Abstract— Lack of year round supply of forage for animal feed is common in most parts of dry lands. leucaenaleucocephala is one of most widely used dry season tree legume forage. In this study, the effect of planting density on forage and woody stems production was investigated. Three different planting spacing corresponding to (40X40 cm, 60X60 cm and 80X80 cm) were applied to tests its effects on tree growth and yield. Tree height and diameter were measured before every cutting harvest. In addition to that fresh and dry matter production of both stems and forage (tons/ha), stems, and leaves dry weight ratios over time were determined. The study revealed that different planting densities were resulted in very high significant effects on forage and stem production. Tree height was affected by planning density in most of the harvests, while diameter showed significant difference among the treatments in only one harvest. Planting trees at 40 cm distance produced higher forage yield with smaller woody stems sizes, whereas 60 and 80 cm spacing resulted in lesser forage yield, but with bigger stems size. This indicates that planting trees at closer spacing produce higher wood and forage yield, but the wood with smaller sizes. There is also, observed seasonal variation in production in which hot weather lowered yield. The stems and leaves dry matter ratio revealed that leaves production is slightly higher than stem production and were not affected by planting density. The results conclude that planting leucaena in closer spacing in arid lands will supply a considerable amount of forage as supplementary feed in addition to wood that can be used for different purposes.
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Forest dynamics helps to understand several succession methods and to know about stand structure and development with forest based models like FORMIND, FORMIX, GRASMIND etc.,
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Forest dynamics helps to understand several succession methods and to know about stand structure and development with forest based models like FORMIND, FORMIX, GRASMIND etc.,
The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Termina...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The trial investigated the effects of coconut milk on stem and root cuttings of Terminalia catappa. Methodology and results: Each cutting type treated with three coconut milk concentrations (0%, 50% and 100%).The experiment was a 2x3 factorial set, six treatment combinations replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that root cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots, number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest roots (P<0.05)>0.05) than those treated with 50% and 0% coconut milk. There was a significant interaction (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk concentration on the number of leaves produced. It was recommend that root cuttings treated with 100% coconut milk should be used for vegetative propagation programs of the species.
This trial was conducted for two consecutive Kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 to compare two interspecific
hybrids of sorghum and Sudan grass, namely Mabrook and Panar 888 with two local checks Abu Sabein
and Abu Sabein Kambal. Cultivars were sown in a randomized complete block design with four replicates.
Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, stem diameter, number of days
to 50 % flowering, plant density, fresh weight, and dry weight. Plant height, leaf area, number of leaves
per plant, plant density, fresh weight, and dry weight showed highly significant differences (P = 0.01)
among the four cultivars while stem diameter showed significant differences (P = 0.05). Number of days
to 50% flowering showed insignificant differences among the four cultivars. Mabrook exceeded all the
other cultivars in plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight. Mabrook and Abu Sabein Kambal exceeded
the others in leaf number, leaf area, and plant density.
Production arrowroot depending on the size of the rhizome and substrate in Ca...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arrowroot starch is much appreciated in the preparation of desserts, breads, cookies and cakes. However the production of starch by the commercial varieties is still made in an amateur way without proper management. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in factorial 3 (rhizomes sizes) x 2 (substrates). The three rhizome sizes arrowroot, were classified as small (≤ 15.0 g), medium (≥ 15.01 and ≤ 30.0) and big (≥ 30.01 g) according to their weights. We evaluated: height collect from the region to the apex of the leaf, stem diameter at the collar region survival percentage of rhizomes, shoot dry weight, root dry mass, average number of seedlings per rhizome and calculated the index quality seedlings Dickson. There were no differences in the interaction between plants x substrate. However the size of rhizomes influenced the quality of the seedlings, and the big (≥ 30.01 g) rhizomes was what produced seedlings with the best quality.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Continuous cover forest management system is gaining popularity to clear-felling and the rotation management system associated. Very few researches have been done to assess this management system. A harvest event was analysed in a Reinhausen forest compartment of 2ha, belonging to the state forest of Göttingen; Göttingen is situated in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The harvest has modified the stem number per hectare mostly in bigger class of diameter. The diameter class the most affected was between 14 and 23 cm. The harvest affected 11% of the stem in the stand and was constituted only by Fagussilvatica (7.5%) and Fraxinus excelsior (3.5%) which are the main species of this forest. The thinning removed 15% of the basal area and 16% of the volume of the forest stand. The type of thinning was thinning from above (high thinning). Apart from Fagussilvatica that the average height of trees reduces of 45cm after harvest, there was no difference on average height after harvest for other species. The harvest event has induced changes on the spatial distribution of the forest stand. The impact of this modification on environment has not been analyzed by this study.
