Beneficial Insects
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Beneficial insects (bugs) are insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered beneficial. In horticulture and gardening; pest control, habitat integration, and 'natural vitality' aesthetics are the desired outcome with beneficial insects.
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category of insect pest
category of insect pest, major pest, minor pest, sporadic pest, epidemic pest, endemic pest, potential pest, key pest,
BENEFICIAL INSECTS
This document discusses beneficial insects and their functions. It lists several beneficial insect species, including weaver ants, green lacewings, ladybugs, and honey bees. It then describes how beneficial insects help control other insect populations through predation and parasitism. Additionally, it explains how they contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing dead plant and animal matter. Many beneficial insects also play important roles in plant pollination, weed management, and producing commercial products like honey, silk, shellac and dyes.
Order orthroptera
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
ENTO 332_Lec No.1_Importance of Beneficial Insects.pptx
This document provides information about beneficial insects. It begins by defining beneficial insects as those whose products have commercial value, those that act as pollinators, and those used for biological control, soil health, and more. It then lists and describes 10 categories of beneficial insects, including those producing commercially valuable goods like honey bees and silk worms, insect pollinators, natural predators, and those of educational/scientific value. For each category, various insect examples are given along with pictures to illustrate. The document provides a detailed overview of beneficial insects and their many important roles.
Storage pests
This document discusses several major lepidopteran pests of stored foods, including the Angoumois grain moth, Indian meal moth, Rice moth, Potato tuber moth, and Mediterranean flour moth. It provides details on the distribution, host range, biology, life cycle, nature of damage, and identification of each pest. The key information it conveys is that moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) represent a major group of economically important post-harvest insect pests that can infest grains, meals, nuts, dried fruits and other stored foods.
Lac insect, it's natural enemies and their management
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
Types of larva and pupa
1) There are two main types of insect young - nymphs of exopterygotes which resemble adults, and larvae of endopterygotes which differ significantly from adults.
2) Larvae can be categorized based on number of legs - oligopod larvae have legs on the thorax, polypod larvae have legs on the thorax and abdomen, and apodous larvae are legless.
3) Pupae can be decticous or adecticous based on presence of mandibles, and exarate, obtect, coarctate or enclosed in a cocoon based on freedom of appendages.
Lepidoptera
Slide contains prominant features and important families of order lepidoptera. Useful for Entomology students.
Recommended
category of insect pest
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This document discusses beneficial insects and their functions. It lists several beneficial insect species, including weaver ants, green lacewings, ladybugs, and honey bees. It then describes how beneficial insects help control other insect populations through predation and parasitism. Additionally, it explains how they contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing dead plant and animal matter. Many beneficial insects also play important roles in plant pollination, weed management, and producing commercial products like honey, silk, shellac and dyes.
Order orthroptera
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
ENTO 332_Lec No.1_Importance of Beneficial Insects.pptx
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Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
Types of larva and pupa
1) There are two main types of insect young - nymphs of exopterygotes which resemble adults, and larvae of endopterygotes which differ significantly from adults.
2) Larvae can be categorized based on number of legs - oligopod larvae have legs on the thorax, polypod larvae have legs on the thorax and abdomen, and apodous larvae are legless.
3) Pupae can be decticous or adecticous based on presence of mandibles, and exarate, obtect, coarctate or enclosed in a cocoon based on freedom of appendages.
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economic importance of insects
This document discusses beneficial and injurious insects. It begins by describing several commercially beneficial insects that produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk. It then discusses different categories of beneficial insects including those used for pollination, as predators of other insects, as parasites of harmful insects, and as decomposers. The document also notes several crops that depend on insect pollination. It concludes by describing several categories of injurious insects including disease transmitters, household pests, and those that damage domestic animals and crops.
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This document discusses the shoot and fruit borer pest of brinjal plants. It begins with an introduction to brinjal and then focuses on the shoot and fruit borer pest, including its scientific classification, importance as an agricultural pest as it reduces brinjal yields, life cycle of egg to adult, and methods of management. Cultural, biological and chemical controls are outlined as well as the use of Bt brinjal, a genetically modified variety that is resistant to the borer pest through expression of a Cry protein. The document concludes that integrated pest management using selective biological controls is the most effective approach to control the pest while preserving beneficial insect populations.
