Fluorides in drinking water are known for both beneficial and detrimental effects on health. The fact that the problems associated with the excess fluorides in drinking water is highly endemic and widespread in countries like India prompted many researchers to explore quite a good number of both organic and inorganic materials adopting various processes from coagulation, precipitation through adsorption, Ion exchange etc. for fluoride removal. Some are good under certain conditions while others are good in other conditions. Leaching of Fluoride from the earth crust is the chief source of fluoride content in ground water; however the other sources like food items also add to increase the overall ingestion of fluoride into the human body. The soil at foot of the mountains is particularly likely to be high in fluoride from the weather and leaching of bed rock with a fluoride. The present paper aims to encompass the work carried out by various researchers in various fluoride affected areas and to access the effectiveness of using magnesium for fluoride removal.\
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Book lets sensitization pdf_cmoh_bankura_NPPCF_Fluorosis_Medical Officer Boio...drdduttaM
Dear Consultants
Rajsthan
As per your request , I am uploading MO training booklets on NPPCF_Study Materials
I recommend Dr. Susheela Mam book for M.O. training .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Food and drinking water typically contain at least small amounts of fluorides. They occur in the environment both naturally and as a result of human activities.
Fluorides are commonly added to dental products – and sometimes to tap water – to prevent cavities.
Under what conditions can fluoride exposure be beneficial or detrimental to human health?
Fluoride Consumption in Endemic Villages of India and Its Remedial Measuresinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Book lets sensitization pdf_cmoh_bankura_NPPCF_Fluorosis_Medical Officer Boio...drdduttaM
Dear Consultants
Rajsthan
As per your request , I am uploading MO training booklets on NPPCF_Study Materials
I recommend Dr. Susheela Mam book for M.O. training .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Food and drinking water typically contain at least small amounts of fluorides. They occur in the environment both naturally and as a result of human activities.
Fluorides are commonly added to dental products – and sometimes to tap water – to prevent cavities.
Under what conditions can fluoride exposure be beneficial or detrimental to human health?
Fluoride Consumption in Endemic Villages of India and Its Remedial Measuresinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Fluoridation, the scientific fraud of a centuryMartin Peniak
An overwhelming number of independent scientific research has shown that fluoride is a neurotoxin causing lower IQs[1], cancer[2][3], changing bone structure and strength[4-11], birth defects and prenatal deaths[12], acute adverse reactions[13][14], skeletal fluorosis[15][16], increased lead levels in blood[17], osteoarthritis[18], repetitive stress injury[19], permanent disfigurement of teeth in children[20], inhibiting of key enzymes and negatively affecting neural system[21], suppressed thyroid function[22-27], acute poisoning and impairment of the immune system[14].
Tooth decay and dental erosions are the most frequent diseases of hard dental tissues. One of their origins is poor dietary habits. E.g. consumption of large amount of sweets in combination with poor oral hygiene can lead to tooth decay. On the other hand frequent consumption of acidic food can be the reason of erosive tooth wear. Tooth-friendly products are generally known like products without cariogenic as well as erosive potential. Therefore their consumption is safe for teeth. They mostly contain noncariogenic sweeteners which can not be metabolised by oral microflora and do not contain the acids. After their consumption the pH in oral cavity does not decreases under critical level (5.7 for enamel and 6.5 for dentine). Functional foodstuffs are another group of food that are safe for oral health. They contain some substances like vitamins, minerals (calcium, fluoride, phosphorous, iron, copper), casein phosphopeptide amorfous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), glycomacropeptide, xanthan gum, xylitol, that are beneficial for hard dental structures. These products are dairy products, fruit juices enriched by calcium or fluoride, chewing gums or candies with xylitol or CPP-ACP and many others. Their regular intake can help to strengthen the hard dental tissues. So tooth-friendly and functional foods seem to be useful in dental caries and erosion prevention.
DENTAL FLUOROSIS: A CASE STUDY IN VAUVNIYA DISTRICT, DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKASivanesan Somanathar
Abstract: High fluoride contents in ground water are very big problem in the dry zone of Sri
Lanka. Fluoride and some other parameters determined in the ground water sample. Study has been
made of groundwater of 72 wells at five villages of the Vavuniya district in Northern Province, Sri
Lanka, with special focus on fluorine contamination. Study area 90 people were examined and 23 of
them were identified to be affected by dental fluorosis. The samples were collected on during the
period of February and March. Fluoride concentration was determined using UV visible
spectrophotometer and Field measurements of temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity were
made during sampling. Fluoride concentrations in the study area vary from 0.14 to 1.52 mg/L, water
table range from 3.9m to7.3m respectively. Electrical conductivity range from 120μs/cm to
1952μs/cm. out of the 72 wells only six wells were observed with higher F concentration than the
WHO standard maximum (1.5mg/L) level. However, F concentration of 32wells higher than the
desirable (0.6mg/L) level of WHO. Elevated fluoride concentrations in shallow groundwater in
intensive agricultural areas appear to be related to the leaching of fluoride from soils due to successive
irrigation and flooding time.
Improving Fracture Toughness of Mullite Ceramics with Metal ReinforcementsIJRES Journal
Mullite/Metal composite ceramics were fabricated by the use of mechanical milling and pressureless sintering. Al2O3 + 10 vol.% of Co, Ni, or Ti were mixed and milled during 12 h at 300 rpm in a horizontal mill, then with the powder mixture it was conformed cylindrical samples by uniaxial pressing using 300 MPa. Pressed samples were sintered during 2 h in an electrical furnace at 1500°C. During sintered it was used an argon atmosphere inside the furnace in order to inhibit metal oxidation. XRD results indicate that alumina and metals retain its crystalline structure. Measurements of densities indicate that they were achieved relative densities between 90% and 98% in the manufacture composites. Optical microscopy observations show mullite’s microstructure with very fine and homogeneous distributions of metal particles. Used metals (Co, Ni and Ti) to reinforce mullite, have yielded favorable results improving the fracture toughness of the mullite. However, it should be made more dense materials with them to better explore this potential.
Enhancing Survivability, Lifetime, and Energy Efficiency of Wireless NetworksIJRES Journal
In this paper, we focus on improving wireless networks survivability in terms of increasing network lifetime and its energy efficiency via clustering the network in an efficient way. Clustering the network is the procedure of partitioning it into groups, where each of them is known as a cluster. Each cluster elects the station with the highest power to be a cluster head. The remaining stations follow the nearest cluster head. Instead of having each station sends its packets to a remote receiver, the cluster head receives packets from all stations within its cluster, aggregates them, and forwards the resulting packets to the remote receiver. The most significant benefit of clustering the network that we focus on is to decrease distances between sending and receiving stations, which in turn reduces the transmission energy. This reduction in the energy yields an increase in the network lifetime and its survivability.