Phasic pattern of dry matter production and accumulation in different parts o...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at farming system research unit of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal as a part of ongoing effort to collect the data in connection to dry matter accumulation and partitioning in three cultivars of cow pea during growth and development stages in two consecutive Summer and Kharif season of the year 2012-13 and 2013-14. The dry matter partitioning had been worked out at 30, 45 and 60 DAS from the stem, leaves and at only 60 DAS from the pods. Results revealed that total dry matter production were higher in the summer season as compare to the rainy season and it increased gradually with the age of the plant. The accumulation of dry matter was more in the pod as compared to leaves and stem. Among the three varieties tested, Maharani showed significant higher accretion of dry matter in the stem (3.38 g plant-1 ) as compared to Lafa (3.28 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (3.13 g plant-1 ) during summer season. In the rainy season Lafa (1.98 g plant-1 ) yielded highest followed by Maharani (1.09 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (0.99 g plant-1 ). Varieties showed the similar trends in the accrual of the dry matter in the leaves and pods, but the amount varies. Maharani accumulate highest during summer season in both leaves and pods 4.60 g plant-1 and 25.26 g plant-1 respectively and lafa performed better in rainy season where accrual of dry matter was 3.01 g plant-1 in the leaves and 19.81 g plant-1 on the pods.
4 ijfaf feb-2018-3-effect of different growth mediaAI Publications
Cordiaafricana(Lam.)is an economically and ecologically important component tree species of the Bamenda Highlands Forest which is under threat from over-exploitation. There is a need to develop high quality planting stock for increased availability and sustainability of the species. A study was carried out at the National Forestry Development Agency (ANAFOR) in Bamenda, North West of Cameroon, to evaluate the effect ofgrowth medium on sprouting and growth of vegetatively propagated C.africana(Lam.). Hardwood cuttings from lower branches of trees were grown in sand, sawdust, and a 1:1 sand: sawdust mixture in a non-mist propagator for three months. Data on percentage sprouting, days to sprouting, number of shoots, shoot height, stem diameter, stem volume, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area were subjected to analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Scheffé’s multiple means comparison test at 5% level of probability. While sawdust significantly reduced values of all the plant traits, no significant differences were detected between sand and the sand: sawdust mixture. The results show that sand and 1:1 sawdust: sand are suitable alternatives for propagation of C. africana(Lam.)from branch cuttings.
The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Termina...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The trial investigated the effects of coconut milk on stem and root cuttings of Terminalia catappa. Methodology and results: Each cutting type treated with three coconut milk concentrations (0%, 50% and 100%).The experiment was a 2x3 factorial set, six treatment combinations replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that root cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots, number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest roots (P<0.05)>0.05) than those treated with 50% and 0% coconut milk. There was a significant interaction (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk concentration on the number of leaves produced. It was recommend that root cuttings treated with 100% coconut milk should be used for vegetative propagation programs of the species.
This trial was conducted for two consecutive Kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 to compare two interspecific
hybrids of sorghum and Sudan grass, namely Mabrook and Panar 888 with two local checks Abu Sabein
and Abu Sabein Kambal. Cultivars were sown in a randomized complete block design with four replicates.
Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, stem diameter, number of days
to 50 % flowering, plant density, fresh weight, and dry weight. Plant height, leaf area, number of leaves
per plant, plant density, fresh weight, and dry weight showed highly significant differences (P = 0.01)
among the four cultivars while stem diameter showed significant differences (P = 0.05). Number of days
to 50% flowering showed insignificant differences among the four cultivars. Mabrook exceeded all the
other cultivars in plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight. Mabrook and Abu Sabein Kambal exceeded
the others in leaf number, leaf area, and plant density.
Production arrowroot depending on the size of the rhizome and substrate in Ca...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arrowroot starch is much appreciated in the preparation of desserts, breads, cookies and cakes. However the production of starch by the commercial varieties is still made in an amateur way without proper management. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in factorial 3 (rhizomes sizes) x 2 (substrates). The three rhizome sizes arrowroot, were classified as small (≤ 15.0 g), medium (≥ 15.01 and ≤ 30.0) and big (≥ 30.01 g) according to their weights. We evaluated: height collect from the region to the apex of the leaf, stem diameter at the collar region survival percentage of rhizomes, shoot dry weight, root dry mass, average number of seedlings per rhizome and calculated the index quality seedlings Dickson. There were no differences in the interaction between plants x substrate. However the size of rhizomes influenced the quality of the seedlings, and the big (≥ 30.01 g) rhizomes was what produced seedlings with the best quality.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Continuous cover forest management system is gaining popularity to clear-felling and the rotation management system associated. Very few researches have been done to assess this management system. A harvest event was analysed in a Reinhausen forest compartment of 2ha, belonging to the state forest of Göttingen; Göttingen is situated in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The harvest has modified the stem number per hectare mostly in bigger class of diameter. The diameter class the most affected was between 14 and 23 cm. The harvest affected 11% of the stem in the stand and was constituted only by Fagussilvatica (7.5%) and Fraxinus excelsior (3.5%) which are the main species of this forest. The thinning removed 15% of the basal area and 16% of the volume of the forest stand. The type of thinning was thinning from above (high thinning). Apart from Fagussilvatica that the average height of trees reduces of 45cm after harvest, there was no difference on average height after harvest for other species. The harvest event has induced changes on the spatial distribution of the forest stand. The impact of this modification on environment has not been analyzed by this study.
Phasic pattern of dry matter production and accumulation in different parts o...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at farming system research unit of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal as a part of ongoing effort to collect the data in connection to dry matter accumulation and partitioning in three cultivars of cow pea during growth and development stages in two consecutive Summer and Kharif season of the year 2012-13 and 2013-14. The dry matter partitioning had been worked out at 30, 45 and 60 DAS from the stem, leaves and at only 60 DAS from the pods. Results revealed that total dry matter production were higher in the summer season as compare to the rainy season and it increased gradually with the age of the plant. The accumulation of dry matter was more in the pod as compared to leaves and stem. Among the three varieties tested, Maharani showed significant higher accretion of dry matter in the stem (3.38 g plant-1 ) as compared to Lafa (3.28 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (3.13 g plant-1 ) during summer season. In the rainy season Lafa (1.98 g plant-1 ) yielded highest followed by Maharani (1.09 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (0.99 g plant-1 ). Varieties showed the similar trends in the accrual of the dry matter in the leaves and pods, but the amount varies. Maharani accumulate highest during summer season in both leaves and pods 4.60 g plant-1 and 25.26 g plant-1 respectively and lafa performed better in rainy season where accrual of dry matter was 3.01 g plant-1 in the leaves and 19.81 g plant-1 on the pods.