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Metamorphosis, Diapause and its types; immature stages of insects
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2. It explains diapause as a period of arrested development and lists examples of diapause occurring in different insect life stages. Facultative and obligatory diapause are also described.
3. The types of eggs laid by insects are outlined, including singular eggs and egg masses. Different immature stages are also covered, such as larvae, nymphs, and their characteristics.
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This document discusses the different life stages of insects: eggs, larvae, and pupae. It describes the various types of eggs insects lay, such as sculptured, rounded, floating, pedicellate, ootheca, egg rafts, and egg pods. The document outlines the three main types of larvae - oligopod, polypod, and apodous - and provides subtypes examples. It also discusses the three types of pupae: obtect, exarate, and coarctate. The pupal stage is usually inactive and enclosed in a protective cocoon.
Life cycle of honey bees
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Polyphagous pest - Locust
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Unit-5 Agriculture Zoology.pptx
A pest is any organism harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops.
Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting; snakes, wasps, ants, bed bugs, fleas and ticks belong in this category. Others enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and contaminate food, beetles, which tunnel into the woodwork, and other animals that scuttle about on the floor at night, like cockroaches, which are often associated with unsanitary conditions. Agricultural and horticultural crops are attacked by a wide variety of pests, the most important being insects, mites, nematodes and gastropod molluscs. The damage they do results both from the direct injury they cause to the plants and from the indirect consequences of the fungal, bacterial or viral infections they transmit. Plants have their own defences against these attacks but these may be overwhelmed, especially in habitats where the plants are already stressed, or where the pests have been accidentally introduced and may have no natural enemies. The pests affecting trees are predominantly insects, and many of these have also been introduced inadvertently and lack natural enemies, and some have transmitted novel fungal diseases with devastating results.
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Mgbenefi
The document discusses 18 different types of beneficial insects commonly found in gardens and landscapes, including assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs, damsel bugs, green lacewings, ground beetles, lady beetles, tiny parasitic wasps, praying mantids, predaceous stink bugs, predatory mites, soldier beetles, syrphid flies, minute pirate bugs, tachinid flies, wasps, and hornets. Many of these beneficial insects prey on pest insects like aphids, caterpillars, beetles, leafhoppers, spider mites, thrips, and their eggs.
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This document provides information on major insect pests that affect rice crops in India. It identifies 20 insect pests of economic significance classified into borer pests, sucking pests, defoliators, and non-insect pests. Details are given on the identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and symptoms caused by key borer pests like the yellow stem borer, leaf folder, and caseworm. Important sucking pests discussed include various leafhoppers and brown plant hopper. Defoliators like the paddy leaf roller and caterpillars are also outlined. The document concludes with factors that contribute to major pests reaching economic thresholds.
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2. It explains diapause as a period of arrested development and lists examples of diapause occurring in different insect life stages. Facultative and obligatory diapause are also described.
3. The types of eggs laid by insects are outlined, including singular eggs and egg masses. Different immature stages are also covered, such as larvae, nymphs, and their characteristics.
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Similar to Beneficial Insects
Unit-5 Agriculture Zoology.pptx
A pest is any organism harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops.
Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting; snakes, wasps, ants, bed bugs, fleas and ticks belong in this category. Others enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and contaminate food, beetles, which tunnel into the woodwork, and other animals that scuttle about on the floor at night, like cockroaches, which are often associated with unsanitary conditions. Agricultural and horticultural crops are attacked by a wide variety of pests, the most important being insects, mites, nematodes and gastropod molluscs. The damage they do results both from the direct injury they cause to the plants and from the indirect consequences of the fungal, bacterial or viral infections they transmit. Plants have their own defences against these attacks but these may be overwhelmed, especially in habitats where the plants are already stressed, or where the pests have been accidentally introduced and may have no natural enemies. The pests affecting trees are predominantly insects, and many of these have also been introduced inadvertently and lack natural enemies, and some have transmitted novel fungal diseases with devastating results.