Noise Control Stratagies in Reinforced Concrete BuildingsIJRES Journal
This study is aimed at bringing out the salient aspects of building noise control. An analysis has been carried out with respect to the noise transmission as well as the characteristics of noise inside buildings. The key issues on building noise control have been included and discussed. A comprehensive study on building noise and on acoustically divisible spaces has been made. It has been observed that a sound insulation of the order of 30 to 35 dB is possible in a given building. Further, the noise propagation parameters in an exhibition hall have been theoretically estimated. The data so obtained has been compared with actual SPL measurements and recorded. Variations in noise levels observed have been explained. Before the partition is made, the SPL drop is faster inside the building but after the partition the drop falls at the rate of 3dB for doubling the distance. The cost of the acoustically divisible partition wall is found to be very high, but the advantage of this partition seems to be creating acoustically divisible spaces where in one can conduct two programs simultaneously, without any disturbance to each other. Prior to the selection and design of control measures, noise sources must be identified and the noise produced must be carefully evaluated.
Control of Nonlinear Industrial Processes Using Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Network ...IJRES Journal
Artificial intelligence control techniques, becomes one of the major control strategies and has received much attention as a powerful tool for the control of nonlinear systems. This paper presents a design of Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Network (FWNN) trained genetic algorithm (FWN-GA) for control of nonlinear industrial process. The FWNN is applied to approximate unknown dynamic of system and GA is used to train and optimize the FWNN parameters. In the proposed control scheme, neural control system synthesis is performed in the closed-loop control system to provide appropriate control input. For this, the error between desired system output and output of control object is directly utilized to tune the network parameters. The controller is applied to a highly nonlinear industrial process of continues stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Simulation results show that FWNN-GA controller has excellent dynamic response and adapt well to changes in reference trajectory and system parameters.
An Unobservable Secure On-Demand Routing With D-Worm Detection In MANETIJRES Journal
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure-less network of mobile devices. In wireless communication, the privacy-protection of mobile ad hoc networks is more demanding than that of wired networks due to the open nature and mobility. Many schemes have been proposed to protect privacy in ad hoc networks. In these schemes, data packets and control packets are not completely unlikable and unobservable, and it will be distinguishable by harm users. An unobservable secure on-demand routing (USOR) protocol provides complete unlinkability and content unobservability for all type of packets using group signature and ID-based encryption. USOR Protocol did not see any worm in the content particularly disguising worm. The proposed scheme is detecting disguised worm using spectrum based scheme. This scheme uses power spectral density and spectral flatness measure. Spectrum based method not only detect disguising worm, but traditional worms as well.
The application of Self-adaptive Fuzzy PID control the evaporator superheatIJRES Journal
In view of the characteristics of the cold storage refrigeration system, such as nonlinear, time-varying and coupling, the traditional PID control accuracy is low, this study adopted the method of adaptive Fuzzy PID to control the superheat of the evaporator outlet. Fuzzy PID controller can adjust the parameters according to the deviation and deviation rat. It can avoid the disadvantages of traditional PID controller that it cannot adjust control parameters according to operating conditions.
Applications of Homotopy perturbation Method and Sumudu Transform for Solving...IJRES Journal
In this paper, we make use of the properties of the Sumudu transform to find the exact solution of
fractional initial-boundary value problem (FIBVP) and fractional KDV equation. The method, namely,
homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method, is the combination of the Sumudu transform and the
HPM using He’s polynomials. This method is very powerful and professional techniques for solving different
kinds of linear and nonlinear fractional differential equations arising in different fields of science and
engineering. We also present two different examples to illustrate the preciseness and effectiveness of this
method.
An Enhanced & Effective Fall Detection System for Elderly Person Monitoring u...IJRES Journal
Various fall-detection solutions have been previously proposed to create a reliable surveillance system for elderly people with high requirements on accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, an enhanced fall detection system is proposed for elderly person monitoring that is based on smart sensors worn on the body and operating through consumer home networks. With treble thresholds, accidental falls can be detected in the home healthcare environment. By utilizing information gathered from an accelerometer, cardiotachometer and smart sensors, the impacts of falls can be logged and distinguished from normal daily activities. The proposed system have to be analyzed in a prototype system as detailed in this paper. From a test group of 30 healthy participants, it was found that the proposed fall detection system can achieve a high detection accuracy of 97.5%, while the sensitivity and specificity are 96.8% and 98.1% respectively. Therefore, this system can reliably be developed and deployed into a consumer product for use as an elderly person monitoring device with high accuracy and a low false positive rate.
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
Prime Ring With 3n1 d Contained In The Nucleus.IJRES Journal
In this paper we show that if R is a non associative ring with a derivation d then
d R N n ( ) 3 1
and ( ) , 3 1 Rd R N n
using this it is show that if R is a non associative prime ring such
that d (R) N. n Where n is a fixed positive integer then either R is associative or thederivatives which are
in arithmetic progression becomes zero i.e 3n1 d =0.
Scalable Face Restitution Via Attribute-Enhanced Sparse Code wordsIJRES Journal
To develop a scalable face image restitution system we apply Attribute-Enhanced Sparse Code words on local features extracted from face images combining with inverted indexing to construct an efficient and scalable face retrieval system. Nowadays Photos with people are the major interest of users. Among all those photos, a big percentage of them are photos with human faces. The importance and the sheer amount of human face photos make manipulations (e.g., search and mining) of large-scale human face images a really important research problem and enable many real world applications. Thus, with the exponentially growing photos, large-scale content-based face image retrieval is an enabling technology for many emerging applications. To utilize automatically detected human attributes that contain semantic cues of the face photos to improve content based face retrieval by constructing semantic code words for efficient large-scale face retrieval. By leveraging human attributes in a scalable and systematic framework, we propose two orthogonal methods named attribute-enhanced sparse coding and attribute embedded inverted indexing to improve the face retrieval in the offline database. We investigate the effectiveness of different attributes and vital factors essential for face retrieval.
Sequence Entropy and the Complexity Sequence Entropy For 𝒁𝒏ActionIJRES Journal
In this paper, we study the complexity of sequence entropy for 𝑍𝑛 actions. After that, we define 𝐶𝛼 𝐹𝛼 𝜏 , ℎ𝛼 𝐹𝛼 𝜏 and the relationships between sequence entropy and complexity sequence entropy. Finally, comparisons between sequence entropy and complexity sequence entropy have been done.
Fluoridation, the scientific fraud of a centuryMartin Peniak
An overwhelming number of independent scientific research has shown that fluoride is a neurotoxin causing lower IQs[1], cancer[2][3], changing bone structure and strength[4-11], birth defects and prenatal deaths[12], acute adverse reactions[13][14], skeletal fluorosis[15][16], increased lead levels in blood[17], osteoarthritis[18], repetitive stress injury[19], permanent disfigurement of teeth in children[20], inhibiting of key enzymes and negatively affecting neural system[21], suppressed thyroid function[22-27], acute poisoning and impairment of the immune system[14].
