The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document summarizes recent advances in rebuilding lost enamel structure through biomimetics. It discusses the mechanisms of demineralization and remineralization, and the requirements of effective remineralizing agents. Both fluoride and non-fluoride strategies are examined, including casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), nano-hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, arginine, and tricalcium phosphate. CPP-ACP, which mimics proteins found in saliva, and bioactive glass materials like NovaMin and bioglass, are highlighted as effective remineralizing agents. The document provides details on the compositions and mechanisms of various strategies to promote remin
1) Space maintainers are appliances used to preserve space created by the premature loss of primary teeth to guide the eruption of permanent teeth.
2) They come in fixed and removable forms and include band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe space maintainers.
3) The document discusses the requirements, planning, classification, fabrication techniques, indications, and modifications of various space maintainers used to maintain space and proper alignment of permanent teeth.
This document provides information on various nerve block techniques for maxillary anesthesia. It describes the landmarks, target areas, indications, and effects of infraorbital nerve block, middle superior alveolar nerve block, greater palatine block, and nasopalatine block. These techniques are used to anesthetize different regions of the maxilla for restorative and periodontal procedures by blocking specific branches of the maxillary nerve. Proper administration of local anesthesia is important for providing effective pulpal and soft tissue anesthesia with minimal patient discomfort.
This document discusses caries risk assessment tools and factors. It introduces several tools used to assess caries risk: the Caries Risk Assessment Tool (CAT), Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA), Cariogram, and the Traffic Light Matrix. It describes the various factors each tool considers like biological factors, protective factors, clinical findings, plaque, specific microbes, diet, eating patterns, and saliva. The goal of these tools is to improve oral health by introducing preventive measures before irreversible lesions develop based on a patient's caries risk level and factors.
1. The document discusses electronic apex locators (EALs), which are devices used to determine the working length of a root canal without radiography.
2. It describes the six generations of EALs, from first-generation resistance-based devices to sixth-generation adaptive apex locators. Key EAL models are provided for each generation.
3. The mechanisms of EALs are explained, noting they measure changes in resistance or impedance as a file tip approaches the apex. Accuracy and limitations of each generation are summarized.
gingiva and periodontal problems in childrenGarima Singh
This document provides an overview of gingival and periodontal diseases in children. It begins with an introduction stating that many periodontal diseases originate during childhood, so early detection and treatment are important. It then covers topics such as the normal periodontium in children, classifications of gingival diseases including gingivitis, acute gingival diseases like herpetic gingivostomatitis, and gingival enlargement. It also discusses periodontitis, specifically aggressive periodontitis which can occur in adolescents, as well as systemic diseases associated with periodontal problems. The conclusion emphasizes that early detection and treatment of periodontal issues in children can prevent more advanced diseases and also identify underlying systemic conditions.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
This document summarizes recent advances in rebuilding lost enamel structure through biomimetics. It discusses the mechanisms of demineralization and remineralization, and the requirements of effective remineralizing agents. Both fluoride and non-fluoride strategies are examined, including casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), nano-hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, arginine, and tricalcium phosphate. CPP-ACP, which mimics proteins found in saliva, and bioactive glass materials like NovaMin and bioglass, are highlighted as effective remineralizing agents. The document provides details on the compositions and mechanisms of various strategies to promote remin
1) Space maintainers are appliances used to preserve space created by the premature loss of primary teeth to guide the eruption of permanent teeth.
2) They come in fixed and removable forms and include band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe space maintainers.
3) The document discusses the requirements, planning, classification, fabrication techniques, indications, and modifications of various space maintainers used to maintain space and proper alignment of permanent teeth.
This document provides information on various nerve block techniques for maxillary anesthesia. It describes the landmarks, target areas, indications, and effects of infraorbital nerve block, middle superior alveolar nerve block, greater palatine block, and nasopalatine block. These techniques are used to anesthetize different regions of the maxilla for restorative and periodontal procedures by blocking specific branches of the maxillary nerve. Proper administration of local anesthesia is important for providing effective pulpal and soft tissue anesthesia with minimal patient discomfort.
This document discusses caries risk assessment tools and factors. It introduces several tools used to assess caries risk: the Caries Risk Assessment Tool (CAT), Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA), Cariogram, and the Traffic Light Matrix. It describes the various factors each tool considers like biological factors, protective factors, clinical findings, plaque, specific microbes, diet, eating patterns, and saliva. The goal of these tools is to improve oral health by introducing preventive measures before irreversible lesions develop based on a patient's caries risk level and factors.
1. The document discusses electronic apex locators (EALs), which are devices used to determine the working length of a root canal without radiography.
2. It describes the six generations of EALs, from first-generation resistance-based devices to sixth-generation adaptive apex locators. Key EAL models are provided for each generation.
3. The mechanisms of EALs are explained, noting they measure changes in resistance or impedance as a file tip approaches the apex. Accuracy and limitations of each generation are summarized.
gingiva and periodontal problems in childrenGarima Singh
This document provides an overview of gingival and periodontal diseases in children. It begins with an introduction stating that many periodontal diseases originate during childhood, so early detection and treatment are important. It then covers topics such as the normal periodontium in children, classifications of gingival diseases including gingivitis, acute gingival diseases like herpetic gingivostomatitis, and gingival enlargement. It also discusses periodontitis, specifically aggressive periodontitis which can occur in adolescents, as well as systemic diseases associated with periodontal problems. The conclusion emphasizes that early detection and treatment of periodontal issues in children can prevent more advanced diseases and also identify underlying systemic conditions.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
1) Mechanical plaque control methods like toothbrushing and the use of interdental cleaning aids are essential for maintaining oral hygiene.
