We have already know that energy is the capacity of a body to do work. There are two main types of energy sources: natural sources like solar, wind, and hydro energy which are obtained directly from nature; and synthetic sources like batteries which are man-made. Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are considered non-renewable resources as they take millions of years to form from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Petroleum, in particular, is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth's surface that is refined into fuels like gasoline. It consists of hydrocarbon remains of ancient microscopic organisms that lived hundreds of millions of years ago.

1. We have already know that energy is the capacity of a body to do work
All form of energy that we use every day store in different in the energy
sources.

2.  On the basic of occurrence
1- natural sources- natural sources are those
which are taken up by us form the nature like
solar energy , wind energy , energy from
water
hydro energy ets
2- synthetic sources – man made materials
used as sources of energy like chemical
energy stored in the form of batteries that are
used in calculators,remotes

3.  synthetic sources
 Natural sources

4.  Solid- fire wood ,charcoal, coal fall under the
category of solid fuels.
 Liquid- a very commonly used fuel in our
home is kerosene. Other familiar liquid fuel
are petrol and diesel
 Gas- petroleum gas commonly known as
LPG(liquified petroleum gas) and natural gas
used as CNG(compressed natrual gas)are the
two best kown gaseous fuel

5.  A natural resource is anything that people can use which
comes from nature. People do not make natural resources,
but gather them from the earth. Examples ofnatural
resources are air, water, wood, oil, wind energy, iron, and
coal.
 Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is
collected from resources which are naturally replenished
on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
waves, and geothermal heat.
 A non renewable resource is a resource of economic value
that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level
equal to its consumption. Most fossil fuels, such as oil,
natural gas and coal are considered non
renewable resources in that their use is not sustainable
because their formation takes billions of years.

8.  Fossil fuels-a natural fuel such as coal or gas,
formed in the geological past from the remains
of living organisms.
 A hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal,
or natural gas, derived from the accumulated
remains of ancient plants and animals and used
as fuel. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases generated by burning fossil fuels are
considered to be one of the principal causes of
global warming.
 Fossil fuel is an organic substance from the
geologic period which is found underground and
is used as a source of energy.

10.  Wood is a major renewable natural resource.
The burning of wood is corrently the largest
source of energy drived from solid fuel by
biomass wood can be used for cooking
,heating,and occasionally for steam engine
and steam turbines that generate electricity.
 Burning of wood produce heat which is useful
but is also produce other gases which is
undesirable irritating or dangeorous like co2
(carbon- di- oxide)and co(carbon- mon-
oxide).

11.  Coal is a flammable black hard rock used as a
solid fossil fuel. It is primarily made up of
65-95% carbon and also contains hydrogen,
sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. It is a
metamorphic rock formed from peat, by the
pressure of rocks laid down later on top
 Coal is found deep under the surface of the
earth

12.  The energy in coal comes from energy that was stored in giant plants that
lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swamp forests, even before the
dinosaurs! When these giant plants and ferns died, they formed layers at the
bottom of the swamps. Water and dirt began to pile up on top of the dead
plant remains.

13.  Different varieties of coal are formed
depending on the temperature and pressure
conditions and the time period for which
fossil remained buried under the surface of
earth
 Diferent types of coal are
1 peat
2 lignite
3 bituminous
4 anthracite

14.  Petroleum (L. petroleum, from early 15c. "petroleum, rock oil" (mid-14c. in
Anglo-French), from Medieval Latin petroleum, from Latin: petra: "rock"
+ oleum: "oil".[1][2][3]) is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found
in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly
refined into various types of fuels.
 Petroleum is a fossil fuel it is dark coloured viscous and foul smelling liquid
commonly called crude oil
 crude oil- crude oil is the pure form of oil

15.  During the past 600 million years incompletely
decayed plant and animal remains have become
buried under thick layers of rock. It is believed that
petroleum consists of the remains of these organisms
but it is the small microscopic plankton organism
remains that are largely responsible for the relatively
high organic carbon content of fine-grained
sediments like the Chattanooga shale which are the
principle source rocks for petroleum. Among the
leading producers of petroleum are Saudi Arabia,
Russia, the United States (chiefly Texas, North
Dakota, Alaska, and California), China, Iran, Canada,
the United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Brazil, Kuwait, Iraq,
Nigeria, Venezuela, and Norway. The largest proven
reserves are in the Middle East.

16.  Because of the subterranean origin of petroleum it must be
extracted by means of wells. Until an exploratory well, or wildcat,
has been dug, there is no sure way of knowing whether or not
petroleum lies under a particular site. In order to reduce the
number of exploratory wells drilled, scientific methods are used
to pick the most promising sites. Sensitive instruments, such as
the gravimeter, the magnetometer, and the seismograph, may be
used to find subsurface rock formations that can hold crude oil.
Drilling is a fairly complex and often risky process. Some wells
must be dug several miles deep before petroleum deposits are
reached. Many are now drilled offshore from platforms standing
in the ocean bed. Usually the petroleum from a new well will
come to the surface under its own pressure. Later the crude oil
must be pumped out or forced to the surface by injecting water,
air, natural gas, steam, carbon dioxide, or another substance
into the deposits. Enhanced recovery techniques have increased
the percentage of oil that can be extracted from a field.

17.  Composition and Refining of Petroleum
 The physical properties and exact chemical composition of crude oil varies from
one locality to another. The different hydrocarbon components of petroleum are
dissolved natural gas, gasoline, benzine, naphtha, kerosene, diesel fuel and light
heating oils, heavy heating oils, and finally tars of various weights (see tar and
pitch). The crude oil is usually sent from a well to a refinery in pipelines (see
under pipe) or tanker ships.
 The hydrocarbon components are separated from each other by various refining
processes. In a process called fractional distillation petroleum is heated and sent
into a tower. The vapors of the different components condense on collectors at
different heights in the tower. The separated fractions are then drawn from the
collectors and further processed into various petroleum products. One of the
many products of crude oil is a light substance with little color that is rich
in gasoline. Another is a black tarry substance that is rich in asphalt.
 As the lighter fractions, especially gasoline, are in the greatest demand, so-called
cracking processes have been developed in which heat, pressure, and certain
catalysts are used to break up the large molecules of heavy hydrocarbons into
small molecules of light hydrocarbons. Some of the heavier fractions find eventual
use as lubricating oils, paraffins, and highly refined medicinal substances such
as petrolatum.

18.  Residual oil- is further separated into
following product
Asphait-it is a black and sticly solid. It is uesd
for making roads coating the underside poles
so as to prevent them from rusting
Paraffin wax- it is a whote semi-solid, which is
uesd as grease, for making vaseline,
ointments and candles.
Lubricating oil- it is a thick viscous oil used for
lubricating machines

19.  Fuel oil-it is used as a fuel in boilers
 Diesal oil-it is used to run generators, heavy
vehicles such as buses tractors
 Kerosene-it is used as adomestic fuel. It is also
used in lanterns.
 Gasoline or petrol- it is uesd as a fuel in car,
scooters it is also used for dry cleaning. Highly
refined petrol is used as in aeroplanes (aviation
fuel)
 Petroleum gas- it is liquified under pressure and
is called liquified petroleum gas LPG is used as
domestic fuel

20.  Thank you