Tooth decay and dental erosions are the most frequent diseases of hard dental tissues. One of their origins is poor dietary habits. E.g. consumption of large amount of sweets in combination with poor oral hygiene can lead to tooth decay. On the other hand frequent consumption of acidic food can be the reason of erosive tooth wear. Tooth-friendly products are generally known like products without cariogenic as well as erosive potential. Therefore their consumption is safe for teeth. They mostly contain noncariogenic sweeteners which can not be metabolised by oral microflora and do not contain the acids. After their consumption the pH in oral cavity does not decreases under critical level (5.7 for enamel and 6.5 for dentine). Functional foodstuffs are another group of food that are safe for oral health. They contain some substances like vitamins, minerals (calcium, fluoride, phosphorous, iron, copper), casein phosphopeptide amorfous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), glycomacropeptide, xanthan gum, xylitol, that are beneficial for hard dental structures. These products are dairy products, fruit juices enriched by calcium or fluoride, chewing gums or candies with xylitol or CPP-ACP and many others. Their regular intake can help to strengthen the hard dental tissues. So tooth-friendly and functional foods seem to be useful in dental caries and erosion prevention.
DENTAL FLUOROSIS: A CASE STUDY IN VAUVNIYA DISTRICT, DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKASivanesan Somanathar
Abstract: High fluoride contents in ground water are very big problem in the dry zone of Sri
Lanka. Fluoride and some other parameters determined in the ground water sample. Study has been
made of groundwater of 72 wells at five villages of the Vavuniya district in Northern Province, Sri
Lanka, with special focus on fluorine contamination. Study area 90 people were examined and 23 of
them were identified to be affected by dental fluorosis. The samples were collected on during the
period of February and March. Fluoride concentration was determined using UV visible
spectrophotometer and Field measurements of temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity were
made during sampling. Fluoride concentrations in the study area vary from 0.14 to 1.52 mg/L, water
table range from 3.9m to7.3m respectively. Electrical conductivity range from 120μs/cm to
1952μs/cm. out of the 72 wells only six wells were observed with higher F concentration than the
WHO standard maximum (1.5mg/L) level. However, F concentration of 32wells higher than the
desirable (0.6mg/L) level of WHO. Elevated fluoride concentrations in shallow groundwater in
intensive agricultural areas appear to be related to the leaching of fluoride from soils due to successive
irrigation and flooding time.
Improving Fracture Toughness of Mullite Ceramics with Metal ReinforcementsIJRES Journal
Mullite/Metal composite ceramics were fabricated by the use of mechanical milling and pressureless sintering. Al2O3 + 10 vol.% of Co, Ni, or Ti were mixed and milled during 12 h at 300 rpm in a horizontal mill, then with the powder mixture it was conformed cylindrical samples by uniaxial pressing using 300 MPa. Pressed samples were sintered during 2 h in an electrical furnace at 1500°C. During sintered it was used an argon atmosphere inside the furnace in order to inhibit metal oxidation. XRD results indicate that alumina and metals retain its crystalline structure. Measurements of densities indicate that they were achieved relative densities between 90% and 98% in the manufacture composites. Optical microscopy observations show mullite’s microstructure with very fine and homogeneous distributions of metal particles. Used metals (Co, Ni and Ti) to reinforce mullite, have yielded favorable results improving the fracture toughness of the mullite. However, it should be made more dense materials with them to better explore this potential.
Enhancing Survivability, Lifetime, and Energy Efficiency of Wireless NetworksIJRES Journal
In this paper, we focus on improving wireless networks survivability in terms of increasing network lifetime and its energy efficiency via clustering the network in an efficient way. Clustering the network is the procedure of partitioning it into groups, where each of them is known as a cluster. Each cluster elects the station with the highest power to be a cluster head. The remaining stations follow the nearest cluster head. Instead of having each station sends its packets to a remote receiver, the cluster head receives packets from all stations within its cluster, aggregates them, and forwards the resulting packets to the remote receiver. The most significant benefit of clustering the network that we focus on is to decrease distances between sending and receiving stations, which in turn reduces the transmission energy. This reduction in the energy yields an increase in the network lifetime and its survivability.
Noise Control Stratagies in Reinforced Concrete BuildingsIJRES Journal
This study is aimed at bringing out the salient aspects of building noise control. An analysis has been carried out with respect to the noise transmission as well as the characteristics of noise inside buildings. The key issues on building noise control have been included and discussed. A comprehensive study on building noise and on acoustically divisible spaces has been made. It has been observed that a sound insulation of the order of 30 to 35 dB is possible in a given building. Further, the noise propagation parameters in an exhibition hall have been theoretically estimated. The data so obtained has been compared with actual SPL measurements and recorded. Variations in noise levels observed have been explained. Before the partition is made, the SPL drop is faster inside the building but after the partition the drop falls at the rate of 3dB for doubling the distance. The cost of the acoustically divisible partition wall is found to be very high, but the advantage of this partition seems to be creating acoustically divisible spaces where in one can conduct two programs simultaneously, without any disturbance to each other. Prior to the selection and design of control measures, noise sources must be identified and the noise produced must be carefully evaluated.
Control of Nonlinear Industrial Processes Using Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Network ...IJRES Journal
Artificial intelligence control techniques, becomes one of the major control strategies and has received much attention as a powerful tool for the control of nonlinear systems. This paper presents a design of Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Network (FWNN) trained genetic algorithm (FWN-GA) for control of nonlinear industrial process. The FWNN is applied to approximate unknown dynamic of system and GA is used to train and optimize the FWNN parameters. In the proposed control scheme, neural control system synthesis is performed in the closed-loop control system to provide appropriate control input. For this, the error between desired system output and output of control object is directly utilized to tune the network parameters. The controller is applied to a highly nonlinear industrial process of continues stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Simulation results show that FWNN-GA controller has excellent dynamic response and adapt well to changes in reference trajectory and system parameters.
An Unobservable Secure On-Demand Routing With D-Worm Detection In MANETIJRES Journal
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure-less network of mobile devices. In wireless communication, the privacy-protection of mobile ad hoc networks is more demanding than that of wired networks due to the open nature and mobility. Many schemes have been proposed to protect privacy in ad hoc networks. In these schemes, data packets and control packets are not completely unlikable and unobservable, and it will be distinguishable by harm users. An unobservable secure on-demand routing (USOR) protocol provides complete unlinkability and content unobservability for all type of packets using group signature and ID-based encryption. USOR Protocol did not see any worm in the content particularly disguising worm. The proposed scheme is detecting disguised worm using spectrum based scheme. This scheme uses power spectral density and spectral flatness measure. Spectrum based method not only detect disguising worm, but traditional worms as well.
The application of Self-adaptive Fuzzy PID control the evaporator superheatIJRES Journal
In view of the characteristics of the cold storage refrigeration system, such as nonlinear, time-varying and coupling, the traditional PID control accuracy is low, this study adopted the method of adaptive Fuzzy PID to control the superheat of the evaporator outlet. Fuzzy PID controller can adjust the parameters according to the deviation and deviation rat. It can avoid the disadvantages of traditional PID controller that it cannot adjust control parameters according to operating conditions.
Applications of Homotopy perturbation Method and Sumudu Transform for Solving...IJRES Journal
In this paper, we make use of the properties of the Sumudu transform to find the exact solution of
fractional initial-boundary value problem (FIBVP) and fractional KDV equation. The method, namely,
homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method, is the combination of the Sumudu transform and the
HPM using He’s polynomials. This method is very powerful and professional techniques for solving different
kinds of linear and nonlinear fractional differential equations arising in different fields of science and
engineering. We also present two different examples to illustrate the preciseness and effectiveness of this
method.
