Applications of Aqua crop Model for Improved Field Management Strategies and ...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
To quantify, integrate and assess the impacts from weather and climate change/variability on crop growth and productivity, crop models have been used for several years as decision support tools in the world. This paper is reviewed to assess applications of Aqua crop model as a decision support tool for simulating and validating crop management practices and climate change adaptation strategies. This model is devised by the FAO irrigation and drainage team. This model is very important especially, to guide as a decision support tool for dry land areas where soil moisture is very critical to affect crop productivity. It maintains the balance between simplicity, accuracy and robustness. The model has been calibrated and validated to simulate growth and productivity of crops, soil moisture balance, water use efficiency, evapo-transpiration and climate change impact assessment in different climate, management (water, fertilizer, sowing date, spacing etc.) practices around the world, especially in areas where soil moisture stress prevails. Maize, wheat, barley, tee, sorghum, pulse crops such as groundnut, soybean, vegetables (tomato, cabbage) have been tested using this model. The model comprehensively uses stress coefficients (water stress, fertilizer and temperature coefficients) to compute the effect of the factors on crop canopy, dry matter, stomatal closure, flowering, pollination and harvest index build up.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000558.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on International Journal of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Applications of Aqua crop Model for Improved Field Management Strategies and ...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
To quantify, integrate and assess the impacts from weather and climate change/variability on crop growth and productivity, crop models have been used for several years as decision support tools in the world. This paper is reviewed to assess applications of Aqua crop model as a decision support tool for simulating and validating crop management practices and climate change adaptation strategies. This model is devised by the FAO irrigation and drainage team. This model is very important especially, to guide as a decision support tool for dry land areas where soil moisture is very critical to affect crop productivity. It maintains the balance between simplicity, accuracy and robustness. The model has been calibrated and validated to simulate growth and productivity of crops, soil moisture balance, water use efficiency, evapo-transpiration and climate change impact assessment in different climate, management (water, fertilizer, sowing date, spacing etc.) practices around the world, especially in areas where soil moisture stress prevails. Maize, wheat, barley, tee, sorghum, pulse crops such as groundnut, soybean, vegetables (tomato, cabbage) have been tested using this model. The model comprehensively uses stress coefficients (water stress, fertilizer and temperature coefficients) to compute the effect of the factors on crop canopy, dry matter, stomatal closure, flowering, pollination and harvest index build up.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000558.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on International Journal of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Agroforestry: A Comprehensive Analysis of its Importance
Introduction:
Agroforestry is a sustainable land management practice that integrates trees, crops, and/or livestock on the same piece of land. It is a multifunctional approach that combines elements of agriculture and forestry to create a harmonious and productive ecosystem. This essay delves deep into the significance of agroforestry, exploring its ecological, economic, and social importance in the context of modern agriculture and environmental conservation.
Ecological Importance:
1. Biodiversity Conservation: Agroforestry systems promote biodiversity by providing diverse habitats for various species. Trees and crops together create microhabitats that support a wide range of flora and fauna, enhancing ecosystem resilience.
2. Soil Health and Erosion Control: Tree roots stabilize soil, preventing erosion and nutrient loss. Agroforestry improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient cycling, contributing to long-term agricultural productivity.
3. Climate Change Mitigation: Trees sequester carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, aiding in climate change mitigation. Agroforestry systems act as carbon sinks, reducing atmospheric carbon levels and mitigating global warming effects.
Economic Importance:
1. Enhanced Crop Yield and Income: Agroforestry systems provide shade, windbreaks, and improved microclimates that boost crop yields. Farmers benefit from diversified income sources through both tree products and agricultural yields.
2. Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products: Incorporating valuable tree species in agroforestry allows for sustainable timber production and non-timber forest products such as fruits, nuts, resins, and medicinal plants, enhancing economic opportunities.
3. Risk Diversification: Agroforestry minimizes risks associated with single-crop dependence. If one crop fails, other crops or tree products can still provide income, reducing vulnerability to market fluctuations.
Social Importance:
1. Livelihood Improvement: Agroforestry empowers local communities by providing employment opportunities in both agriculture and forestry sectors. It supports rural livelihoods and reduces urban migration.
2. Food Security: Diverse crops from agroforestry systems contribute to food security, as they ensure a consistent supply of various food items, even in changing climatic conditions.
3. Cultural and Traditional Values: Agroforestry often integrates traditional knowledge and practices, preserving cultural heritage and fostering a sense of identity among local communities.
Comparison of Agroforestry Practices:
To provide a comprehensive understanding, let's compare different agroforestry practices across various regions and contexts:
1. Alley Cropping: Trees are planted in rows along with crops. This practice is effective in controlling soil erosion, improving soil fertility, and providing sustainable sources of wood and fodder.
