Raman spectroscopy.pptx M Pharm, M Sc, Advanced Spectral Analysis
Food for All on a Changing Planet
1. Food For All on A Changing Planet
Photo: Matthieu Paley, National Geographic
Kimberly Nicholas
Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies, Lund, Sweden
www.kimnicholas.com
@KA_Nicholas
9. ALL water on Earth
(1384 km sphere)
Liquid fresh water
(270 km sphere)
Fresh water in
lakes & rivers
(56km sphere)
Data from Shiklomanov, In Gleick 1993,“Water in Crisis.”
Visualization by USGS Water Science Photo Gallery
Water Resources Are Limited…
9
10. Agricultural production is 92%
of human water footprint
Hoekstra and Mekonnen, 2012, PNAS
Photos:NationalGeographic
10
14. Livestock “probably largest sectoral source
of water pollution”
(In US: 55% erosion, 37% pesticides, 33% N & P)
(FAO, 2006, Livestock’s Long Shadow)
14
Photo:
NASA
16. We need a new food paradigm
total agricultural production
real food production
food security goals
environmental goals
food distribution and access
resilience of food system
greenhouse gasemissions
biodiversity loss unsustainable water withdrawals
water pollution
minimum goals for 2050
19
Slide from Jon Foley. Figure from Foley et al., 2011, Nature
17. Right now, we have too little food security…
Slide from Jon Foley. Figure from Foley et al., 2011, Nature
18. … and too much environmental harm
Slide from Jon Foley. Figure from Foley et al., 2011, Nature
19. We need more real, fair & resilient food
Slide from Jon Foley. Figure from Foley et al., 2011, Nature
20. … and less environmental damage
Slide from Jon Foley. Figure from Foley et al., 2011, Nature
21. Which causes more global warming?
Photo: Jodi Cobb, National Geographic Photo: Lee Turmpore, National Geographic
22. Livestock are major greenhouse gas sources
Photo: Jodi Cobb, National Geographic Photo: Lee Turmpore, National Geographic
Sources: FAO, 2006, Livestock’s Long Shadow; 20-year global warming potentials: IPCC WG1 2013, Table 8.A.1; Transport: IPCC WG3 2014, SPM
18%
Total greenhouse gas emissions (CO2-equivalent):
14%
• 37% methane (84x stronger than CO2)
• 65% nitrous oxide (264x stronger than CO2)
36. Slide courtesy Emily Cassidy. Source: Cassidy et al., 2013,
Meat is inefficient to produce human nutrition
37. Data are for USA. Source: Eshel et al., 2014, PNAS
Beef uses 28x more land
Compared with dairy, poultry, pork, or eggs
beef
38. Data are for USA. Source: Eshel et al., 2014, PNAS
Beef uses 11x more water
Compared with dairy, poultry, pork, or eggs
beef
39. Data are for USA. Source: Eshel et al., 2014, PNAS
Beef produces 5x more greenhouse gases
Compared with dairy, poultry, pork, or eggs
beef
40. Data are for USA. Source: Eshel et al., 2014, PNAS
Beef produces 6x more reactive nitrogen
Compared with dairy, poultry, pork, or eggs
41. Data are for USA. Source: Eshel et al., 2014, PNAS
Beef has the largest footprint of
animal products
42. How much meat are we consuming?
Data: FAO 2013; map: chartsbin.com
43. How much meat is recommended?
~0.7 grams / kilogram
90 kilogram person (200
lbs)
63 grams per day = 23 kilograms per year
Otten et al., 2006.
Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient
Requirements. National Academies Press.
Slide from Emily Cassidy
45. Source: FAO Food Balance She
Slide from Emily Cassidy
Recommended
intake
Most countries are consuming more meat than
recommended for health - and the environment
46. How much meat are we consuming?
Data: FAO 2013; map: chartsbin.com
Too much!Ukraine: 48.5 kg/person
Recommended level
52. Urban trees could meet substantial
food needs
Very Food
Insecure:
Plant 1%
city land
Recommended fruit intake:
Plant 2% city land
52
Clark and Nicholas, 2013, Landscape Ecology
Case study in Burlington, Vermont, USA
53. City planners recognize benefits of trees for
wildlife…
Clark and Nicholas, 2013, Landscape Ecology
“wildlife”
N= 30 urban forestry master plans
80
60
40
20
Percentmentioningconcept
AndreaColon
77%
53
54. …but not for people.
Brendan
Callahan
Clark and Nicholas, 2013, Landscape Ecology
13%
“wildlife” “food”
N= 30 urban forestry master plans
80
60
40
20
Percentmentioningconcept
AndreaColon
77%
54
2 in BC! Saanich and Selchelt
55. “In terms of immediacy… and
feasibility… [reduced meat
consumption] is clearly the most
attractive opportunity. Give up
meat for one day a week initially,
and decrease it from there.”
Decrease meat consumption
Dr. Rajendra Pachauri
Chair of IPCC
Quoted in The Guardian, 7 September 2008
Photo: Elizabeth Rui
57. Data: Scarborough et al., 2014, Climatic Change. Graphic: Brad Plumer, vox.com
Smaller portions of meat, meat-free meals go a long way
58. “Meat is a wasteful use of water
and creates a lot of greenhouse
gases. It puts enormous pressure
on the world’s resources. A
vegetarian diet is better.”
Go further
Lord Nicholas Stern
Former World Bank chief economist
Quoted in The Daily Mail, 27 October 2009
59. Data: Scarborough et al., 2014, Climatic Change. Graphic: Brad Plumer, vox.com
Vegetarians had half the carbon footprint of heavy meat eaters
Fish-eaters and vegetarians had similar carbon footprints
Vegans go the extra mile
60. “We conclude that
reduced ruminant meat and
dairy consumption will be
indispensable for reaching
the 2°C target
with a high probability, unless
unprecedented advances in
technology take place.”
Hedenus et al., 2014, Climatic
63. We vote with our forks three times every day
Photo: Seven Stans, National Geographic
64. If we’re serious about
addressing climate
change,
we have to get serious
about reducing meat
consumption.
Image: Bill Hogan on vox.com
65. High-impact actions for individuals to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions
65
Wynes & Nicholas, in prep
Based on:
• 42 sources (25
peer-reviewed)
• 16 countries
• 161 scenarios