2) Toothbrushing removes plaque from facial and occlusal surfaces but interdental cleaning is needed for proximal surfaces. The Bass technique is commonly recommended for toothbrushing.
3) Interdental cleaning aids include dental floss, interdental brushes, woodsticks and rubber tips which are suitable for different interdental spaces.
1. Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space created by premature tooth loss. They prevent crowding, impaction, and other issues by holding space open.
2. Common space maintainers include band and loop, crown and loop, lingual arch, Nance palatal arch, and removable appliances. The best option depends on factors like time since tooth loss and dental age.
3. Space maintainers are generally indicated when space is closing, future orthodontics may be simplified, or to prevent issues like supraeruption. They are contraindicated if space isn't closing or the succedaneous tooth is absent.
This document discusses various methods for gaining space in orthodontic treatment, including proximal stripping, arch expansion, extraction, distalization of molars, uprighting tilted molars, derotation of posterior teeth, and proclination/flaring of anterior teeth. It provides details on techniques such as rapid maxillary expansion using devices like Hyrax or bonded expanders, extraction of first premolars, and distalization of molars using appliances like pendulum or Jones Jig. The document also covers indications, advantages, and disadvantages of different space gaining methods.
This document discusses the tools of dental public health, which include epidemiology, biostatistics, social sciences, principles of administration, and preventive dentistry. Epidemiology is defined as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Biostatistics uses mathematical facts and data related to biological events for purposes like defining normalcy and evaluating public health programs. Social sciences help adapt health programs to cultural patterns. Principles of administration involve organization and management. Preventive dentistry focuses on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
This document discusses space maintainers, which are appliances used to maintain space for permanent teeth after premature loss of primary teeth. It describes different types of space maintainers including removable, fixed, lingual arch, and distal shoe appliances. Key factors in planning space maintenance like dental age and sequence of eruption are outlined. The document summarizes indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of various space maintainer designs. Space maintainers aim to guide proper eruption of permanent teeth into ideal alignment and occlusion.
Periodontitis is a complex infection initiated by bacteria –tissue destruction.
Host: the organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment/ an individual who receives a graft
Modulation: the alteration of function or status of something in response to a stimulus or an altered physical or chemical environment
The document discusses various drugs used in pediatric dentistry, including their routes of administration, mechanisms of action, and side effects. It focuses on local anesthetics like lidocaine, analgesics like aspirin and acetaminophen, antibiotics, and emergency drugs. Local anesthetics work by depressing nerve endings and inhibiting nerve conduction, while analgesics relieve pain either peripherally or centrally. The most common routes of drug administration in dentistry are oral, intramuscular, and intravenous.
This document summarizes the construction of various types of removable orthodontic appliances including Hawley retainers, Begg retainers, and appliances used for tooth movement. It describes the components, construction steps, and principles of each appliance. Key steps in the construction include bending labial bows and Adams clasps, adding acrylic to make the base plate, and finishing and delivery. Removable appliances are useful for retention, minor tooth movement, and settling of the occlusion. Patient compliance is important for their effectiveness.
Certain dyes called disclosing agents can be used to temporarily stain dental plaque and make it visible. The most common disclosing agents are erythrosin, which stains plaque red but can also stain soft tissues, and fluorescein dye, which stains plaque yellow without staining tissues but requires special lighting to see. Two-tone dyes stain mature plaque blue and new plaque red. Iodine-containing solutions were also used but are not preferred due to potential allergic reactions and unpleasant taste. Disclosing agents can be applied using a cotton swab or by rinsing the mouth.
The document discusses the use of rubber dams in dentistry. Rubber dams isolate teeth from saliva during procedures to provide a dry, clean operating field. They were introduced in 1864 and advantages include improved visibility, access, and material properties. Placement involves punching holes in the dam, selecting a retainer clamp, and securing the dam over teeth. Proper isolation is important for preventing contamination and protecting patients and dentists.
This document discusses preventive pedodontics and infant oral health care. It covers levels of prevention including primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. It defines infant oral health care and discusses the goals of infant oral health programs which include educating parents on risks of dental disease and establishing dental services as part of infant healthcare. The document provides guidance on prenatal counseling, perinatal oral health, colonization of the infant oral cavity, and anticipatory guidance for different age ranges from 6-12 months to 2-6 years.
This document discusses plaque control and various plaque control measures. It begins by explaining that plaque control involves regular removal of plaque to prevent periodontal diseases. Mechanical methods like toothbrushing and interdental cleaning are important, as well as chemical agents like chlorhexidine and essential oils. Different toothbrushing techniques and powered toothbrushes are described. The document also discusses dentifrices, interdental aids, and concludes that proper oral hygiene through plaque control is critical for preventing periodontal disease.
This document provides an overview of pathologic tooth migration (PTM). It defines PTM as tooth displacement resulting from a disruption of forces that maintain normal tooth position due to periodontal disease. The document discusses several potential etiologic factors for PTM, including the destruction of periodontal tissues, occlusal factors, soft tissue pressures, periodontal inflammation, extrusive forces, habits, missing teeth, and malocclusions. It provides examples from studies on the role of bone loss, bite collapse, arch integrity, occlusal interferences, and oral habits in contributing to PTM. The document concludes by noting that the duration of forces is important in tooth movement.
Dental management of handicapped childrenSaeed Bajafar
This document discusses dental management of handicapped children, including those with mental, physical, medical, or social conditions that interfere with normal functioning. It outlines considerations for the initial dental visit such as medical history and discussing treatment with physicians. Common oral issues in these patients include poor hygiene, cavities, malocclusion, and parafunctional habits. Treatment must be tailored based on a patient's level of dependency, disability type, health issues, oral hygiene, and behavior. Classification systems divide patients based on specific dental problems or conditions like physical, sensory, neurological, or chronic diseases. Guidelines are provided for treating patients with mental retardation or cerebral palsy.