2. Silvopasture: Integrates trees and liv
Trees Lose Their Leaves Later in Agroforestry SystemsIJEAB
In Brazilianagroforestry systems (AFS), Cordia oncocalyx trees, a native species of Caatinga, lose their leaves late in relation to the trees of the same species occurring in secondary forest. Our hypothesis is that, due to environmental features, the trees of the AFS maintain better water status. This work aims to present environmental humidity (rainfall, soil moisture and air relative humidity) and trees (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) data to explain the late loss of leaves in anagrosilvopastoral system (AGP) in the Brazilian semiarid region compared to a secondary forest (SF).Meteorological data were obtained from two weather stations installed in the AGP and SF areas. The physiological traits were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. There was a correlation between physiological processes (transpiration and stomatal conductance) and soil water content in plants of AGP, but not in SF, showing some independence of the plants of this system to variations in soil moisture. This indicates that AGP plants may have developed the physiological and anatomical features that enable to them to keep photosynthesis even when climatic conditions are more severe. Although the most inhospitable environmental conditions in the AGP system, the lower density of plants, and therefore less competition for water, favoring photosynthesis longer, causing the leaves to fall later.
Plant height model for eucalyptus plantations for biodrainage useeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simulation models of agricultural systems, when coupled with appropriate
data sources, have a great potential for bringing agricultural research and development into the age of information technology.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
More Related Content
Similar to Method of Quantifying interactions and its types
Agroforestry: A Comprehensive Analysis of its Importance
Introduction:
Agroforestry is a sustainable land management practice that integrates trees, crops, and/or livestock on the same piece of land. It is a multifunctional approach that combines elements of agriculture and forestry to create a harmonious and productive ecosystem. This essay delves deep into the significance of agroforestry, exploring its ecological, economic, and social importance in the context of modern agriculture and environmental conservation.
Ecological Importance:
1. Biodiversity Conservation: Agroforestry systems promote biodiversity by providing diverse habitats for various species. Trees and crops together create microhabitats that support a wide range of flora and fauna, enhancing ecosystem resilience.
2. Soil Health and Erosion Control: Tree roots stabilize soil, preventing erosion and nutrient loss. Agroforestry improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient cycling, contributing to long-term agricultural productivity.
3. Climate Change Mitigation: Trees sequester carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, aiding in climate change mitigation. Agroforestry systems act as carbon sinks, reducing atmospheric carbon levels and mitigating global warming effects.
Economic Importance:
1. Enhanced Crop Yield and Income: Agroforestry systems provide shade, windbreaks, and improved microclimates that boost crop yields. Farmers benefit from diversified income sources through both tree products and agricultural yields.
2. Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products: Incorporating valuable tree species in agroforestry allows for sustainable timber production and non-timber forest products such as fruits, nuts, resins, and medicinal plants, enhancing economic opportunities.
3. Risk Diversification: Agroforestry minimizes risks associated with single-crop dependence. If one crop fails, other crops or tree products can still provide income, reducing vulnerability to market fluctuations.
Social Importance:
1. Livelihood Improvement: Agroforestry empowers local communities by providing employment opportunities in both agriculture and forestry sectors. It supports rural livelihoods and reduces urban migration.
2. Food Security: Diverse crops from agroforestry systems contribute to food security, as they ensure a consistent supply of various food items, even in changing climatic conditions.
3. Cultural and Traditional Values: Agroforestry often integrates traditional knowledge and practices, preserving cultural heritage and fostering a sense of identity among local communities.
Comparison of Agroforestry Practices:
To provide a comprehensive understanding, let's compare different agroforestry practices across various regions and contexts:
1. Alley Cropping: Trees are planted in rows along with crops. This practice is effective in controlling soil erosion, improving soil fertility, and providing sustainable sources of wood and fodder.
2. Silvopasture: Integrates trees and liv
Trees Lose Their Leaves Later in Agroforestry SystemsIJEAB
In Brazilianagroforestry systems (AFS), Cordia oncocalyx trees, a native species of Caatinga, lose their leaves late in relation to the trees of the same species occurring in secondary forest. Our hypothesis is that, due to environmental features, the trees of the AFS maintain better water status. This work aims to present environmental humidity (rainfall, soil moisture and air relative humidity) and trees (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) data to explain the late loss of leaves in anagrosilvopastoral system (AGP) in the Brazilian semiarid region compared to a secondary forest (SF).Meteorological data were obtained from two weather stations installed in the AGP and SF areas. The physiological traits were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. There was a correlation between physiological processes (transpiration and stomatal conductance) and soil water content in plants of AGP, but not in SF, showing some independence of the plants of this system to variations in soil moisture. This indicates that AGP plants may have developed the physiological and anatomical features that enable to them to keep photosynthesis even when climatic conditions are more severe. Although the most inhospitable environmental conditions in the AGP system, the lower density of plants, and therefore less competition for water, favoring photosynthesis longer, causing the leaves to fall later.