4 ijfaf feb-2018-3-effect of different growth mediaAI Publications
Cordiaafricana(Lam.)is an economically and ecologically important component tree species of the Bamenda Highlands Forest which is under threat from over-exploitation. There is a need to develop high quality planting stock for increased availability and sustainability of the species. A study was carried out at the National Forestry Development Agency (ANAFOR) in Bamenda, North West of Cameroon, to evaluate the effect ofgrowth medium on sprouting and growth of vegetatively propagated C.africana(Lam.). Hardwood cuttings from lower branches of trees were grown in sand, sawdust, and a 1:1 sand: sawdust mixture in a non-mist propagator for three months. Data on percentage sprouting, days to sprouting, number of shoots, shoot height, stem diameter, stem volume, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area were subjected to analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Scheffé’s multiple means comparison test at 5% level of probability. While sawdust significantly reduced values of all the plant traits, no significant differences were detected between sand and the sand: sawdust mixture. The results show that sand and 1:1 sawdust: sand are suitable alternatives for propagation of C. africana(Lam.)from branch cuttings.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Influence of Plant Density and Mulching on Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of the paper was to present the influence of plant density and different types of organic mulch on growth and yield of Romain lettuce. The field experiment was carried out in 2014 in the experimental field of University of Forestry – Sofia, with Romaine lettuce cv. Yellow beauty. The seedlings were planted at a distance of 30 x 30 cm and two different schemes were tested: parallel planting to form a 4-row bed and a chess planting to form a 7-row bed. For the purpose of the study were used different organic mulches, which were waste products from organic agriculture: barley straw (BS), well-rotted horse manure (HM), walnut wood sawdust (WS) and grass windrow (GW) and non-mulched control plots (NMC). The mulching materials were spread manually in a 5-6 cm thick layer, after strengthen the seedlings of Romain lettuce. On the 60th day after planting was the beginning of harvesting. It was found out that the seven-row bed and mulching influenced growth and yield of Romain lettuce. Mulching with HM has a significant effect on growth and yield. In the cultivation of lettuce in combination with horse manure mulch and seven-row bed, the yield increased by 18% compared to the non-mulched control in the same planting scheme and was 2.3 times higher than the non-mulched control in a four-row bed. A significant effect on the mulched variants was established. Keywords— grass windrow mulch, horse manure mulch, lettuce, seven-row bed, yield.
Influence of Supporter Substrat on the Rooting Percentage of Kiwifruit Cuttin...irjes
The paper presents the influence of supporter substrate on rooting of greenwood and semi-hardwood
cuttings of kiwifruit. The study was conducted during two consecutive years, 2013-2014, in a private
greenhouse in Lezha, using two periods of taking cuttings: June 5, with greenwood cuttings, and September 5,
with semi-hardwood cuttings. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two variants (in substrate
prelate-peat mix (60:40) and substrate prelate 100 %) and three replications, with a plot size of 100 vegetative
cuttings for variant for each replication, was used. Vegetative cuttings were pre-treated with indol-3-butyric acid
(IBA) 3000 ppm and were planted under controlled environmental conditions (air temperature 17-18oC, basal
supporter temperature 22-26oC, and 80-85% RH). In June, the experimental greenhouse was shaded with a black
mesh. Obtained results showed that greenwood and semi-hardwood cuttings of planted in substrate prelate-peat
(60:40) rooted better than cuttings of planted in substrate only prelate, in both planting periods (52.4% versus
46%, and 63% versus 54%). The highest rooting percentages were achieved using semi-hardwood cuttings
planted in September 5 on supporter polite-peat mix substrate (63%) and only polite (54%). Differences
between variants were testified using LSD and statistical ANOVA-tests.
Growth and increase of a Pinuspatula plantation with fertilization and thinni...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Thinning and fertilization of forest plantations are forestry practices that are necessary to obtain an increase in the annual volume growth, mean increment and periodic increment (AMI and API) which allow shortening the commercial shift maintaining the same volumes at the time of harvest. In this study, the effect of thinning and fertilization on the growth and increase in Pinuspatula plantations was evaluated, which were established in 1998 in Huayacocotla, Veracruz, Mexico. A 22 factorial experiment was set up in the plantation in order to evaluate the thinning and fertilization factors with two levels each. The experimental unit was a 10x10 m plot. Three repetitions were established per treatment. An residual basal area of 21m2 ha-1was obtained in the thinned plots of the plantation. The average basal area in the unthinned plots was 42 m2 ha-1. The fertilization doses were: 1.4; 0.4; 8.34 kg of urea, calcium triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively. Fertilization (treatment 3) increased the volume and the AMI 2012, 2013 and 2014. Thinning (treatment 2) tended to increase the API slightly.