The document discusses incipient carious lesions, also known as white spot lesions. It defines incipient caries as the earliest sign of demineralization appearing as a chalky white spot. Diagnosis involves visual examination and aids like radiographs, fluorescence systems, and LED cameras to detect early mineral changes. Management focuses on remineralization through fluoride and remineralizing agents like CPP-ACP to control demineralization using non-operative procedures and potentially reverse early lesions.
The document discusses various techniques for cleaning and shaping the root canal system during endodontic treatment. It describes the objectives and basic principles of root canal preparation, including removing debris and maintaining the original shape of the canal. Several techniques are summarized, such as step-back, crown-down, balanced force, and ultrasonic instrumentation. For each technique, the document outlines the steps and discusses advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses the history and use of expansion screws in removable orthodontic appliances. It describes how expansion screws work to move teeth and skeletal structures as needed. Guidelines are provided for properly positioning expansion screws. Various types of expansion screw appliances are outlined, including the Schwarz expander, transverse expander, fan expander, Nord expander, and lower Schwarz appliance. Advantages and disadvantages of expansion screw appliances are also summarized.
This document discusses various periodontal indices used to measure oral hygiene and periodontal disease. It begins by defining what an index is and its uses. It then describes several commonly used indices including:
1) The Oral Hygiene Index which measures debris and calculus to assess oral hygiene.
2) The Gingival Index which evaluates gingival inflammation visible to the naked eye.
3) The Plaque Index which scores the amount of plaque present on tooth surfaces.
It provides the scoring criteria and calculations for each index. The document emphasizes that indices should be objective, reproducible and allow comparison across populations or studies.
This document discusses different types of labial bows used in removable orthodontic appliances. A labial bow is an essential component that functions to retrude anterior teeth. There are several types including short and long labial bows, Roberts retractors, reverse labial bows, and Begg's labial bow. Each has a specific indication and method of fabrication and activation. The document reviews the components, placement, construction techniques, and functions of various labial bows used to correct malocclusions through minor tooth movements.
This document discusses light curing units used in dentistry to polymerize resin-based composites. It describes the advantages of light curing over self-curing composites. The key components of light curing units and different types are outlined, including quartz tungsten halogen, plasma arc, laser and LED lights. Factors that influence curing such as distance, exposure time, techniques and temperature rise are summarized. General considerations for use and maintenance of light curing units are also provided.
This document discusses the historical evolution and use of fluorides for dental caries prevention. It begins with early discoveries of fluoride in enamel in 1805 and the isolation of fluorine as an element in 1771. It then covers fluoride chemistry, sources of fluoride intake from water, food, beverages and air. The document discusses fluoride metabolism, distribution in tissues, and excretion. It also addresses water fluoridation, which began in 1945 in Grand Rapids, USA and defines water fluoridation as the controlled adjustment of fluoride in communal water to maximize caries prevention with minimal fluorosis risk.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
1) Mechanical plaque control methods like toothbrushing and the use of interdental cleaning aids are essential for maintaining oral hygiene.
2) Toothbrushing removes plaque from facial and occlusal surfaces but interdental cleaning is needed for proximal surfaces. The Bass technique is commonly recommended for toothbrushing.
3) Interdental cleaning aids include dental floss, interdental brushes, woodsticks and rubber tips which are suitable for different interdental spaces.
1. Space maintainers are appliances used to maintain space created by premature tooth loss. They prevent crowding, impaction, and other issues by holding space open.
2. Common space maintainers include band and loop, crown and loop, lingual arch, Nance palatal arch, and removable appliances. The best option depends on factors like time since tooth loss and dental age.
3. Space maintainers are generally indicated when space is closing, future orthodontics may be simplified, or to prevent issues like supraeruption. They are contraindicated if space isn't closing or the succedaneous tooth is absent.
This document discusses various methods for gaining space in orthodontic treatment, including proximal stripping, arch expansion, extraction, distalization of molars, uprighting tilted molars, derotation of posterior teeth, and proclination/flaring of anterior teeth. It provides details on techniques such as rapid maxillary expansion using devices like Hyrax or bonded expanders, extraction of first premolars, and distalization of molars using appliances like pendulum or Jones Jig. The document also covers indications, advantages, and disadvantages of different space gaining methods.
This document discusses the tools of dental public health, which include epidemiology, biostatistics, social sciences, principles of administration, and preventive dentistry. Epidemiology is defined as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Biostatistics uses mathematical facts and data related to biological events for purposes like defining normalcy and evaluating public health programs. Social sciences help adapt health programs to cultural patterns. Principles of administration involve organization and management. Preventive dentistry focuses on primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
This document discusses space maintainers, which are appliances used to maintain space for permanent teeth after premature loss of primary teeth. It describes different types of space maintainers including removable, fixed, lingual arch, and distal shoe appliances. Key factors in planning space maintenance like dental age and sequence of eruption are outlined. The document summarizes indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of various space maintainer designs. Space maintainers aim to guide proper eruption of permanent teeth into ideal alignment and occlusion.
Periodontitis is a complex infection initiated by bacteria –tissue destruction.