An Enhanced & Effective Fall Detection System for Elderly Person Monitoring u...IJRES Journal
Various fall-detection solutions have been previously proposed to create a reliable surveillance system for elderly people with high requirements on accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, an enhanced fall detection system is proposed for elderly person monitoring that is based on smart sensors worn on the body and operating through consumer home networks. With treble thresholds, accidental falls can be detected in the home healthcare environment. By utilizing information gathered from an accelerometer, cardiotachometer and smart sensors, the impacts of falls can be logged and distinguished from normal daily activities. The proposed system have to be analyzed in a prototype system as detailed in this paper. From a test group of 30 healthy participants, it was found that the proposed fall detection system can achieve a high detection accuracy of 97.5%, while the sensitivity and specificity are 96.8% and 98.1% respectively. Therefore, this system can reliably be developed and deployed into a consumer product for use as an elderly person monitoring device with high accuracy and a low false positive rate.
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
Prime Ring With 3n1 d Contained In The Nucleus.IJRES Journal
In this paper we show that if R is a non associative ring with a derivation d then
d R N n ( ) 3 1
and ( ) , 3 1 Rd R N n
using this it is show that if R is a non associative prime ring such
that d (R) N. n Where n is a fixed positive integer then either R is associative or thederivatives which are
in arithmetic progression becomes zero i.e 3n1 d =0.
Scalable Face Restitution Via Attribute-Enhanced Sparse Code wordsIJRES Journal
To develop a scalable face image restitution system we apply Attribute-Enhanced Sparse Code words on local features extracted from face images combining with inverted indexing to construct an efficient and scalable face retrieval system. Nowadays Photos with people are the major interest of users. Among all those photos, a big percentage of them are photos with human faces. The importance and the sheer amount of human face photos make manipulations (e.g., search and mining) of large-scale human face images a really important research problem and enable many real world applications. Thus, with the exponentially growing photos, large-scale content-based face image retrieval is an enabling technology for many emerging applications. To utilize automatically detected human attributes that contain semantic cues of the face photos to improve content based face retrieval by constructing semantic code words for efficient large-scale face retrieval. By leveraging human attributes in a scalable and systematic framework, we propose two orthogonal methods named attribute-enhanced sparse coding and attribute embedded inverted indexing to improve the face retrieval in the offline database. We investigate the effectiveness of different attributes and vital factors essential for face retrieval.
Sequence Entropy and the Complexity Sequence Entropy For 𝒁𝒏ActionIJRES Journal
In this paper, we study the complexity of sequence entropy for 𝑍𝑛 actions. After that, we define 𝐶𝛼 𝐹𝛼 𝜏 , ℎ𝛼 𝐹𝛼 𝜏 and the relationships between sequence entropy and complexity sequence entropy. Finally, comparisons between sequence entropy and complexity sequence entropy have been done.
Analysis of Power Optimization of Serial Communication Protocol-Memory–Switch...IJRES Journal
Power consumption has rapidly risen to an intolerable scale. This results in both high operating costs and high failure rates so it is now a major cause for concern. It is imposed new challenges to the development of high performance systems. Dynamic power can contribute up to 50% of the total power dissipation.In this paper; we first review the basic power management techniques to reduce the dynamic power consumption techniques like clock gating & frequency scaling. Clock-gating is the most common RTL optimization for reducing dynamic power. We have been also studied I2C and SPI are the most commonly used serial protocols for both inter-chip and intra-chip low/medium bandwidth data-transfers. Both protocols are well suited for communications between integrated circuits for slow communication with on-board peripherals.
An Infrastructure Based on a Mobile-Agent for Applications of Ebussiness & EworkIJRES Journal
Mobile agents have emerged as a very promising approach for eWork and eBussiness. We have developed an extensive mobile agent infrastructure that supports diverse applications in these fields. Our infrastructure is built around two basic components: a mobile-agent based framework for distributed database access and the PaCMAn (Parallel Computing with Java Mobile Agents) metacomputer. The major functionality of our database framework includes (a) the ability to dynamically create personalized views for the mobile client, (b) dynamic creation and configuration of Web-based warehouses and (c) dynamic support of mobile transactions. PaCMAn offers the necessary tools for Web-based distributed High Performance Computing (HPC) and distributed data mining. Our infrastructure provides the basis for developing eWork applications in many fields. We have utilized it for applications, both wireless and wireline, such as: Electronic commerce, Health Telematics, Teleworking, Distributed Data-mining and Web-based supercomputing.
Design and Fabrication of Solar Electric ScooterIJRES Journal
Electric motorcycles and scooters are plug-in electric vehicles with two or three wheels that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, and the electricity is stored in a rechargeable battery, which provides power to one or more electric motors to attain movement. Electric motorcycles, as differentiated from scooters, do not have a step-through frame. The electricity generated from an external source helps in acceleration of the motorcycle. The speed of this cycle is limited and the electricity is generated using a solar panel. The generated electricity is stored using a battery and the locomotion and movement of the vehicle is hence propelled using a motor. The cycle need not be continuously fed with solar energy in order to gain the capacity to run. It gets its energy from the batteries where the energy is stored. Conventionally, these types of vehicles are hard to use with the help of just mechanical energy. The energy we get from human effort. But when energy is converted using solar energy and a battery, it becomes more easy and helpful in the propulsion of the motorcycle. The motorcycle, not using an engine, becomes an effective way of road transport as it causes no pollution. It is eco-friendly and it definitely reduces human effort.
Assessment of the Effect of Plan Shapes on Cost of Institutional Buildings in...IJRES Journal
This research analyzed the effect of plan shapes on cost of multi-storey Institutional buildings in Nigeria. Data were collected from drawings and priced bill of quantities for 28 projects of existing institutional buildings in Kwara State. In order to determine the plan shape with the most effect, a descriptive method of analysis (bar chart) was used. It was found out that, in all the plan types (“A” Circular-shaped, “B” U-shaped, “C” L-shaped, and “D” Rectangular shaped building) observed for each of the building elements (Substructure, Frame work, Block work, Roof work, Services, Finishes) including the overall building cost, plan shape Type “A” (circular shaped buildings) were the most expensive with an average total cost of N225,959,924.75 Plan shape type “D”(the Rectangular shaped buildings) have the lowest average total cost of ₦ 87,76I,791.27.It was concluded that plan Type “A” (circular shaped buildings) were the most expensive with highest average cost, plan Type “B” and “C” (U and L shaped) were at the average while building Type “D” (Rectangular shaped building) has the lowest average cost. The study recommends that clients that might be considering embarking on the multi-storey institutional building development should bear in mind the cost effectiveness of each plan shape in order to avoid adverse cost consequences on the project.
A Steganography LSB technique for hiding Image within Image Using blowfish En...IJRES Journal
Steganography refers to information or a file that has been hidden inside a digital image, video
or audio file. There are different carrier file formats can be used such as Text Steganography, Image
Steganography, Audio/Video Steganography, but Image Steganography are the most popular because of their
frequency on the Internet. It is the first common methods used for hiding the information in the cover image.
The Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography is one such technique in which least significant bit of the image
is replaced with data bit. steganographic algorithm for 8bit (gray scale) or 24 bit (colour image) is presented in
this paper. Sometime steganography will not cover the total security of secret massage. So an additional security
need to the secret massage. For this purpose blowfish encryption Algorithm is used in the proposed
Steganographic system This work is concerned with implementing Steganography for images, with an
improvement security and image quality.
The experimental result shows that the stego-image is visually indistinguishable from the original cover-image
It comes under the assumption that if the feature is visible, the point of attack is evident, thus the goal here is
always to cover up the very existence of the embedded data. and that the algorithm has a high capacity and a
good invisibility.
A Numerical Integration Scheme For The Dynamic Motion Of Rigid Bodies Using T...IJRES Journal
The dynamics of rigid bodies have been studied extensively. However, a certain class of time-integration schemes were not consistent since they added vectors not belonging to the same tangent space (so3), of the Lie group (SO3) of the Special Orthogonal transformations in E3. The work of Cardona[1,2], and later Makinen[3,4], highlighted this fact using the rotation vector as the main parameter in their derivations. Some other programs in multibody dynamics, such as the work of Haug[5], rely on the Euler parameters, instead of the rotation vector, as the main variable in their formulations. For this class of programs, different time-integration schemes could be used .This paper discusses one such a scheme. As an example of application, the spinning top was used in this paper. For such a problem, the approximate change of the potential energy was found to be an upper bound to the change in the actual total energy during a time step.
Sensor Stick walking aid for the blindsIJRES Journal
In this paper, few methods of aiding and guiding visually impaired persons are presented. They are analyzed and studied thoroughly. Some commercially available systems help in aiding people with disabilities of seeing and give information refereeing to the location of the users. We propose an intelligent” stick equipped with an ultrasonic sensor that takes information about the environment. This information is processed and is delivered to the handle stick and thus can be interpreted by the users. The stick will produce beeping sound with varying speed according to the distances of obstacles. This stick will provide assists to visually impaired persons by providing informations related to obstacles distances. This device was tested with blind persons and results are presented.
a review study on fluoride toxicity in water and fishes current statusIJEAB
Fluoride is widely distributed in nature in many forms and its associated compounds have been used extensively but its limit in water is exceeding the permissible level. Excess of fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) in drinking water is harmful to the health. Fluoride toxicity is increasingly becoming a matter of great concern as many countries in the world have been declared as endemic for fluoride. This makes it imperative for scientists to focus on the precise toxic effects of fluoride on various soft tissues. Fluoride is toxic to all the system and causes oxidative stress in various tissues. When fluoride is ingested, approximately 93% is absorbed into the bloodstream. Contamination of drinking water due to fluoride is a severe health hazard problem. A good part of the material is excreted but the rest is deposited in the bones and teeth and is capable of causing a crippling skeletal fluorosis, non-skeletal fluorosis and dental fluorosis. There are various treatment technologies for removing fluoride from groundwater but these methods are very expensive. Besides using the water treatment techniques, various plants are having therapeutic properties to reduce the fluoride toxicity which is a cost effective to cure the fluoride induced toxicity.
learning objectives
Introduction
History Of Water Fluoridation
How Does Fluoride Act In Dental Caries Prevention?
Goals Of F Administration
Fluoride Administration
Appropriate Levels Of Fluoride in Drinking Water
Methods of water fluoridation
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Efficacy Of topical fluorides
Range Of therapeutic fluoride concentrations used to prevent caries
Recommended doses
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1
Effect of Magnesium on Fluoride Removal
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 2 Issue 2 ǁ Feb. 2014 ǁ PP.01-08
www.ijres.org 1 | Page
Effect of Magnesium on Fluoride Removal
Misbah Ul Islam*
, I.H. Farooqi**
, Arshad Husain***
*M.Tech Student, Civil Engg. Deptt., ZHCET, AMU, Aligarh(U.P.)India
**Associate Professor, Civil Engg. Deptt., ZHCET, AMU, Aligarh(U.P.)India
***Associate Professor, Civil Engg. Section, F/O Engg. & Tech. AMU, Aligarh(U.P.)India
Abstract: Fluorides in drinking water are known for both beneficial and detrimental effects on health. The fact
that the problems associated with the excess fluorides in drinking water is highly endemic and widespread in
countries like India prompted many researchers to explore quite a good number of both organic and inorganic
materials adopting various processes from coagulation, precipitation through adsorption, Ion exchange etc. for
fluoride removal. Some are good under certain conditions while others are good in other conditions. Leaching
of Fluoride from the earth crust is the chief source of fluoride content in ground water; however the other
sources like food items also add to increase the overall ingestion of fluoride into the human body. The soil at
foot of the mountains is particularly likely to be high in fluoride from the weather and leaching of bed rock with
a fluoride. The present paper aims to encompass the work carried out by various researchers in various fluoride
affected areas and to access the effectiveness of using magnesium for fluoride removal.
Key Words: Fluorides, coagulation, flocculation, Nalgonda process, fluorosis
I. Introduction
Fluorine is the chemical element with atomic number 9, represented by the symbol F. Under normal
conditions, elemental fluorine is a yellow-green gas of diatomic molecules, F2. The lightest halogen, it is found
on Earth in its only stable isotope, fluorine-19. The high affinity of fluorine for electrons leads it to direct
reactions with all other elements in which the reaction has been attempted, except for helium and neon.
Chemically, fluorine is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known, and is similar to, but even more reactive
than elemental chlorine. Ionic compounds of fluorine are water-soluble halide salts known as fluorides. Fluorine
(F2) is a greenish diatomic gas. Fluorine is so highly reactive that it is never encountered in its elemental
gaseous state except in some industrial processes. The fluoride occurs notably as Sellaite, fluorspar, CaF2;
Cryolite, Na3AlF6; Fluorapatite, 3Ca3 (PO4)2 Ca(F,Cl2). Other minerals containing fluoride are given in the table
1.
Table1. Fluoride bearing minerals
MINERAL CHEMICAL FORMULA PERCENTAGE FLOURINE
Sellaite MgF2 61%
Villianmite NaF 55%
Fluorite (Fluorspar) CaF2 49%
Cryolite Na3AlF6 45%
Bastnaesite (Ce,La) (CO3)F 9%
Fluorapatite Ca3(PO4)3F 3-4%
As fluorspar it is found in sedimentary rocks and as Cryolite in igneous rocks. These fluoride minerals
are nearly insoluble in water. Hence fluorides will be present in ground water only when conditions favor their
solution. It is also present in sea water (0.8-1.4 ppm), in mica and in many drinking water supplies. The current
information on fluoride in the environment and its effects on human health and available methods of
defluoridation are presented in the following sections. It is evident from the information available that a certain
quantity of fluorine is essential for the formation of caries-resistant dental enamel and for the normal process of
mineralization in hard tissues. The element is metabolized from both electrovalent and covalent compounds.