An experiment was conducted at the Crops Research Station of the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization Alupe, Busia County. The experiment was performed to find out the most suitable mulching material and an ideal spacing for green pepper cultivation under Busia County Conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatments comprised of four mulching materials viz. black plastic mulch, transparent plastic mulch, straw mulch and bare soil which was the control with three row spacings viz. 30 x 50 cm, 40 x 40 cm and 50 x 40 cm. Data collected was subjected to SAS statistical software for analysis and means separated using LSD at P≤0.05. Significant responses on plant height and number of branches per plant were observed for both seasons due to spacing and mulching treatments. The highest branches (6.97) per plant were recorded in the 40 by 40 cm spacing under the transparent mulch with the lowest (2.83) shown under the same spacing in the straw mulch of California Wonder variety. The widest spacing elicited the highest number of fruits per plant (7.37) in the black plastic mulch while only a mean of 1 fruit per plant was recorded in the mulch control during the short rain season. The highest fruit mean yield per plant of 1556 g and 1533 g was recorded in the widest spacing (50 by 40cm) during the long and short rain seasons respectively. Therefore this study recommends the use of plastic mulches at wider spacing.
A comparative evaluation of Indole-3-Butyric Acid and plant extracts as poten...AI Publications
This study tested the effect of a synthetic phytohormone and plant extracts on rooting of cuttings. Treatments comprised of two tree species (Cordia mellineii and Vitex diversifolia) and five pre-planting rooting treatments (untreated control, Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA), aloe vera gel (AV), coconut water (CW), and AV+CW in the ratio 1:1 v/v) laid out in split-plot. Data were collected four months after the application of treatments. There was neither rooting of Cordia mellineii cuttings in any of the treatments nor Vitex diversifolia cuttings in the control. Rooting percentage of Vitex diversifolia was highest in AV+CW and lowest in the AV treatment which did not show a significant difference with the control. In contrast, values of number of primary roots were highest in AV. Number of secondary roots, root system length and root fresh weight were significantly reduced by IBA. Root diameter was unresponsive to rooting enhancing treatments. The results suggest that biostimulators are essential for rooting of Vitex diversifolia cuttings. While IBA, AV, and CW may have a comparable influence on root initiation, the two plant extracts have the tendency to exhibit a stronger effect when in combination. In addition, IBA may be less beneficial for root growth than AV and CW.
effects of pruning on diameter and height growth of pinus nigra arnold subspIJEAB
Pruning is a costly silvicultural operation and allows the production of high value timber. Effect of pruning on black pine and especially on Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasina) is not well known. The objective of the study was to evaluate pruning effects on diameter and height growth of Anatolian black pine. Pruned and the control treatments were carried out using 20 year old black pine plantation in Çorum providence of Turkey. Three pruning treatments were applied in 2004, 2009 and 2016 and diameter and height growths of trees were measured. Each pruning was done from the bottom to include one third of the crown. At the beginning of the study (first pruning) and after 5 years of the first pruning no difference was observed for DBH and height growth. However, diameter and height growth became important after 12 years of pruning between pruned and control stands. Results show that pruning could increase diameter growth and height of Anatolian black pine stands. To better understand, further detailed studies must be carried out investigating site effects, plant density and environmental variations.
assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
Similar to Effect of planting density on leucaena leucocephala forage and Woody stems production under arid dry climate (20)
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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and write to us if you have any questions:
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Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Effect of planting density on leucaena leucocephala forage and Woody stems production under arid dry climate
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 7
Effect of planting density on leucaena leucocephala forage and
Woody stems production under arid dry climate
Elfeel AA.1
, A. H. Elmagboul2
1
Department of Arid land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2
College of Forestry and Range Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
Abstract— Lack of year round supply of forage for animal feed is common in most parts of dry lands.