Host: the organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment/ an individual who receives a graft
Modulation: the alteration of function or status of something in response to a stimulus or an altered physical or chemical environment
The document discusses various drugs used in pediatric dentistry, including their routes of administration, mechanisms of action, and side effects. It focuses on local anesthetics like lidocaine, analgesics like aspirin and acetaminophen, antibiotics, and emergency drugs. Local anesthetics work by depressing nerve endings and inhibiting nerve conduction, while analgesics relieve pain either peripherally or centrally. The most common routes of drug administration in dentistry are oral, intramuscular, and intravenous.
This document summarizes the construction of various types of removable orthodontic appliances including Hawley retainers, Begg retainers, and appliances used for tooth movement. It describes the components, construction steps, and principles of each appliance. Key steps in the construction include bending labial bows and Adams clasps, adding acrylic to make the base plate, and finishing and delivery. Removable appliances are useful for retention, minor tooth movement, and settling of the occlusion. Patient compliance is important for their effectiveness.
Certain dyes called disclosing agents can be used to temporarily stain dental plaque and make it visible. The most common disclosing agents are erythrosin, which stains plaque red but can also stain soft tissues, and fluorescein dye, which stains plaque yellow without staining tissues but requires special lighting to see. Two-tone dyes stain mature plaque blue and new plaque red. Iodine-containing solutions were also used but are not preferred due to potential allergic reactions and unpleasant taste. Disclosing agents can be applied using a cotton swab or by rinsing the mouth.
The document discusses the use of rubber dams in dentistry. Rubber dams isolate teeth from saliva during procedures to provide a dry, clean operating field. They were introduced in 1864 and advantages include improved visibility, access, and material properties. Placement involves punching holes in the dam, selecting a retainer clamp, and securing the dam over teeth. Proper isolation is important for preventing contamination and protecting patients and dentists.
This document discusses preventive pedodontics and infant oral health care. It covers levels of prevention including primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. It defines infant oral health care and discusses the goals of infant oral health programs which include educating parents on risks of dental disease and establishing dental services as part of infant healthcare. The document provides guidance on prenatal counseling, perinatal oral health, colonization of the infant oral cavity, and anticipatory guidance for different age ranges from 6-12 months to 2-6 years.
This document discusses plaque control and various plaque control measures. It begins by explaining that plaque control involves regular removal of plaque to prevent periodontal diseases. Mechanical methods like toothbrushing and interdental cleaning are important, as well as chemical agents like chlorhexidine and essential oils. Different toothbrushing techniques and powered toothbrushes are described. The document also discusses dentifrices, interdental aids, and concludes that proper oral hygiene through plaque control is critical for preventing periodontal disease.
This document provides an overview of pathologic tooth migration (PTM). It defines PTM as tooth displacement resulting from a disruption of forces that maintain normal tooth position due to periodontal disease. The document discusses several potential etiologic factors for PTM, including the destruction of periodontal tissues, occlusal factors, soft tissue pressures, periodontal inflammation, extrusive forces, habits, missing teeth, and malocclusions. It provides examples from studies on the role of bone loss, bite collapse, arch integrity, occlusal interferences, and oral habits in contributing to PTM. The document concludes by noting that the duration of forces is important in tooth movement.
Dental management of handicapped childrenSaeed Bajafar
This document discusses dental management of handicapped children, including those with mental, physical, medical, or social conditions that interfere with normal functioning. It outlines considerations for the initial dental visit such as medical history and discussing treatment with physicians. Common oral issues in these patients include poor hygiene, cavities, malocclusion, and parafunctional habits. Treatment must be tailored based on a patient's level of dependency, disability type, health issues, oral hygiene, and behavior. Classification systems divide patients based on specific dental problems or conditions like physical, sensory, neurological, or chronic diseases. Guidelines are provided for treating patients with mental retardation or cerebral palsy.
The document discusses incipient carious lesions, also known as white spot lesions. It defines incipient caries as the earliest sign of demineralization appearing as a chalky white spot. Diagnosis involves visual examination and aids like radiographs, fluorescence systems, and LED cameras to detect early mineral changes. Management focuses on remineralization through fluoride and remineralizing agents like CPP-ACP to control demineralization using non-operative procedures and potentially reverse early lesions.
The document discusses various techniques for cleaning and shaping the root canal system during endodontic treatment. It describes the objectives and basic principles of root canal preparation, including removing debris and maintaining the original shape of the canal. Several techniques are summarized, such as step-back, crown-down, balanced force, and ultrasonic instrumentation. For each technique, the document outlines the steps and discusses advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses the history and use of expansion screws in removable orthodontic appliances. It describes how expansion screws work to move teeth and skeletal structures as needed. Guidelines are provided for properly positioning expansion screws. Various types of expansion screw appliances are outlined, including the Schwarz expander, transverse expander, fan expander, Nord expander, and lower Schwarz appliance. Advantages and disadvantages of expansion screw appliances are also summarized.
This document discusses various periodontal indices used to measure oral hygiene and periodontal disease. It begins by defining what an index is and its uses. It then describes several commonly used indices including:
1) The Oral Hygiene Index which measures debris and calculus to assess oral hygiene.
2) The Gingival Index which evaluates gingival inflammation visible to the naked eye.
3) The Plaque Index which scores the amount of plaque present on tooth surfaces.
It provides the scoring criteria and calculations for each index. The document emphasizes that indices should be objective, reproducible and allow comparison across populations or studies.
This document discusses different types of labial bows used in removable orthodontic appliances. A labial bow is an essential component that functions to retrude anterior teeth. There are several types including short and long labial bows, Roberts retractors, reverse labial bows, and Begg's labial bow. Each has a specific indication and method of fabrication and activation. The document reviews the components, placement, construction techniques, and functions of various labial bows used to correct malocclusions through minor tooth movements.
