Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde with the formula CH2O. It is a colorless, flammable gas with a strong odor that is found naturally and is produced industrially. It has many uses including in resins, textiles, embalming, and as a preservative. Thermodynamic data shows that the reaction producing formaldehyde is most spontaneous at low temperatures, explaining why it is produced industrially under these conditions using a catalyst. While useful, formaldehyde is also toxic and exposure can cause respiratory issues.

2. • ..Formaldehyde occur naturally as an organic compound with CH2O formula.
.. It is the simplest form of aldehyde group.
•
. . It is colorless gas and at room temperature it is a flammable gas with a strong odor.
..It is one of many products that intermediate in the reaction of oxidation from methanol to
water and carbon dioxide.
.. Formaldehyde has a lot of uses like in resins and textiles manufacture and as laboratory
preservative
.. Formaldehyde can be found in nature abundantly because of the primary formation of
formaldehyde is easy to happen due to the sources abundance and anthropogenic factors

3. • Formaldehyde Physical and chemical Properties:
Chemical name Formaldehyde
Synonyms Formic aldehyde, mathanal, methyl aldehyde,
methylene oxide
Registered trade names Formalin, Formol, Morbicid, Veracur
Chemical formula CH2O
Chemical structure O
H C H
Molecular weight 30.026 g/mol
Color Colorless
Physical state Gas
Melting point -92.0Co
Boiling point -19.5 Co
Density 0.815 g/mL
Odor Pungent, suffocating odor

4. FORMALDEHYDE USES:
FORMALDEHYDE IS HIGHLY CHEMICAL REACTION AND HAS
SEVERAL USES IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
• *Formaldehyde uses in Biology:
Sometimes formaldehyde used in biology field to preserve tissue specimens and its useful for this purpose as it kills all bacteria and fungi.
For many reasons formaldehyde used in embalming fluid intended to delay decay in human corpses.
*Formaldehyde uses in medicine:
formaldehyde used as an antiseptic, as it can kill most bacteria. Furthermore, a formaldehyde precursor is usually used as an alternative to
antibiotics in treatment of urinary tract infections. In addition, it growth.
*Formaldehyde uses in industry:
In industrial field, formaldehyde used as a reactant to produce many artificial materials such as resins and plastics

5. HSC THERMODYNAMICS DATA AND
DISCUSSION.
• Gibbs energy is one of the most important thermodynamic function and sometimes it is simply called
free energy> Gibbs energy is used to determine the reversible work which done by the system at
constant pressure and temperature. In chemistry Gibbs energy is very useful because it relates
properties of a system with the entropy change of the universe. In addition, this free energy helps to
determine the direction of chemical reaction and what are the composition of any system at the
equilibrium. The Gibbs (free) energy denoted G and the value of G can tell us in which direction any
reaction will occurs spontaneously or not. Spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation
of products and occurs naturally. Spontaneity of reaction is very important in many process such as the
formation of rust. Rust is kind of reaction of oxidation reaction, during this reaction the iron atoms are
passing electrons to the oxygen atoms, this is oxidation reaction and takes long time to happen.
Since the Gibbs energy can be defined as:
• 𝐺 = 𝐻 − 𝑇𝑆 ……… (1)
• And then an important relation can be written:
• ∆𝐺 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇∆𝑆 ……… (2)