leucaenaleucocephala is one of most widely used dry season tree legume forage. In this study, the effect of planting density
on forage and woody stems production was investigated. Three different planting spacing corresponding to (40X40 cm,
60X60 cm and 80X80 cm) were applied to tests its effects on tree growth and yield. Tree height and diameter were measured
before every cutting harvest. In addition to that fresh and dry matter production of both stems and forage (tons/ha), stems,
and leaves dry weight ratios over time were determined. The study revealed that different planting densities were resulted in
very high significant effects on forage and stem production. Tree height was affected by planning density in most of the
harvests, while diameter showed significant difference among the treatments in only one harvest. Planting trees at 40 cm
distance produced higher forage yield with smaller woody stems sizes, whereas 60 and 80 cm spacing resulted in lesser
forage yield, but with bigger stems size. This indicates that planting trees at closer spacing produce higher wood and forage
yield, but the wood with smaller sizes. There is also, observed seasonal variation in production in which hot weather lowered
yield. The stems and leaves dry matter ratio revealed that leaves production is slightly higher than stem production and were
not affected by planting density. The results conclude that planting leucaena in closer spacing in arid lands will supply a
considerable amount of forage as supplementary feed in addition to wood that can be used for different purposes.
Keywords— planting density, forage production, wood stems.
I. INTRODUCTION
Leucaena is fast growing multi-purpose drought resistance tree species (Yige et al., 2012). It iswidely cultivated around the
World for its highest wood production and wide ranges of uses (Arbonnier, 2004). Leucaenais classified among the most
widely used forage tree legume (Shelton and Brewbaker, 1998). When pruned in a regular basis it can produce large
quantities of palatable, digestible and nutritious foliage for ruminants. Under closer spacing and consecutive cuttings
leucaena can yield forage of up to 40 tons dry matter/ ha (Wilkins, 2000). Supplementing animal fed with dried leucaena
leaves will lead to higher weight gain (Rubanza et al., 2007). The leaves meal also, when combined with cassava base
supplement enhanced feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation (Kang et al., 2012). It is believed that the
presence of amino acid mimosine in the foliage may affect fodder quality (Ilham et al., 2015). However, ruminants rarely
have problems with mimosine, because microbes in first stomach (rumen) alter mimosine to a 3,4-dihydroxy pyridine which
is then broken down further into nontoxic compounds (Chaudhary and Al-Jowaid, 1999). Where the wood produced from
leucaena have very high feasibility for many wood industrial products (Feria et al., 2011; hindi et al., 2010). The seeds are
potential fermentable growth source for production of extracellular lipase enzyme (Singh et al., 2014). The seeds also,
contain high properties galactomannan soluble polysaccharide (Nwokocha and Williams 2012). Further rolesof the species as
multiple purpose trees is a good candidate for sustainable animal farming system by increasing livestock live gain and in the
same time reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Harrison et al., 2015).The tree was used as agroforestry tree in many
countries, in windbreaks, shade and roadside (Debra and Justin, 2013; Elfeel et al., 2013).
Normally under dry land conditions, there is shortage of year round forage for livestock. Dried leucaena is used during the
dry season as conserved hay for feeding dairy cows (Maasdorp et al., 1999). The objective of this study is to investigate the
effect of planting density on forage and woody stem production. The aim is to determine best planting spacing that produce
large amount of forage in the same time the remaining woody material can be used as fuel or other industrial purposes.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 8
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental site
The location of the experiment is in King Abdulaziz University, Agricultural Experimental Farm. The experiment was
carried in hot dry conditions of Western KSA under drip irrigation system at frequency of once every on week.
2.2 Experimental design
The experimental design used is factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates. The main factors are three
trees planting spacing corresponding to 40X40 cm, 60X60 cm and 80X80 cm. In each treatment per each block, the plots are
composed of three rows with 10 trees in each row (30 trees per plot).
2.3 Tree height and root collar diameter
To measure height and diameter five trees per each treatment in each plot in the middle row were assigned for measurements
(from tree number 3-7 in the row. If one tree is missing, we continue to select tree number 8 instead. Then height and root
collar diameter were measured before each cutting harvest four times.