This document discusses light curing units used in dentistry to polymerize resin-based composites. It describes the advantages of light curing over self-curing composites. The key components of light curing units and different types are outlined, including quartz tungsten halogen, plasma arc, laser and LED lights. Factors that influence curing such as distance, exposure time, techniques and temperature rise are summarized. General considerations for use and maintenance of light curing units are also provided.
This document discusses the historical evolution and use of fluorides for dental caries prevention. It begins with early discoveries of fluoride in enamel in 1805 and the isolation of fluorine as an element in 1771. It then covers fluoride chemistry, sources of fluoride intake from water, food, beverages and air. The document discusses fluoride metabolism, distribution in tissues, and excretion. It also addresses water fluoridation, which began in 1945 in Grand Rapids, USA and defines water fluoridation as the controlled adjustment of fluoride in communal water to maximize caries prevention with minimal fluorosis risk.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses various methods of delivering fluorides, including topical and systemic fluorides. It focuses on topical fluoride delivery methods. Topical fluorides are divided into professionally-applied and self-applied products. Professionally-applied products include neutral sodium fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, and stannous fluoride solutions. Self-applied products include fluoride dentifrices, gels, and rinses. The document provides details on the preparation, application procedures, mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages of each topical fluoride product type. It recommends amounts and methods for safe and effective professional application of topical fluorides.
Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay through several mechanisms. It inhibits demineralization, promotes remineralization, alters the action of plaque bacteria, and improves enamel crystallinity and reduces solubility. Both pre-eruptive and post-eruptive exposure to fluoride provides caries prevention benefits, with maximal effects seen from high exposure both before and after tooth eruption. Community water fluoridation was first introduced in the 1940s and has been shown to reduce tooth decay rates by 40-59% in both primary and permanent teeth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Water Treatment_CSIR NEERI_Indovation 2015_23 January 2015India Water Portal
The document summarizes water treatment technologies developed by CSIR for treating various contaminants. It discusses portable filters for turbidity/microorganisms removal, electrolytic and chemical defluoridation, arsenic removal through household units and ceramic membranes, iron removal through domestic units and hand pump attachments, and membrane filtration technologies including ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Technologies have been implemented across India to provide clean drinking water to remote areas affected by flooding, cyclones, or high contaminant levels. CSIR works to disseminate these technologies and provide training to local agencies.
This document summarizes different methods of fluoride use for preventing dental caries. It discusses systemic fluorides including water fluoridation, school water fluoridation, fluoridated salt, and dietary fluoride supplements. It also discusses topical fluorides including professionally and self-applied topical fluoride treatments, fluoridated toothpastes, and fluoride mouth rinses. Water fluoridation and fluoridated toothpastes are highlighted as two of the most effective and widespread methods for caries prevention.
This document discusses topical fluoride delivery methods for preventing dental caries. It begins by introducing different types of topical fluorides including professionally-applied options like sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and acidulated phosphate fluoride as well as self-applied options like dentifrices and mouthwashes. It then covers the preparation, application procedures, mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages of each professionally-applied fluoride type. The document concludes by comparing the characteristics of the different professionally-applied fluoride options and providing recommendations for topical fluoride application.
Fluoride is a mineral found in nature that helps prevent cavities. It is present in small amounts in foods and drinks, and in higher amounts in seafood and tea leaves. The main sources of fluoride are drinking water, toothpaste, and professionally applied gels, foams, and rinses. Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel, enhances remineralization, alters the activity of plaque bacteria, and helps develop strong teeth. It can be delivered topically through products like toothpaste or professionally through gels, foams, varnishes, and rinses.
Presentation on Health and Environmental Impacts of water fluoridation 2012Declan Waugh
This presentation examines why several European countries stopped fluoridating their drinking water supplies. Denmark banned fluoridation when its environmental agency pointed out long-term effects of low fluoride intake were unknown. Sweden also rejected fluoridation on the recommendation of a commission that found combined long-term environmental effects of fluoride were insufficiently known. Studies in Sweden, Germany, and the US have found that excessive fluoride intake can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis, and may increase risks of bone fractures and joint stiffness. Risks are greater for babies and young children, as fluoride is more readily absorbed and retained in developing bones. Total fluoride intake from all sources needs further study to properly assess risks versus benefits.
This document discusses fluorides in dentistry. It describes the sources of fluoride, mechanisms of how fluoride prevents tooth decay, and methods of fluoride delivery topically and systemically. It also addresses the indications for topical fluoride use, recommended dosages of fluoride tablets/drops, and potential toxicities like dental and skeletal fluorosis from inadequate or excessive fluoride intake. When used appropriately, fluoride is an effective cariostatic agent for improving dental health.
Glass ionomer cement has several applications in dentistry. It can be used as a luting agent, for orthodontic brackets, as pit and fissure sealants, as a liner or base, for core buildup, for temporary restorations, and as a permanent restoration in non-stress bearing areas. Glass ionomer cement adheres well to tooth structure, releases fluoride to inhibit caries, and requires minimal cavity preparation, making it useful for restorations in children and in areas without access to advanced dental equipment.
Oral Habits in Children. Part 1: Thumb sucking and Mouth BreathingRajesh Bariker
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit”
The seminar is tailor made for students with an intent to help understand the subject, hope this makes up my little contribution in simplifying the topic.
This document discusses a preventive dentistry program focused on fluoride and fissure sealants presented by Heidi Emmerling. It covers the goals of fluoride administration, recommended fluoride levels in water, potential toxicity of fluoride ingestion, emergency treatment, topical fluoride applications, and fissure sealant indications and limitations. The goals are to prevent decay, arrest active decay, and remineralize teeth using optimal fluoride levels tailored to climate. Potential fluoride toxicity and treatments are also outlined.