Humans have traditionally performed pest control in agriculture and forestry by the use of pesticides; however, other methods exist such as mechanical control, and recently developed biological controls.Plants may be considered pests, for example, if they are invasive species or weeds. There is no universal definition of what makes a plant a pest. Some governments, such as that of Western Australia, permit their authorities to prescribe as a pest plant "any plant that, in the local government authority's opinion, is likely to adversely affect the environment of the district, the value of property in the district, or the health, comfort or convenience of the district's inhabitants."[12] An example of such a plant prescribed under this regulation is caltrop, Tribulus terrestris, which can cause poisoning in sheep and goats, but is mainly a nuisance around buildings, roadsides and recreation areas because of its uncomfortably sharp spiny burrs.Animals are considered pests or vermin when they injure people or damage crops, forestry, or buildings. Elephants are regarded as pests by the farmers whose crops they raid and trample. Mosquitoes and ticks are vectors that can transmit ailments but are also pests because of the distress caused by their bites. Grasshoppers are usually solitary herbivores of little economic importance. Many of the anima
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Beneficial Insects and Cover Crops - Dr. Curtis Young, OSU Extension, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Aphids Integrated Pest Management
Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on plant fluids by piercing stems, leaves, and other plant parts with their mouthparts. They can damage plants by stunting growth, producing honeydew, transmitting viruses, and in some cases causing gall formation. Management of aphid infestations focuses on monitoring populations and utilizing non-chemical controls like biological control from natural enemies when possible, or removing affected plant parts by pruning or washing if needed. Key natural enemies include parasitic wasps that lay eggs in aphids, turning them into mummified husks.
Biological control of phytophagous mite
Phytophagous mites are plant-feeding pests that damage crops. Predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae provide effective biological control by voraciously feeding on phytophagous mites like the two-spotted spider mite. Releasing predatory mites like Phytoseiulus persimilis at early signs of an infestation can suppress pest mite populations without the need for pesticides. Proper timing and methods are required to establish predatory mites and allow them to control phytophagous mites in an economical and sustainable manner without the pest mites developing resistance.
Group 3 OAP- COMMON PESTS.pptx
The document discusses various common plant pests and methods for controlling them. It identifies 16 major pests that affect agricultural crops and gardens worldwide, including aphids, thrips, spider mites, leaf miners, scale, whiteflies, earwigs, cutworms, fungus gnats, mealybugs, locusts, bollworms, stem borers, fruit flies, cucurbit beetles, and flea beetles. For each pest, it provides brief details on identification and damage caused, as well as recommended control methods like insecticidal soap, neem oil, sticky traps, and removing plant debris.
Beneficials class 5
1) Complex vegetation structure in gardens and landscapes provides shelter and food for many beneficial insects that prey on pest insects. 2) Flowers from plants like dill, fennel, yarrow, and goldenrod attract beneficial insects that control pests. 3) Limiting pesticide use helps beneficial insect populations recover more quickly than pest populations after treatment.
Spider Mites Integrated Pest Management
Spider mites are common arachnid pests that feed on many plants. They live in colonies on the underside of leaves and produce webbing that is visible to the naked eye. Spider mites have a rapid life cycle where generations can be completed in under a week. While a small number may not cause damage, high populations can damage plants by sucking cell contents from leaves and causing them to stipple, yellow, drop off, or die. Natural enemies like predatory mites and insects usually limit spider mite numbers, but broad-spectrum insecticides can disrupt this balance and lead to outbreaks. Monitoring, conserving natural enemies through selective pesticide use and cultural practices, and using miticides as a
Type of pests
Insects and non-insect pests like mites, nematodes, snails, slugs, rats, and rabbits can damage crops. Insects are the most common pests and damage crops from germination through harvest by feeding on plant tissues or sucking sap. They can damage stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots. Non-insect pests also negatively impact agriculture, with mites sucking plant sap and nematodes infecting roots. Snails and slugs feed on leaves, stems, and fruits of many plants.