2.4 Fresh and dry materials production
For determination of stems, leaves and total fresh and dry weights, the five trees sampled for height and diameter
measurements were cut. Then the trees were separated into leaves and shoots and immediately weighed fresh. The samples
were then oven dried in 65o
C temperature for 72 hours to determine dry weight. To calculate fresh and dry matter production
per hectare, first we estimated the average survival rate in all plots (range from 90.5 to 93%). Then we calculated the average
number of trees per hectare in all treatments on the basis of 90% survival. The number of trees per hectare were multiplied by
90% giving (56,250, 25,000 and 14,063 trees) for 40, 60, 80 cm spacing respectively. Afterwards the average fresh and dry
weights per tree were multiplied by respective average number of trees per hectare for each spacing to obtain production per
hectare. After each cut the trees were allowed to grow for four months before the next cut. The total harvests done were four.
2.5 Stems and leaves dry matter ratios
Stems and leaves dry matter ratios were calculated by dividing average dry weight by total dry weight per tree in each
treatment.
2.6 Statistical analysis
Analysis of variance was performed to test effects of mean treatment on the studied parameters and the means were separated
by new Duncan’s multiple range tests using statistical analysis system version 9.2, (SAS institute, 2014).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Height and root collar diameter
The current study revealed that tree height was statistically differed among the three spacing applied in most harvests.
Whereas the root collar diameter was significantly differed only in the first initial measurement made in the first cutting
harvest (Table 1). In the next harvests, when the trees cut to the ground in a uniform levels all the treatments produced the
same level of diameter. The observed difference in height may be related to the competition between trees as the result of
spacing. In most harvests, height growth was not showed any significant difference between 60 and 80 cm planting distance.
However, they are significantly higher than plots planting with 40 cm spacing between trees. The same growth trend was
observed in diameter in which planting trees at 60 and 80 cm between trees resulted in higher diameter growth compared to
40 spacing in all harvests.
3.2 Fresh and dry materials production
The data presented in (Table 1 and 2) showed that both stem and leaves fresh and dry matter production was very highly
significantly differed among the three planting spacing applied. During the initial cutting (harvest 1) 60 produced higher
fresh and dry weight materials. However, when the trees were cut to the same level and allow to grow (harvests 2-4), 40
meter spacing resulted in significantly higher production compared to the other spacing. The season also, may have some
effect in fresh and dry biomass production. Production was high in harvest two (beginning of March), declined in harvest
three (beginning of June) and increased again in harvest four (beginning of November). The effect of the three planting
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
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distance used was resulted in very high variation in total fresh and dry biomass yield (Table 4).The highest forage produced
under 40 cm distance treatment accompanied by less diameter, reflects that planting trees at closer distance will yield more
tender forage. However, planting trees at wider spacing (60 and 80 cm spacing) means more wood material, but may be with
less forage quantity and quality.
TABLE 1
EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALATREE HEIGHT (HT) AND ROOT COLLAR
DIAMETER (RCD)
* = p ≤ 0.05 ** = p ≤ 0.01*** = p ≤ 0.001
TABLE 2
EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON LEUCAENALEUCOCEPHALA STEMS FRESH AND DRY MATERIAL
PRODUCTION (TONS/HA)
* = p ≤ 0.05 ** = p ≤ 0.01*** = p ≤ 0.001
TABLE 3
EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON LEUCAENALEUCOCEPHALA FORAGE FRESH AND DRY MATERIAL