Fluoride plays an important role in preventing dental caries. It is found naturally in water and soil. When consumed at optimal levels, fluoride is incorporated into tooth enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria that cause cavities. Common sources of fluoride include drinking water, foods like fish and tea, and supplements. The mechanisms by which fluoride prevents cavities involve strengthening enamel during tooth development, enhancing remineralization of early tooth decay, and having antibacterial effects. Water fluoridation is considered the most effective public health measure for delivering fluoride to prevent cavities across populations.
1. Community water fluoridation involves adding fluoride to public water supplies at optimal levels of 1 part per million to reduce dental caries. It provides both topical and systemic protection as fluoride is incorporated into developing teeth and also contacts teeth through drinking water.
2. Studies such as the Grand Rapids-Muskegon study and Newburgh-Kingston study showed reductions in dental caries of 40-60% with the addition of fluoride to water supplies. The WHO recommends a level of 1 ppm fluoride for dental caries prevention.
3. Defluoridation refers to the removal of excess naturally occurring fluoride from drinking water to reduce dental fluorosis. Methods include ion exchange resins and the Nal
Glass-ionomer cement is used for various dental applications including final cementation, cavity bases, esthetic fillings, and orthodontic bracket cementation. It consists of a powder made of calcium-fluoro-alumino-silicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. The acid-base setting reaction involves the glass dissolving in acid to release ions that crosslink the polyacrylic acid chains. Modifications include resin-modified glass-ionomer cement which incorporates resin monomers to form a protective matrix during the acid-base setting reaction.
Fluoride is a mineral that strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent cavities. It occurs naturally in water and soil in some areas. Topical fluoride from toothpaste, mouthrinses and dental treatments helps remineralize enamel, while fluoride in drinking water helps develop strong enamel from an early age. Excessive fluoride intake can cause dental fluorosis, which results in tooth discoloration, but water fluoridation at recommended levels is safe and effective for preventing cavities in both children and adults.
HISTORY & MECHANISM OF ACTION SYSTEMIC FLUORIDES.pptxRUCHIKA BAGARIA
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SYSTEMIC FLUORIDES.
HISTORY, MECHANISM OF ACTION, METABOLISM, DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND RECENT ADVANCES.
LETS STUDY SYSTEMIC FLUORIDE TOGETHER.
LETS LEARN AND SHARE OUR KNOWLEDGE.
This document provides an overview of fluorides and oral health in developed and developing countries. It discusses the historical evolution of fluoride and how it relates to reducing dental caries. Different methods of fluoride delivery are examined, including water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, and fluoridated toothpaste. The global scenarios of water fluoridation and excess fluoride in drinking water are also reviewed. The document evaluates the role of fluoride in dental caries prevention, remineralization, periodontal health, and orthodontic anomalies. Both community-based and professionally applied topical fluoride are discussed in relation to developed and developing countries.
EPIDERMOLOGY AND PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIESVajid Kurikkal
Dental caries is caused by an interaction between microorganisms, host factors, and the diet. Key microorganisms involved are Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, which produce acid as a byproduct of metabolizing sugars in the diet, leading to demineralization of enamel and dentin. Host factors like saliva and tooth morphology can increase or decrease risk of caries by impacting pH, cleansing, and ability to remove food debris. Increased consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, especially without proper oral hygiene, greatly increases the risk of dental caries. Prevention strategies aim to modify these risk factors, such as reducing sugar intake, increasing fluoride exposure, and improving plaque removal.
This document discusses fluorides and their role in preventing dental caries. It begins with a brief history of fluoride research from the early 20th century and describes how fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and inhibits the cariogenic bacteria. It then discusses various methods of fluoride administration including water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, milk fluoridation and topical fluoride applications. Water fluoridation at 0.7-1.2 ppm is described as the most effective method for community-wide caries prevention, while topical fluorides provide localized protection when applied directly to the teeth. The document outlines the metabolism, mechanisms of action, and non-dental benefits of systemic fluoride intake.
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Dental caries is a multifactorial disease caused by an interaction between cariogenic microbes, susceptible tooth surfaces, and fermentable carbohydrates. The document summarizes the epidemiology of dental caries globally and in Nepal. It describes that dental caries prevalence has decreased in western countries but increased in developing nations. In Nepal, 58% of children ages 5-6 have caries and 64% of adults have tooth decay. Environmental factors like climate, fluoride levels, and socioeconomic status also impact caries rates between different geographic locations.
Topical Fluorides- Professionally applied & Self appliedDrSusmita Shah
An overview of Topical Fluorides. Includes mechanism of action of topical application of fluorides- professionally and self applied. Recommendations of use of Fluorides in pediatric dentistry.
This document discusses various ways to prevent dental caries through the use of fluoride. It begins by explaining the role of fluoride in increasing the remineralization of teeth and making enamel more resistant to decay. It then discusses water fluoridation as an effective public health measure for delivering fluoride and preventing cavities at the community level. Finally, it mentions some additional sources of fluoride beyond water, such as toothpaste, mouth rinses, and foods. The overall message is that maintaining adequate fluoride intake through various means can help strengthen tooth enamel and reduce the risk of cavities developing.
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This document discusses the history and types of systemic fluoride for preventing dental caries. It outlines that systemic fluoride provides low concentrations of fluoride over long periods that are incorporated into developing teeth and contact teeth after eruption through saliva. The history discusses findings from the 1800s onwards that linked fluoride to dental caries prevention. It also summarizes several landmark studies from the 1930s-1960s that demonstrated the caries preventive effects of water fluoridation. The document then outlines the types of systemic fluoride including water, salt, milk and tablet fluorides and discusses their fluoride compounds and concentrations. It also describes the cariostatic mechanisms of systemic fluoride such as rendering enamel more resistant to acid and inhibiting bacterial enzymes.