Low fluoride concentrations stabilize the skeletal systems by increasing the size of the apatite crystals and
reducing their solubility. About 95% of the fluoride in the body is deposited in hard tissues and it continues to
be deposited in calcified structures even after other bone constituents (Ca, P, Mg, CO3 and citrate) have reached
a steady state. Age is an important factor in deciding to what extent fluorine is incorporated into the skeleton.
The uptake almost ceases in dental enamel after the age of about 30 years. Many rivers flowing through more
than half a dozen states in India reported to have fluoride contents varying from 0.1 to 12.0 ppm Similarly
occurrence of fluoride bearing waters was reported by many in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. Waste water from phosphate
fertilizer plants may contain upto 2% of fluoride. Increased levels of fluoride can also be present in effluent
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from the fluorine industry, coal power plants, rubber, fertilizer and semiconductor manufacturing industry, glass
and ceramic industry and in ground water around aluminum smelters.
According to 1984 guidelines published suggested that in areas with a warm climate, the optimal
fluoride concentration in drinking water should remain below 1 mg/L (1ppm), while in cooler climate it could
be upto 1.2 mg/L (1.2 ppm). The differentiation drives from the fact that we perspire more in hot weather and
consequently drink more water. The guideline value (permissible upper limit) for fluoride in drinking water was
set at 1.5 mg/L, considered a threshold where the benefit of resistance of tooth decay did not yet shade into a
significant risk of dental fluorosis. It has long been know that excessive fluoride intake carries serious toxic
effects. Fluorosis, an endemic disease caused by long term ingestion of high fluoride drinking water, affects
many millions of people, particularly children in South Africa, Mongolia, Pakistan, Thailand, India and China.
Severe forms of disease typically develop only when the fluoride concentration of the water is greater than 5 to
10 mg/L. However, symptoms of the disease can develop with regular ingestion of the water containing fluoride
concentration as low as 1 to 2 mg/L. We purposely fluoridate a range of everyday products, notably toothpaste
and drinking water; because for a decade we have believed that fluoride in small dose s have no adverse effects
on health to offset its proven benefits in preventing dental decay. It should be noted that fluoride is also found in
some foodstuff and in the air (mostly from the production of phosphate fertilizers or burning of fluoride
containing fuels), so the amount of fluoride we actually ingest may be higher than assumed. So more and more
scientists are now seriously questioning the benefits of fluoride, even in small quantities.
II. Literature Review
Numerous techniques have been developed for defluoridation of water. Numbers of scientists have
performed experiments with various concentrations of fluoride and reducing that to a required permissible
concentration considering the cost and resource availability factor. The research work related to fluoride
concentration, its effect on human health and various techniques related to fluoride removal invented by various
researchers around the world are discussed here. Excess fluorides in ground water cause serious environmental
problems and health. The main source of fluoride accumulation is Geological formation.
“Fluorosis - a disease caused by ingestion of fluoride in excess through water, food, and air and is a
serious health problem. Fluoride ingested with water goes on accumulating in bones up to age of 55 years. At
high doses fluoride can interfere with carbohydrates, lipid protein, vitamin, enzyme and mineral
metabolism.”[1] “Long term consumption of water containing 1 mg of fluoride per liter leads to dental fluorosis.
White and yellow glistening patches on the teeth are seen which may eventually turn brown.”[1] “Skeletal
fluorosis-This has been observed in persons when water contains more than 3-6 mg/L of fluoride. Skeletal
fluorosis affects young and old alike. Fluoride can also damage the foetus- if the mother consumes water and
food, with a high concentration of fluoride during pregnancy/breast feeding, infant mortality due to calcification
of blood vessels can also occur, Severe pain in the backbone, joints, Stiffness of the backbone, Immobile /Stiff
joints”[1] “Non-Skeletal Manifestations-This aspect of fluorosis is often over looked because of the
misconception prevailing that fluoride will only affect bone and teeth. Fluoride, when consumed in excess can
cause several ailments besides skeletal and dental fluorosis viz. Neurological Manifestations, Muscular
Manifestations, Allergic Manifestations, Gastro intestinal problems, Head-ache.”[1]
According to WHO standards, the fluoride in drinking water should be within a range that slightly
varies above and below 1 mg/L (Meenakshi et al., 2004). In temperate regions, where water intake is low,
fluoride level up to 1.5 mg/L is acceptable. The Ministry of Health, Government of India, has prescribed 1.0 and
2.0 mg/L as permissive and excessive limits for fluoride in drinking water, respectively. Table 3 shows different
health impacts at varying fluoride concentrations in drinking water.
“The fluoride concentration recorded in Allahabad was 0.80 to 6.50 mg/L while it was 1.60 to 1.80 mg/L in
Ballia. Fluoride value of 1.60 mg/L observed in Barielly district with 2.00 mg/L and 1.70 mg/L to 4.30 mg/L in
Gonda and Pratapgarh district respectively.” “Abundance of brick kilns was said to be polluting the ground
water in villages of Pratapgarh.” [ Sandeep K. Malhotra et al. (1998)].” “Increase in fluoride during summer due
to greater dissolution and depletion of water levels was observed agreeing with the study of Singh (1994).” [
Singh (1994)].
“Fluoride content in Unnao district varied from 1.46 to 3.20 mg/L. Top aquifer upto 100 meter was
said to yield with fluoride greater than 1.50 mg/L and medium salinity.”[Das (1996)]. “Fluoride from 0.12
mg/L to 19.0 mg/L in a few villages of Unnao district. Fluoride observed varied from 8.0 mg/L to 10.0 mg/L in
Dih block. Fluoride content variation from 1.60 mg/L to 3.0 mg/L was noticed in Maharajganj and Dalmau
blocks.” [Mukherjee and Pandey, 1999]. “Fluctuation in fluoride content of ground water over pre-monsoon and
post-monsoon was noticed in Aligarh, Etah and Sultanpur districts. Pre-monsoon levels were objectionable and
fluoride was below 1.0 mg/L during post-monsoon.” [Dhaneswar Rai (1999)]. “A study conducted in 77 villages
of Agra district concluded fluoride concentration ranged from 0.28 to 22.0 mg/L .45 % of samples were in the
range of 0.0 to 1.00 mg/L, 42% of sample showed a range of 1.0 to 1.50 mg/L and 12% of samples had fluoride
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1.50 to 3.00 mg/L. 3 samples were containing above 3.00 mg/L. The highest concentration (22.0 mg/L) was
recorded at Bainkhera Village.” [Gupta et al. (1994a)].
“Excess of fluoride is present in potable water in several parts of India, resulting in the development of
deformed limbs and mottled teeth in men and cattle. The present communication illustrates a simple cheap and
household fluoride reduction described as Alum Treatment Method. The known amount of potash alum [K2 SO4
.Al2 (SO4)3. 24 H2O] were allowed to the sample of water and stirred properly and allowed to settle down. The
spectrophotometer readings were constant after five hours and residual fluoride was within acceptable limits.
“Defluoridation unit at domestic level for 3 mg/L fluoride water using Activated Alumina are present. The
defluoridation capacity of activated alumina was determined by column experiments, fixing the height of
column, input water flow. The concentration of fluoride in output water was monitored periodically.” [G.