Arachnids pests
Mites are small arthropods that are important agricultural pests. They can damage crops like canola, cereals, and legumes. Some major mite pests include redlegged earth mites, blue oat mites, Bryobia mites, and Balaustium mites. These mites feed on plants and cause symptoms like leaf discoloration, distortion, and shriveling. They can reduce crop yields if populations are large. Management involves controlling weeds, grazing pastures, and applying pesticides in a targeted way.
Biological Control to Maintain Natural Densities of Insects and Mites by Fiel...
In the present study, the biological control of insects and mites to maintain their natural densities by field releases of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is analyzed. Female lady beetles may lay from 20 to more than 1000 eggs over a one to three month period, near prey such as aphids in protected sites on leaves and stems. Lady beetles have hefty appetites and one tiny alligator like larva can eat over two dozen aphids a day, and single adult can eat over twice of that much. In other words, one larva will eat about 400 medium-size aphids during its development to pupal stage and an adult lady beetle may eat over 5,000 aphids during its lifetime (about a year). Usually, reddish-orange lady beetles eat aphids, and darker ones more often eat spider mites, whiteflies and scale insects. The best time to release lady beetles into garden is late in afternoon or at sundown, which can encourage them to stay for night and find suitable food and protection. Dampen the ground or plants before releasing of lady beetles, can encourage them to stay and drink water. About 1000 lady beetles can rid an acre of ground from most of soft-bodied pests and release beetles at base of plants at 20 feet apart or more so that they can hunt for food. Ability of collected lady beetles to reproduce is suspended (reproductive diapause), so eggs are not produced for several weeks after release. Pre-fed lady beetles prior to release can allow some eggs maturation, but few researchers or companies also provide such pre-conditioned lady beetles. The trends of prey devouring demonstrate profound effects that lady beetle may have on target and non-target pests, and highlight their importance for initiating of biological control programs.
Arthropod predators and insect pest control
Insect pests are those insect species that are injurious or a nuisance. They cause injury or damage to crops in the field and grains in storage. Man and his domesticated animals are also attacked by insect pests. Arthropod predators belong to the phylum Arthropoda and are most times beneficial in the control of insect pests. Arthropod predators are members of the phylum Arthropoda which capture and feed on the prey. They are generally larger than their prey and kill or consume many prey during their life time.
Hindol
This document discusses the insecticide Chlorpyrifos 1.5% DP (Hindol). It has contact and stomach poison properties with respiratory action, and is useful against pests like stem borer, green leaf hopper, brown plant hopper, gall midge, and grasshopper in paddy crops. It can also be used against termites in crops, buildings, woodwork, and furniture. The recommended dose for paddy crops is 10 kg per acre.
Economic zoology
Economic zoology deals with applying zoological knowledge to benefit humanity, such as cultivating animals for food and controlling pests. It covers topics like beneficial and harmful insects, crop pests, apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, aquaculture, venomous animals, and livestock/vector-borne diseases. Insects provide an estimated $57 billion in ecological services annually to justify greater conservation investments. Beneficial insects include pollinators that transfer crop pollen, valued at $3 billion in the US alone, and predators that control pests. Parasitic wasps, flies, and other insects also help limit pest populations. Productive insects include silkworms, honey bees, and lac
Pests mushroom
Cultivated mushrooms face attacks from various insect pests like flies, mites, springtails, and nematodes. The larvae of fly pests like sciarids and phorids feed on mushroom mycelium in the compost and fruiting bodies, reducing yields. Mites also damage the mycelium and fruiting bodies. Management involves cultural controls like hygiene, excluding flying insects, and regulating temperature. Chemical controls like insecticides applied to compost can also help control pests like flies and mites. Proper sanitation and exclusion of pests are key to preventing damage from insects and mites.
Insect pests 2012
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
Insect order Collembola | Springtails
The document provides information on the insect order Collembola (springtails). It discusses their key physical features, including their furcula (springtail organ), collophore, and 6 abdominal segments. Springtails have a global distribution, live in moist environments like soil and leaf litter, and are important decomposers. A few species can be considered agricultural pests by damaging seedlings or crops.