This document discusses various techniques and materials for minimal intervention dentistry and remineralization. It describes the Atraumatic Restorative Technique (ART) which removes decay using hand instruments and restores cavities with adhesive materials. Glass ionomer cements are effective restorative materials for ART due to their fluoride release and adhesion properties. Remineralization involves rebuilding demineralized tooth structure using agents like fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) which provide calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions to remineralize enamel. Newer remineralizing systems and delivery methods like dentifrices, sealants, and restorative materials are also discussed.
Fluoride is a mineral that is naturally present in varying amounts in water sources. Studies from the early 20th century found correlations between fluoride levels in water and rates of dental caries as well as dental fluorosis. This led to further research demonstrating that optimal levels of fluoride in community water supplies could reduce rates of dental caries. Several large-scale studies in the 1940s-1960s provided strong evidence that water fluoridation at levels around 1 part per million can reduce dental caries by around 25% on average. Fluoride works both systemically during tooth development before eruption and topically on tooth surfaces after eruption to strengthen enamel and make it more resistant to decay.
FLUORIDATION BASIS AND ITS EFFECT ON ENAMELAdamBilski2
This document summarizes the history and mechanism of fluoridation and its effect on dental enamel. It discusses how fluoride substitutes for hydroxyl ions in enamel's hydroxyapatite crystals to form stronger fluorapatite. This makes enamel more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria during early caries. Sources of fluoride include water, toothpaste, and foods. While fluoride strengthens enamel and prevents decay, in large doses it can be toxic, especially for young children who accidentally swallow toothpaste. Treatment for overdose depends on dosage, with calcium supplements and emptying the stomach for higher doses.
Dental caries is caused by an interaction between fermentable carbohydrates, bacteria in dental plaque, and susceptible tooth surfaces over time. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species in plaque produce acid as they metabolize carbohydrates, lowering the pH and demineralizing enamel. Factors like restoration of teeth, diet, saliva, age, and fluoride exposure influence caries risk. Caries was historically attributed to worms or humors but is now understood as a chemicoparasitic process initiated by acid from plaque bacteria.
Topical fluoride is very important to decrease or arrest dental caries. Fluroides are topical and systemic. Fluorides prevents caries in children. There are various forms fluorides available in market . Fluridated toothpastes, mouthrinses, tablets.
The document discusses several theories on how fluoride reduces dental caries. The pre-eruptive theory states that fluoride taken during tooth formation can change tooth composition and morphology by replacing hydroxyl groups in tooth enamel with fluoride. The post-eruptive theory explains that fluoride in saliva and plaque reacts with tooth enamel to enhance remineralization and form calcium fluoride or fluorapatite crystals. Topically applied fluoride at high concentrations can also interfere with bacterial growth and metabolism. Fluoride reduces caries by increasing enamel resistance, promoting remineralization of early lesions, and interfering with cariogenic plaque bacteria.
The document discusses fluorides used in operative dentistry. It provides a history of fluoride research and use, starting from discoveries of fluorosis in the early 1900s to modern community water fluoridation programs. It also details various fluoride delivery systems including topical and systemic methods. Topical methods such as sodium fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, stannous fluoride, and fluoride varnishes are described along with their mechanisms and application techniques. The document discusses the anticaries effects and recommendations for use of these fluorides.
Implementation of water fluoridation in malaysia (malay)Hidir Apollo
This document discusses the implementation of water fluoridation programs. It begins by noting that dental caries is a widespread chronic disease, especially in children in industrialized nations. Water fluoridation began in the United States in 1945 and has since reached hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The document then discusses the benefits of fluoride for dental health, sources of fluoride, and methods of fluoride delivery including water fluoridation. It provides information on Malaysia's water fluoridation program and its achievements after 35 years, though caries rates remain high in some groups. Differences in dental health are shown between fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
CHEMISTRY & OCCURRENCECHEMISTRY & OCCURRENCE
SOURCESSOURCES
FLUORIDE METABOLISMFLUORIDE METABOLISM
HISTORYHISTORY
MECH OF ACTION IN DENTISTRYMECH OF ACTION IN DENTISTRY
EFFECT OF CARIES PROCESSEFFECT OF CARIES PROCESS
CLINICAL USE OF FLUORIDESCLINICAL USE OF FLUORIDES
SYSTEMIC FLUORIDESSYSTEMIC FLUORIDES
TOPICAL FLUORIDESTOPICAL FLUORIDES
FLUORIDE TOXICITYFLUORIDE TOXICITY
REFERENCESREFERENCES
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
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5. Latin word FLUORE- to flow
Halogen family, Most electro negative
Atomic No 9
Atomic Mass 19
17th
in order of abundance
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6. 1) Fluorides in ATMOSPHERE
2) Volcanic eruptions…
Soil and water particles…..
Rain, deposition of dust, Snow, and Fog…..
Industrial wastes…. (Coal burning,
Power generation plants, Aluminium factory,
Phosphate fertilizers, Phosphoric acid
and Manf of glass, ceramic and bricks
2) Fluorides in LITHOSPHERE:
Siliceous igneous rocks
Alkalic rocks in geothermal waters and
hot springs
Volcanic gases and Fumarole
Widely distributed in earth crust
Averages about 399ppm
Constitutes about 0.837% of its weight
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7. 3) Fluorides in BIOSHPERE:
Plants – 2-20mg/g of dry wt
Leafy vegetables 11-26mg/g of dry wt
Plants grown with acidic soil…..