Karthikeyan et al. (1994)]4
.“The removal of fluoride Ions by AI(III) ion and Ca(II) ion and solids compounds of
multivalent metal elements such as AI(III), La(III), Ce(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Ti(IV), Zr(IV) and Ce(IV) in the
form of ozidesi hydrous oxides and basic carbonate is studied. With an excess amount (20 ppm) of Ca or Al
ions, fluoride was removed from 5.0 to <0.02 ppm by precipitation (pH 4) and coprecipitation pH(5.5-7.5)
respectively.”[S. Tokunaga et al.]5.
“To find out cost effective alternatives for removing too much fluoride from
waters, many different geomaterials have been tested in recent years, including zeolite, heat treated soils, fly
ash, bauxite, volcanic ash and lime stone. Limestone was used in two column continuous flow system to reduce
fluoride concentration from waste waters to below MCL (Maximum concentration Level) of 4 mg/L. calcite was
forced to dissolve and fluoride to precipitate in the first column. The degassing condition in the second column
caused the precipitation of calcite dissolved in the first column thus returning the treated water to its approx.
initial composition. The major advantage of this technology over existing liming and ion exchange methods to
treat waste waters in that system monitoring is minimal, regular column regeneration is not required and the
water is returned to its initial chemical composition.[ Zanxin Wang]6
Bone char is an effective and safe material for filtration of fluoride from drinking water. Bone charring
in ceramic kiln like those used in the northern part of Thailand is normal calcinations and the efficiency of bone
char in fluoride reduction, compared with original bone char that was burnt in electric furnace. The laboratory
studies carried out showed that the optimal temperatures for bone char efficiency in fluoride removing while
maintaining the quality of drinking water after filtration was 5000
C and then stopping and letting it cool down.
The efficiency of bone char calcinated at this optimal temperature is 91.8%.[ Winolsri Puangpinyu et al.]7
.
Retention of fluoride ion in dynamic experiments on column packed with fly ash was studied at 200
C with a
series of aqueous solutions containing 1, 5,10,20,50 and 100 mg F‾
/L. the flow rate through the bed was
2ml/hr. At lowest F‾
concentration (1 mg/L) the F‾
level in the effluent initially increased and then gradually
decreased down to 0 mg/L after 120 hours. With higher F‾
concentration in the feed solutions, the F‾
concentration in the effluent steadily decreased reaching 0 mg/L after 120-168 hours. We conclude that coal fly
ash is an effective sorbent for F‾
ions, especially at high concentrations in water.[R. Piekos et al.]8
Bauxite can be used as a defluoriding agent in the domestic water filters in the place of activated
alumina, which is comparatively quite expensive. The researchers have concluded that the use of bauxite as
fluoride removing medium is encouraging not merely because it can bring down the cost of defluoridation, but
also on the account of the fact that bauxite is a natural resource, is available in almost all regions of the country.
Another point of great importance is that, there is no loss of this natural resource and the rejected bauxite from
differentiation units can be more effectively used for aluminum metallurgy.[ Sravani Sarkar et al.]9
. The basic
principle of the process is the adsorption of fluoride with freshly freshly precipitated aluminum hydroxide which
is generated by anodic dissolution of aluminum or its alloys, is an electrochemical cell. The process utilizes 0.3
to 0.6 Kwh of electricity per 1000 litre of water containing 5 to 10 mg/L of fluoride. The anode is continuously
consumed and need to be replenished. The process generates sludge at the rate of 80-100 gm per 1000
litres.[CECRI]10
. The potential of reverse osmosis membrane for defluoridation of underground water samples
at different solute concentration is studied. Optimum membrane properties and percentage rejection has been
determined for the RO system to minimize the overall cost of water treatment. The result indicate, reverse
osmosis membrane can be successfully used for the removal of fluorine from underground water at low pressure
to desired level.[Meenakshi et al.]11
. Application of Donnan Dialysis (DD) and Electro dialysis (ED) for
removing fluoride ion from waters where the concentration exceeds acceptable values is done. The techniques
both use ion exchange membrane but involve different driving forces: the difference in the electrochemical
potential on both sides of the membrane for DD and the difference in the electric potential in ED.[Michour et
al.]12
. A typical groundwater containing 10 mg/L fluorides, 60 mg/I hardness, 500 mg/L alkalinity and 7.6 pH
was studied using magnesia (MgO) concentrations of 10 - 1,500 mg/L. The treated water showed a pH above 9.
The average fluoride concentration in the filtrate was 5.8 mg F/L where the dose was 1,000 mg/L. The fluoride
at 100, 250 and 500 mg/L doses were 9.5, 8.9 and 8.4 mg F/L, respectively. A dose of 1,500 mg/L magnesia and
a contact period of 3 hr was required to reduce the fluoride content in the water to 1 mg/L. The study established
that magnesia removed the excess fluorides, but large doses were necessary. Moreover the pH of the treated
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water was beyond 10 and its correction by acidification or recarbonation was necessary. All this adds to the cost
and complexity of operations. The acid requirement can be to the extent of 300 mg/L expressed in terms of
CaCO3/L.[Rao et al.(2003)]1
III. Most common methods of fluoride removal
Following are the most common methods of fluoride removal, which are used as per the requirement of
defluoridation and availability of resources:
Nalgonda Technique
Activated Alumina Process
Bone char
Contact Precipitation
Degreased and alkali treated bones
Synthetic tri-calcium phosphate
Florex
Activated Carbon
Lime Process
Ion Exchange Resins
Cation Exchange Resins
Magnesia
Serpentine
Lime stone, special soils and clay etc
Fly Ash
Electro coagulation Electrochemical methods
Rare earth based materials
Tamarind Gel
Plant materials
IV. Nalgonda technique
The Nalogonda technique (named after the village in India where the method was pioneered) employs
flocculation principle. Nalgonda technique is a combination of several unit operations and the process involves
rapid mixing, chemical interaction, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and sludge concentration
to recover waters and aluminum salts. Alum (hydrated aluminum salts) - a coagulant commonly used for water
treatment is used to flocculate fluoride ions in the water. Since the process is best carried out under alkaline
conditions, lime is added. For the disinfection purpose bleaching powder is added. After thorough stirring, the
chemical elements coagulate into flocs and settle down in the bottom. The reaction occurs through the following
equations:
2Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + NaF + 9Na2CO3 → [5Al(OH)3.Al(OH)2F] + 9Na2SO4+NaHCO3 + 8CO2 + 45 H2O
3Al2(SO4)3. 18H2O + NaF +17NaHCO3 → [5Al(OH)3.Al(OH)2F] + 9Na2SO4+ 17CO2 + 18 H2O
5. Effect of Magnesium on fluoride removal
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Figure 1.
Salient features of Nalgonda technique:
No regeneration of media.
No handling of caustic acids and alkalis.
Readily available chemicals used in conventional municipal water treatment are only required.
Adaptable to domestic use.
Flexible up to several thousands of m3
/d.
Applicable in batch as well as in continuous operation to suit needs simplicity of design, construction,
operation and maintenance.
Local skills could be readily employed.
Highly efficient removal of fluorides from 1.5 to 20 mg/L to desirable levels.
