Fluoride is often called as sword as an expression for anything that can simultaneously help & hinder .
Accumulated evidence from numerous studies show that the prolonged use of fluoride at recommended levels doesn't produce harmful physiological effects in human.
Inadequate ingestion of fluoride is associated with dental caries & an extensive intake of fluoride can lead to dental & skeletal fluorosis
Acute ingestion of fluoride in large quantities may be followed by rapidly developing signs and symptoms which may result in death
Fluoride is often called as sword as an expression for anything that can simultaneously help & hinder .
Accumulated evidence from numerous studies show that the prolonged use of fluoride at recommended levels doesn't produce harmful physiological effects in human.
Inadequate ingestion of fluoride is associated with dental caries & an extensive intake of fluoride can lead to dental & skeletal fluorosis
Acute ingestion of fluoride in large quantities may be followed by rapidly developing signs and symptoms which may result in death
Copper -trace element, Biochemical role of copper, RDA of copper, Deficiency diseases of Copper, Cobalt - Introduction, Biochemical role of cobalt, RDA of cobalt, Deficiency diseases of cobalt, Selenium - introduction, Biochemical role of selenium, RDA of selenium, Deficiency diseases of selenium
Fluorides in the environment, history, mechanism of action of fluorides, Systemic fluoridation in water, salt, milk and fluoride supplements. History of each water, milk and salt fluoridation.
Copper -trace element, Biochemical role of copper, RDA of copper, Deficiency diseases of Copper, Cobalt - Introduction, Biochemical role of cobalt, RDA of cobalt, Deficiency diseases of cobalt, Selenium - introduction, Biochemical role of selenium, RDA of selenium, Deficiency diseases of selenium
Fluorides in the environment, history, mechanism of action of fluorides, Systemic fluoridation in water, salt, milk and fluoride supplements. History of each water, milk and salt fluoridation.
This presentation summarizes the caries formation process and fluoride mode of action
It further discusses the different types of fluoride available and their relative efficacies
A comprehensive presentation about role of fluorides in caries prevention. Their sources, metabolism, history of fluorides, how to administer fluorides, advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of systemic fluorides.
Effect of Magnesium on Fluoride RemovalIJRES Journal
Fluorides in drinking water are known for both beneficial and detrimental effects on health. The fact that the problems associated with the excess fluorides in drinking water is highly endemic and widespread in countries like India prompted many researchers to explore quite a good number of both organic and inorganic materials adopting various processes from coagulation, precipitation through adsorption, Ion exchange etc. for fluoride removal. Some are good under certain conditions while others are good in other conditions. Leaching of Fluoride from the earth crust is the chief source of fluoride content in ground water; however the other sources like food items also add to increase the overall ingestion of fluoride into the human body. The soil at foot of the mountains is particularly likely to be high in fluoride from the weather and leaching of bed rock with a fluoride. The present paper aims to encompass the work carried out by various researchers in various fluoride affected areas and to access the effectiveness of using magnesium for fluoride removal.\
overview of flouride with detailed information on their pharmacological action, mechanism, uses and adverse effect for both medical and dental students.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Source of fluorine
Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9.
It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow
diatomic gas at standart condition.
Elemental fluorine in Earth's atmosphere would easily react with rocks,
precluding its natural occurrence; it is found only in combined mineral
forms, of which flurite, fluorapetite and cryolite are the most
industrially significant. Fluorite or fluorspar (CaF2), colorful and
abundant worldwide, is fluorine's main source
For the human organism fluorine source are of Natural sources :
• Seafood.
• tea.
• fluoridated drinking water.
• Soda.
• Fish.
3. Metabolism & Toxicity Of Fluoride
Oral uptake:
In humans and animals, ingested fluoride occurs as hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the acidic
environment of the stomach and is effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract,
although there is no proved absorption from the oral cavity. Highly soluble
fluoride compounds, such as NaF present in tablets, aqueous solutions and toothpaste
are almost completely absorbed, whereas compounds with lower solubility, such as
CaF2, MgF2, and AlF3, are less well absorbed.
Dermal absorption:
No experimental data on the extent of dermal absorption of fluoride from dilute
aqueous solutions are available (like in shower).
Inhalation:
No systematic experimental data on the absorption of fluoride after inhalation are
available.
Once absorbed, fluoride is rapidly distributed throughout the body via the blood.
The short term plasma half-life is normally in the range of 3 to 10 hours. fluoride is
distributed between the plasma and blood cells, with plasma levels being twice as high
as blood cell levels. fluoride concentrations are not homeostatically regulated, but rise
and fall according to the pattern of fluoride intake.
4. Approximately 99% of the fluoride in the human body is found in bones and
teeth. fluoride is incorporated into tooth and bone by replacing the hydroxyl ion in
hydroxyapatite to form fluorohydroxyapatite. The level of fluoride in bone is
influenced by several factors including age, past and present fluoride intake, and
the rate of bone turnover. fluoride is not irreversibly bound to bone and is mobilized
from bone through bone remodelling.
Soft tissues do not accumulate fluoride, but a higher concentration has been
reported for the kidney due to the partial re-absorption. The blood-brain barrier
limits the diffusion of fluoride into the central nervous system, where
the fluoride level is only about 20% that of plasma. Human studies have shown that
fluoride is transferred across the placenta, and there is a direct relationship
between fluoride levels in maternal and cord blood.
Ingestion of high concentration fluoride can produce gastrointestinal discomfort at
doses at least 15 to 20 times lower (0.2–0.3 mg/kg) than lethal doses. Although
helpful for dental health in low dosage, chronic exposure to fluoride in large
amounts interferes with bone formation. In this way, the greatest examples of
fluoride poisoning arise from fluoride-rich ground water, that can cause fluorosis
(developmental disturbance of dental enamel changes of tooth color – brown).
5. Mechanism Of Fluorine In Dental Tissue
Dental fluorosis (DF) is an undesirable developmental defect of tooth
enamel attributed to greater-than-optimal systemic fluoride exposure
during critical periods of amelogenesis. DF is characterized by increased
porosity (subsurface hypomineralization) with a loss of enamel
translucency and increased opacity. Ameloblasts in the maturational phase
appear to be the cellular target of chronic fluoride exposure (DenBesten
and Thariani, 1992), whereas acute fluoride toxicity targets the transitional
and early-secretory ameloblasts. The mechanism(s) underlying DF remain
obscure, but likely contribute to the observed retention of enamel matrix
proteins and may include reduced removal of enamel matrix proteins
during enamel maturation, perturbation of extracellular transport, or
initiation of the ER stress-response pathway.
6. Water Fluoridation
Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to
reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is effective for
preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water
operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva,
which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at
which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities.
Effectiveness:
Water fluoridation effectively reduces cavities in both children and adults:[9] earlier
studies showed that water fluoridation reduced childhood cavities by fifty to sixty
percent, but more recent studies show lower reductions (18–40%) likely due to
increasing use of fluoride from other sources, notably toothpaste, and also the 'halo
effect' of food and drink that is made in fluoridated areas and consumed in
unfluoridated ones.
8. Adult's
Age AI
Men
19-30 yr 4 mg/day
31-50 yr 4 mg/day
51-70 yr 4 mg/day
>70 yr 4 mg/day
Women
19-30 yr 3 mg/day
31-50 yr 3 mg/day
51-70 yr 3 mg/day
>70 yr 3 mg/day
9. Pragnancy:
Age AI
14-18 yr 3 mg/day
19-30 yr 3 mg/day
31-50 yr 3 mg/day
Lactation:
Age AI
14-18 yr 3 mg/day
19-30 yr 3 mg/day
31-50 yr 3 mg/day