PRODUCTION (TONS/HA)
* = p ≤ 0.05 ** = p ≤ 0.01*** = p ≤ 0.001
Spacing Harvest 1 Harvest 2 Harvest 3 Harvest 4
HT (m) RCD (cm) HT (m) RCD (cm) HT (m) RCD (cm) HT (m) RCD (cm)
40 cm 1.87b 1.39b 2.10a 1.70a 1.95b 1.03a 2.17b 1.56a
60 cm 2.74a 2.28a 2.10a 1.76a 2.14a 1.10a 2.53a 1.68a
80 cm 2.54a 2.46a 2.26a 1.89a 2.07a 1.08a 2.40a 1.67a
D. F. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
F. value 29.39*** 19.23*** 2.39 0.76 4.10* 0.92 9.53** 1.63
Spacing Harvest 1 Harvest 2 Harvest 3 Harvest 4
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
40 cm 16.46ab 6.50ab 22.48a 8.37a 18.13a 7.19a 26.92a 10.64a
60 cm 22.01a 8.60a 16.11b
5.61b 12.83b 4.90b 21.73b 8.45a
80 cm 10.73b 4.19b 12.40b 4.26b 8.32b 3.01c 15.42b 5.90b
D. F. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
F. value 5.51** 5.46** 5.69** 7.95*** 9.84*** 12.74** 7.16** 9.33***
Spacing Harvest 1 Harvest 2 Harvest 3 Harvest 4
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
40 cm 14.28ab 4.48ab 32.25a 10.03a 21.83a 6.84a 33.03a 10.59a
60 cm 18.94a 5.88a 23.34b 6.64b
17.86a 5.27b 27.61a 8.52b
80 cm 10.44b 3.23b 18.11b 5.31b 11.11b 3.24c 18.89b 5.66c
D. F. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
F. value 4.75** 4.68** 8.21** 11.61** 9.77** 15.60** 11.27** 17.38**
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 10
TABLE 4
EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON LEUCAENALEUCOCEPHALA TOTAL FRESH AND DRY SHOOT MATERIALS
PRODUCTION (TONS/HA)
* = p ≤ 0.05 ** = p ≤ 0.01*** = p ≤ 0.001
3.3 Stems and leaves dry matter ratios
Both stems and leaves dry matter ratios were not statistically differed between the three planting spacing used in all harvests
(Table 5). However, generally in the first harvest the stem ratio was higher than leaves. However, in all subsequent harvests
leaves dry matter ratio was slightly higher than those of stems. This was resulted in higher forage production than woody part
production. In all harvests after the initial cutting 40 planting distance obtained higher leaves ratio compared to the two other
spacing. This confirms the facts that closer planting spacing will produce more forage yield with tender leafy material.
TABLE 5
EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY ON LEUCAENALEUCOCEPHALA STEMS DRY MATTER RATIO (SDM) AND
LEAVES DRY MATTER RATIO (LDM)
IV. CONCLUSION
The current study highlights the importance of planting leucaena in closer spacing to provide a good quantity of forage and
the remaining woody stems can be utilized for any other wood industrial purposes. Planting trees at 40X40 cm spacing
produced higher forage and stem yield, however, the stems with smaller sizes. Whereas 60 spacing obtained lesser yield but
the stems with bigger sizes. The leaves dry matter ratio is slightly higher than stems dry matter ratio and were not affected by
planting density treatments.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledged with thanks faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture for proving support in
Agricultural Research Farm.
REFERENCES
[1] Arbonnier M. 2004. Trees, shrubs and lianas of West Africa Dry Zones.CIRAD, MARCRAF Publishers, 572 P.
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Spacing Harvest 1 Harvest 2 Harvest 3 Harvest 4
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
FW
(ton/ha)
DW
(tons/ha)
40 cm 30.74ab 10.98ab 54.73a 18.41a 39.96a 14.05a 60.00a 21.24a
60 cm 40.96a 14.49a 39.45b 12.25b 30.69a 10.18b 49.33a 16.97b
80 cm 21.17b 7.44b 30.51b 9.57b 19.43b 6.31c 34.32b 11.51c
D. F. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
F. value 5.28** 5.26** 7.24** 9.84*** 10.31*** 14.79*** 9.30** 12.81***
Spacing Harvest 1 Harvest 2 Harvest 3 Harvest 4
SWR LWR SWR LWR SWR LWR SWR LWR
40 cm 0.59a 0.41a 0.44a 0.56a 0.50a 0.50a 0.49a 0.51a
60 cm 0.58a 0.42a 0.45a 0.55a 0.48a 0.52a 0.50a 0.50a
80 cm 0.56a 0.44a 0.44a 0.56a 0.47a 0.53a 0.51a 0.49a
D. F. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
F. value 1.68 1.68 0.37 0.37 1.60 1.46 0.51 0.41
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-3, March- 2016]
Page | 11
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