Simultaneous removal of color, odor, turbidity, bacteria and organic contaminants.
Normally associated alkalinity ensures fluoride removal efficiency.
Sludge generated is convertible to alum for use elsewhere.
Little wastage of water and least disposal problem.
Needs minimum of mechanical and electrical equipment.
No energy except muscle power for domestic equipment.
Economical - annual cost of defluoridation (1991 basis) of water at 40 lpcd works out to Rs.20/- for
domestic treatment and Rs.85/- for community treatment using fill and draw system based on 5000
population for water with 5 mg/L and 400 mg/L alkalinity which requires 600 mg/L alum dose.
Provides defluoridated water of uniform acceptable quality.
V. Observations
Table 2
LIME
DOSING
HARDNESS
ALKALINITY pH FLUORIDE
TOTAL Ca2+
- 192 80 650 8.53 9.98
10 114 55 500 9.53 8.16
12 98 60 530 9.71 7.38
14 90 67 560 9.94 5.76
16 85 70 580 10.12 5.46
18 80 75 600 10.34 5.22
Table 3
LIME
DOSING
HARDNESS
ALKALINITY pH FLUORIDE
TOTAL Ca2+
- 192 80 560 9.53 10.02
16 90 21 460 10.53 5.69
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24 73 6 400 10.1 4.56
26 49 5 380 10.15 2.16
Table 8
ALUM
DOSING
HARDNESS
ALKALINITY pH FLUORIDE
TOTAL Ca2+
- 158 44 780 7.78 10.26
70 210 76 420 9.95 5.1
80 220 85 360 10.12 4.74
90 238 90 330 10.2 1.8
100 236 103 320 10.23 4.14
110 236 104 220 10.56 4.86
Table 9
ALUM+LIME
DOSING HARDNESS
ALKALINITY pH FLUORIDE
LIME ALUM TOTAL Ca2+
- - 182 72 800 7.75 10.2
18 70 234 100 450 7.44 2.52
20 80 240 81 420 7.3 4.38
22 90 244 100 400 7.24 3.12
24 100 269 136 390 7.25 3.48
26 110 300 155 420 7.26 3
Figure 2
VI. Results and Conclusions
SET-1 Lime dose varied from 10 to18 meq/l.
Total hardness and Ca++
hardness was reduced continuously.
Alkalinity was almost unaltered at the end of the test while the pH is rising from 8.53 to 10.34.
Fluoride is reduced from 9.98 mg/l to 5.22 mg/l.
SET-2 lime dose varied from 16 to 24 meq/l.
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Total hardness was reduced to 50 mg/l as CaCO3 at the dosing of 22 meq/l and suddenly increased to
150 mg/l as CaCO3 at dosing of 24 meq/l, which was 192 mg/l as CaCO3 initially.
Similarly the Ca++
hardness was reduced to 17 mg/l as CaCO3 at the dosing of 22 meq/l and increased
to 67 mg/l as CaCO3 at dosing of 24 meq/l, from an initial concentration of 80 mg/L as CaCO3.
Alkalinity decreased upto dosing of 20 meq/l and after this starts decreasing, likewise the pH was
continuously increasing upto dosing of 22 meq/l and at 24 meq/l it increased
Fluoride was reduced to 2.12 mg/l at dosing of 22 meq/l and this value increased at next dose.
SET-3 (Varying Dosage from 10 to 18 meq/l of Lime with Mg++
50 mg/l as CaCO3)
Total hardness and Ca++
hardness was reduced continuously.
Alkalinity was also reducing from an initial level of 750 mg/l as CaCO3 to 410 mg/l as CaCO3.
pH increased from 8.66 to 10.41.
Fluoride is reduced to a concentration of 2.15 mg/l at 18 meq/l dosing.
SET-4 (Varying Dosage From 10 to 18 Meq/l of lime with Mg++
75 Mg/l as CaCO3)
Total hardness and Ca++
hardness was reduced continuously and rapidly.
Alkalinity was also reducing from an initial level of 700 mg/l as CaCO3 to 350 mg/l as CaCO3.
pH increased from 8.58 to 10.73.
Fluoride is reduced to a concentration of 1.98 mg/l at 18 meq/l dosing it was 2.16 mg/l at a dosing of
16 what is almost equal to the residual fluoride at 18 meq/l in SET -3.
SET-5 (Varying Dosage from 10 to 18 meq/l of lime with Mg++
100 mg/l as CaCO3)
Hardness and alkalinity are reducing as in the previous Sets and the pH is also increasing likewise.
But the fluoride removal is not as efficient enough as in the previous sets which shows the limitations
of adding Mg++
.
SET -6 (Varying alum dosage from 70 mg /l to 110 mg /l).
Total hardness and Ca++
hardness increased during the process while the Alkalinity reduced and pH
increased.
Residual fluoride concentration was reduced to 1.8 mg/l at dosing of 90 mg /l but starts increasing
beyond this.
SET -7 (Varying alum dosage from 70 mg /l to 110 mg /l & lime from 10 to 18 meq/l)
Hardness increased, alkalinity reduced, pH remain almost neutral (around 7).
But the fluoride removal was not significant and unpredictable.
References
[1] Rao, Nagendra, C.R. “Fluoride And Environment- A Review” in Martin J. Bunch, V. Madha Suresh and T. Vasantha Kumaran,
eds., Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health, Chennai, India, 15-17 December, 2003.
Chennai: Department of Geography, University of Madras and Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University. Pages 386 –
399.
[2] Dr. Vinod Kumar Garg and Bhupinder Singh “Fluoride in Drinking Water and Fluorosis” February 2007.Associate
Professors at the Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering of Guru Jambheshwar University in Hisar Haryana -
India.
[3] Sangita Sharma, Jabali Vora and J.D. Joshi “fluoride reduction in water”
[4] G. Karthikeyan, Mrs. S. Meenakshi, B.V. Apparad “Defluoridation Technology Based on Activated Alumina” in 20th
WEDC
Conference Columbo Sri Lanka, 1994.
[5] S.Tokunaga , M.J. Haroon, S.A. Wasay, K.F. Wong, K. Haosangthum and A. Uchium “Removal of fluoride Ions from
Aqueous Solution by Multivalent Metal Compounds”
[6] Zanxin Wang “fluoride removal from waters using Geomaterials”
[7] Winolsri Puangpinyu and Nipaphan Osiriphan “bone charring by calcination”
[8] R. Piekos and S. Paslawska “ fluoride uptake characterstics of Fly Ash”
[9] Sarvani Sarkar , Dr. A. Sriram, S.A.Bhale, N.P.Nagmote and Dr. A.N. Deshmukh “experts find bauxite a cheap water
filter” a research report.
[10] “Electrochemical defluoridation” technology offers from CECRI.
[11] Meenakshi, R.C. Maheshwari, S.K. Jain, A. Gupta “Defluoridation by Reverse Osmosis Technique for Drinking Water”-
seminar on “Membrane Technologies for Water and Waste Water Reclamation.”
[12] Michour, Persm, Sandeaux, Molenat and Govach “ Water Defluoridation by Donnan Dialysis and Electrodialysis”.