Entomology
Grasshoppers and cotton stainers are common pests of crop plants. Grasshoppers feed by chewing leaves and grains, while cotton stainers feed on cotton bolls by sucking out the juices with their piercing mouthparts. This damages the cotton and prevents commercial use. These pests have various natural enemies like flies, beetles, ants, and parasitic flies that help control pest numbers. Predators like praying mantises and ladybugs also serve as biological controls, using their mouthparts to catch and eat other insects or mites that damage plants. Conserving natural enemies through integrated pest management is important for sustainable agricultural production.
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Beneficial Insects
- 2. Beneficial Insects Beneficial insects have behaviors which directly simulate the health of the garden Or inhibit other bugs from hurting vegetation. These insects can be attracted by staying away from pesticides, mulching, and diversifying your planting. Examples of positive behaviors: Pollination, Preying on harmful insects Examples of negative behaviors: Damaging vegetation, plant growth, diseases
- 3. Lady Bug Adults feed on soft- bodied pests: aphids, scale insects, mealy bugs, and mites They also lay their eggs among the aphids or other prey so emerging larvae can feed on 200 to 500 of those eggs
- 4. Big-eyed Bug Big-eyed bugs prey on small caterpillars, mites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, and other soft- bodied insects They suck plant juices, but are not considered harmful to plants
- 5. Damsel Bug Both adults and nymphs feed on a wide variety of insects including aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs, mites, and small caterpillars
- 6. Minute Pirate Bug Nymphs and adults prey on aphids, chinch bugs, whiteflies, spider mites, and other arthropods They are particularly attracted to colonies of thrips They also feed on the eggs and larvae of the corn earworm.
- 7. Assassin Bug Nymphal and adult assassin bugs feed on pests and beneficial insects, snails, and spiders They effectively eat caterpillars, nymphs, and other immature insects
- 8. Praying Mantis Up to 4 inches in length Praying mantises feed on a variety of insects including moths, crickets, grasshoppers, and flies They do not discriminate between beneficial and harmful insects, and they will eat each other
- 9. Honey Bee Up to 1 inch in length Bees aid in the pollination process of flowering vegetation which enables plant reproduction
- 10. Ladybug Up to 0.4 inches in length Both mature and larval ladybugs feed on harmful aphids and various other harmful insects
- 11. Caterpillars 5 to 2 inches in length Caterpillars are the beginning stages of butterflies which aid in the pollination process
- 12. Damselfly Nymphs live in water and feed mostly on mosquito and midge larvae Adult damselflies feed on adult mosquitoes and other aquatic insects
- 13. Dragonfly Dragonflies are very important in reducing the number of mosquitoes and other aquatic flies Nymphs feed on mosquito larvae, other aquatic insects, and even small fish Adults prey on mosquitoes, flies, midges, and gnats
- 14. Brown Lacewing Adults and larvae are predaceous, feeding on mites and soft-bodied insects including aphids, mealy bugs, scales, and whiteflies
- 15. Spiders Spiders are predators of pest insects, but they may bite if disturbed by humans Seek medical attention if bitten by a brown recluse, hobo, or black widow spider
- 16. Syrphid Fly Syrphid fly maggots are predators of aphids, scale insects, and thrips One maggot can consume 400 to 500 aphids in its lifetime
- 17. Paper Wasp Paper wasps are primarily predators of caterpillars, which they sting and paralyze, but they also prey on other insects such as flies and beetle larvae
- 18. Parasitic Wasps Parasitic wasps lay eggs on or in the body of host insects After hatching, larvae feed on the host, eventually killing it Many harmful insects such as aphids, whiteflies, scales, leaf miners, and caterpillars are parasitized
- 19. European Earwig Earwigs feed nocturnally on pest insects and mites, as well as growing shoots of plants
- 20. Ground Beetle Ground beetles feed on many serious lawn, vegetable, and field crop pests including armyworms and cutworms They also feed on snails, slugs, root feeding insects, and many other insect larvae and pupae
- 21. Thank You