below the surface - natural gas under tremendous pressure exerted by the overlying rock dissolves in water - 150 to 2000 trillion cubic feet potentially recoverable gas Methane hydrates- Gas (usually methane) hydrates are crystalline solids of gas and water -abundant in arctic regions and in marin sediments -contains carbon twice as in the fossil fuels COAL *see other notes OIL SHALE o Kerogen- waxy solid potential fuel - formed from the remains of plants, algae, and bacteria -general term describing organic matter that is not readily dissolved either in water or in organic solvents -solid precursor organic compounds of oil and natural gas TAR SAND - Known as oil sands - Sedimentary rocks containing a very thick, semisolid, tarlike petroleum (bitumen)