6. -50000
0
50000
100000
150000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526
deltaH,TdeltaS,deltaG)(KJ)
Temperture (K)
(delta H, T delta S, delta G)(KJ) Vs T(k)
T K deltaH kJ deltaG kJ deltaG kJ T delta S
kJ
• Graph 1: According to HSC data the which can determine the conditions when the reaction will be spontaneous either
form the values of ∆H and T∆S since the equation state that (∆G = ∆H − T∆S) or from the values of ∆G. From
the reaction equations, it noticed that as the number of moles decrease as the reaction proceeds, thus the entropy
(S) of the reaction will be decreased will drive the change in entropy negative as it can be seen from the graph
that T∆S term is becoming more negative as the increase of temperature. Also, the reaction is an exothermic
reaction so that means ∆H is negative, and since ∆G is the combination of these two terms and the reaction to be
spontaneous ∆G must be negative (-ve), therefore, this reaction will happen spontaneously only at low
temperatures. From the graph or the table at low temperatures (lower than 500K) the reaction is more
spontaneous since ∆G is negative, as the increasing of the temperature s ∆G becomes more positive and less
negative, but still the reaction is spontaneous tell it reaches to degree after that ∆G will be positive, which means
that the reaction will be nonspontaneous in this direction (the desirable reaction) but spontaneous in the opposite
direction. Thus, as the temperature increasing which mean that the more quickly the reaction will occur which
thus decreases the extent of the reaction.
Another useful relation is between the natural logarithm of equilibrium constant (K) and 1/Temperature.

7. • Graph 2/:
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ln(k)
1/T
ln(k) VS 1/Temperture
In this case of this reaction, the reaction is spontaneous at very
low temperatures, and becomes less spontaneous as the
temperature increases more and more which makes (K) and
ln(K) decreases also with the temperature. And this also will
reflect the property of the spontaneity with the temperature,
since the plot is between the lnK and (1/T) the reverse of the
temperature also it knows that if the denominator (T) increases
so the value of (1/T) must decreases. Therefore, as the value of
(1/T) increases the value of lnK will increases so that the
reaction will happen spontaneously in the desirable direction.
This is more clear in the graph of lnK VS temperature (the
graph below) when the temp. increases the reaction of
equilibrium constant will decrease also .
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ln(k)
Temerture
ln(k) Vs T

8. • Discussion:
• Comparing to these conditions of the data that gathered form HSC database, it says that the
thermodynamics data explained why this reaction is run at this specific temperature, because if
we looked at the graph we can say that in order the reaction to go in the direction of producing the
formaldehyde , the reaction must be run at low temperatures and high pressures, since the
reaction will proceed less number of moles which will be produced and according to le chatelier's
principle if the pressure increase the reaction will go to the side of less number of moles. And since
this reaction is taken place at low temperatures, the one must use a catalyst to increase the rate of
the reaction, as it is said before this reaction cannot be taken at higher temperatures to increase
the rate of the reaction, so instead a catalyst is used. To conclude, , the industrial conditions at
which this reaction is occur agree to that which are found from the thermodynamics data table at
which the reaction is spontaneous.
•

9. • Toxicity:
• Formaldehyde toxicity is a trouble brought about by
respiration the smoke of formaldehyde. It is a colorless gas,
with a strong odor. It is synthesized by the oxidation of
methanol. This could happen while working immediately
with formaldehyde, or using tools cleaned with
formaldehyde. Main symptoms may include eye, nose, and
throat agitation; headaches; and/or skin rashes. The first
step in the treatment of Formaldehyde toxicity is to stop
exposure by removing the individual from the area of
exposure. This is followed by symptomatic treatment of
toxicity depending upon the organs involved. it can recover
fully from inspiration at low-levels. and exposure to high
concentrations of formaldehyde, mostly in confined places,
can prove to be deadly.

10. • Conclusion:
•
• In conclusion, formaldehyde is the first of the series of aliphatic aldehydes and it is naturally
produced during burning of organic matter. It is found in cigarette smoke and in the
atmosphere. It has formula (H-CHO) and its name methanal. It is very important precursor
to many compounds. Formaldehyde is colorless, and it has high reactive hydrocarbon that is
used as fixative in pathology and in the manufacture of foam insulation, drugs furniture and
clothing. The major use of formaldehyde is in adhesives used in the manufacture of resins
used to make pressed wood products. In addition, it is also present at low concentrations as
preservative in range of personal car. In health filed it has been used to inactivate toxins,
whole bacterial cells and viruses. Formaldehyde can be very danger to human health, the
greatest risk of it is in a work place with minimal industrial hygiene, but industrial hygiene
measures are generally instituted to minimize exposure.

11. THANKS For listening
Arige
Fatema
Heba
Esraa