Plant height model for eucalyptus plantations for biodrainage useeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simulation models of agricultural systems, when coupled with appropriate
data sources, have a great potential for bringing agricultural research and development into the age of information technology.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND RESEARCH STATION
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE & FORESTRY
SANKRA-PATAN , DURG(C.G.)
SESSION:- 2023-24
Topic:- Method for quantifying interactions and common multipurpose tree species suitable for agroforestry, purpose wise
multipurpose tree species.
Submitted to Submitted by
Dr. Satya Prakash Vishwakarma Mr. Nishikant Krishan
M.Sc.Forestry 1st Sem.(SAF)
2. CONTENT
• Methods of quantifying interaction in agroforestry
• Major tree -crop models available
Wanulcas 2.0
Apsim crop
Hypar or parch
Wimisa
Hi-safe-tree model
• Common and purposewise multipurpose tree species
3. METHODS OF QUANTIFYING INTERACTION IN AGROFORESTRY
• Introduction
• It is more meaningful to quantify tree crop interactions in terms of the various benefits and changes commonly
observed in agroforestry system such as fertility improvement, soil moisture status and microclimate modification.
• To quantify effects of various factors in an agroforestry, a simple tree crop interaction (TCI) equation has been
developed by Anon. (1993).
TCI = F-C ± M ± P+L
• F - Benefits from agroforestry system(%)
• C - Yield reduction of field crops(%)
• M - Microclimatic changes viz.,temperature, light, humidity (%)
• P - Changes in soil properties(%)
• L - Benefits of soil conservation (%)
4. • ICFRAF researchers have developed an equation for quantifying tree crop interactions (I), considering positive
effects of trees and crop yields through soil fertility enrichment (F) and negative effects through competition (C)
for growth resources between crop and tree.
I = F – C
• If F > C then the interaction is positive
• If F < C then the interaction is negative
5. MAJOR TREE -CROP MODELS AVAILABLE
Wanulcas 2.0
Apsim crop
Hypar or parch
Wimisa
Hi-safe-tree model
6. WANULCAS 2.0
• The wanulcas 2.0 tree-crop model functions as a biophysical model designed to replicate the
dynamic relationships between trees and crops within agroforestry systems.
• This model operates on a process-based approach, considering the physiological processes of
both trees and crops, along with the environmental physical processes.
• It proves versatile in simulating various agroforestry systems, such as hedgerow intercropping,
alley cropping, and fallows.
7.
8. THE WANULCAS 2.0 MODEL COMPRISES THREE PRIMARY SUBMODELS:
The Tree submodel replicates the growth of trees, encompassing factors such as leaf area, root distribution, and
nutrient uptake.
The Crop submodel mimics the growth of crops, including considerations of leaf area, root distribution, and
nutrient uptake.
The Soil submodel emulates the movement of water and nutrients within the soil.
Wanulcas 2.0 model serves as a potent instrument for:
Designing and assessing agroforestry systems
Evaluating the influence of agroforestry on crop yields
Investigating the interactions between trees and crops
Formulating management practices for agroforestry systems
9. APSIM CROP MODEL
APSIM, the agricultural production systems simulator is a modelling platform for simulation of biophysical
processes in cropping systems, particularly those relating to the production and ecological outcomes of
management practices in the face of climate risk.
It resulted from a need for research tools that provided accurate predictions of crop production in relation to
climate, genotype, soil and farmer management factors while addressing the long-term natural resource
management issues.
A particular focus is the simulation of sequences of crops, rotations, and fallow periods, rather than just single
crops in their response to daily soil and climate variables.
10.
11. MODEL FEATURE
• Growth and yield simulation of more than 25 crops.
• Growth and biomass simulation of pastures.
• Growth and biomass of trees.
• Crop growth and development, yield, soil water and nitrogen dynamics either for single crop or crop rotations in
response to climatic and management changes.
• Apsim is capable of carrying out simulation studies for various farming systems and weed competition.
• Carbon decomposition and surfaces residues .The effect of climate change simulation.
• Production of socio-economic effects simulation
12. HYPAR AND PARCH MODEL
Hypar is a limited “hybrid” forest model and “PARCH” (predicting arable resource capture in hostile
environments) crop model that was recently used for the evaluation of different management options under AFS .
Previously it has been used to predict AF productivity. Although, it is a biophysical process-based model and has
the potential to simulate light, water, nutrient competition, and daily carbon allocation, its use is limited due to
complex challenges and poor responses to interaction processes.
The 3d approach is also being used for water and nutrient competition depending on the root length density
The tree model simulates competition based on physiology (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and
transpiration) and canopy height, while nutrient fluxes are determined at different soil depths.
13.
14. WIMISA MODEL
Wimisa (windbreak-millet-sahel) is a tree-crop competition model designed for modelling millet growth in
windbreak-shielded fields in the sahel.
A bilateral symmetry along the windbreak line was assumed, reducing the modelling to only one. Side of the
windbreak
Three crop zones were modelled. Wimisa does not model the influence of the crop competition on the tree
growth.
The windbreak is therefore a fixed component in the system, making the wimisa model only a partial tree-crop
interaction model.
Therefore, wimisa can not be used in modelling dynamic tree-crop temperate systems, where tree inter-annual
dynamics are influenced by the crop.
Application of the model in niger showed that the water consumption by the windbreak was not compensated by a
reduction of evaporation of the protected crop.
15. HI-SAFE MODEL
• Hi-safe, a three-dimensional (3D), process-based, biophysical model that integrates tree–crop interactions in
agroforestry systems. Hi-safe has been under development since 2002 via the silvoarable agroforestry for europe
(SAFE) project and was partially described by talbot . the model attempts to overcome the gaps and weaknesses of
existing agroforestry models by capturing spatial and temporal heterogeneity.
16. MAIN HYPOTHESES DIRECTED HI-SAFE DEVELOPMENT
Productivity of an agroforestry system depends on the acquisition of heterogeneously
distributed resources by trees and crops .
Tree–crop interactions are, in part, governed by aboveground, belowground, and phenological
plasticity .
To explore these hypotheses, the specific objectives of hi-safe development were to create a
model that could simulate:
Three-dimensional tree–crop interactions for light, water, and nitrogen;
Plastic aboveground and belowground tree architecture responsiveness to resource availability;
The full lifetime of the system, from tree planting to harvest, on a daily time-step; and
The principal agroforestry design and management strategies, such as branch pruning, tree
thinning, root pruning, and the incorporation of an uncropped area around each tree or strip
along the tree row.
17. COMMON AND PURPOSEWISE MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES
• MPTS as windbreaks and living fences
SPECIES CLIMATE OTHER USE
Acacia nilotica arid, semiarid tropics beverage, fuelwood
Acacia tortillis semiarid tropics fuelwood
Azadirachta indica semiarid tropics timber, lumber, manure,
essential oils, fuelwood
Casuarina equisetifolia humid tropics fuelwood, timber
Eucalyptus camaldulensis humid tropics fuelwood, timber
Gliricidia sepium humid tropics food, fuelwood, poles, fodder
Grevillea robusta subhumid tropics, humid tropics timber, fuelwood, building
materials
Leucaena leucocephala humid subtropics, humid tropics fuelwood, poles timber fodder
Sesbania grandiflora humid tropics fodder, fuelwood, food
19. REFERENCES
https://www.treesforlife.info/gmptsf/mptinaf.htm
Dupraz, C., Wolz, K.J., Lecomte, I., Talbot, G., Vincent, G., Mulia, R., Bussière, F., Ozier-Lafontaine, H., Andrianarisoa, S.,
Jackson, N. and Lawson, G., 2019. Hi-sAFe: a 3D agroforestry model for integrating dynamic tree–crop interactions.
Sustainability, 11(8), p.2293.
Ahrends, H.E., Raza, A. and Gaiser, T., 2023. Current approaches for modeling ecosystem services and biodiversity in
agroforestry systems: Challenges and ways forward. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 5, p.1032442.
Dupraz, C., 2002. Tree-crops interaction model. State of the art report. Deliverable 1.1. 1 of the SAFE Europeans Research
Contract (p. 32). QLK5-CT-2001-00560.
Gaydon, D., 2014. The APSIM model–An overview. SAC Monograph: The SAARC-Australia Project Developing Capacity
in Cropping Systems Modelling for South Asia, pp.15-31.
Khasanah, N., van Noordwijk, M., Slingerland, M., Sofiyudin, M., Stomph, D., Migeon, A.F. and Hairiah, K., 2020. Oil
palm agroforestry can achieve economic and environmental gains as indicated by multifunctional land equivalent ratios.
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3, p.122.
Mutanal, S.M. and Nadagoudar, B.S., 2010. Quantifying Tree-Crop Interaction in Agroforestry System. Karnataka Journal
of Agricultural Sciences, 17(4).
•