Some plants accumulate higher conc. of fluoride
–tea plants
Animals……..10-20ppm
Ex sardines, salmon, mackerel –20ppm
4) Fluoride in HYDROSPHERE:
All waters contains fluoride due to universal
presence in earth’s crust
Rain waters, lakes and wells
Sea water: 0.5-1.4mg/L
River water: 0.5mg/L
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14. 1901 Dr Fredrick McKay
COLORADO STAINS
MOTTLED ENAMEL
Characterized by ” Minute white flecks or Yellow or brown
spots or areas scattered irregularly or streaked over the
surface of a tooth or it may be a condition where the
entire tooth surface is of a dead paper white like color of a
china dish
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15. Met Dr Greene Vardiman Black
Dean of northwestern University Dental School, CHICAGO
2 Purpose:
1) He need help from recognized dental research workers
2) Needed to define the exact geographical areas
Dr G V Blacks histological findings regarding this was published in
the paper “ an endemic imperfection of the enamel of the teeth
heretofore unknown in the literature of dentistry”
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16. In 1912 article of Dr James Eager (1902)
In residents of NAPLES, called this as “Denti di chiaie”
In 1916 McKay with Dr G V black conducted studies in 26
different Communities in various parts of USA (6873)
Concluded that there was something unidentified factor
that was responsible for Mottling of enamel
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17. They ESTABLISHED their assumption when they came
across similar enamel mottling in residents of BRITTON
Water source changed from shallow to deep wells after 1898,
Prior to 1898 – no mottling seen
And born after 1898 had mottling of enamel
They assumed that there is something in the water that
was responsible for this
Similar results in studies of BAUXITE, In 1909 they changed
their water supply From shallow to deep wells
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18. In 1931 Churchill H V , Chemist , Aluminium Corporation Of America,
New Kensington, Pennsylvania
Dr Trendley H Dean in 1931
Bauxite water had fluoride of Conc =13.7ppm
In 1942 mile stone discovery that 1ppm of fluoride reduced 60%
of dental caries was observed
In 1934 Trendley H Dean introduced mottling index, know as
Dean Fluorosis index
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19. In 1945 World’s first artificial fluoridation started
IONEER FLUORIDATION STUDIES:
ate Fluoridation city control city
945 January GRANDRAPIDS, MUSKEGAN
945 May NEWBURGH KINGSTON
946 EVANSTON OAKPARK
946 BRANTFORD SARNIA
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24. 1) Increased enamel resistance
or Reduction in enamel solubility
2) Increased rate of post eruptive maturation
3) Remineralisation of incipient carious lesion
4) Fluoride as inhibitor of demineralization
5) Interference with microorganisms
6) Modification of tooth morphology
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25. EFFECT ON CARIES PROCESS
CHANGES IN ENAMEL DURING
EARLY
STAGES OF LESION FORMATION
•pH decrease b/w 4-7
•At critical pH 5.5 dissolution of
hydroxyappatite
•Precipitation of fluorhydroxyappatite
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26. Fluoride Enamel Interactions
Inhibition of demineralization
Enhancement of remineralization
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27. N YOUR EYES …..
KNOW I WILL FIND THE LIGHT
TO LIGHT MY WAY………….
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32. NITION:
the upward adjustment of the Conc. of fluoride ion in a public
er supply in such a way that the Conc. of the fluoride ion in the
er may be consistently maintained at one part per million (ppm)
weight to prevent dental caries with minimum possibility of
sing dental fluorosis”
JAN 1945 GRAND RAPIDS, USA
From various studies noted that 1ppm of fluoride
was considered optimal
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33. sults of one the studies by RICHARD et al shows that:
Temperature in O
C
< 18.3
18.9 - 26.6
>26.7
Recommended ppm
1.1 -1.3
0.8 – 1.0
0.5 – 0.7
OPTIMAL FLUORIDE CONC.= 0.7 – 1.2 ppm
NOW 0.5 – 1.0 ppm
CARIES REDUCTION IS 60 -65 %
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34. LIMITATION OF COMMUNITY WATER FLUORIDATION
Crucial requirement is well established , centralized
piped water distribution system
In developing countries and rural areas …ITS LACKING
Others includes….Funds, Strong Political WILL, ………..
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38. SALT FLUORIDATION
SWITZERLAND since 1959
By 1967, three quarter of domestic salt sold in switz.. Was
fluoridated at 90mg/kg salt(90ppm)
Later it was raised to 200, 250, &350 mg/kg salt
ADV:
-Safe
-No supervised water works nor water
distribution systems are necessary
-low cost
DISADV: No control over individual consumption
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40. DEFLUORIDATION:
As the downward adjustment of the of fluoride ion Conc. in a public
ater supply in such a way that the Conc. of the fluoride ion in the
ater may be consistently maintained at one part per million (ppm)
y weight to prevent dental caries with minimum possibility of
ausing dental fluorosis”
Or
“Is the process of removing excess fluoride naturally
present in the water supply in order to prevent
dental fluorosis or more sever disability”
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45. INDICATIONS:
High caries risk patients
Past caries experience and incidence,
No of smooth surface lesions,
Dietary, microbiological, saliva, tooth factors
Age factors, patients knowledge regarding
Eating habits, oral hygiene, use of fluorides
This forms the basis for caries prevention regimen
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46. ETHODS OF ENHANCING FLUORIDE FIXATION IN ENAME
Increase in frequency of application &
time exposure
Pretreatment of enamel surfaces
By Acidified, Saturated Solution of-
- Di-Calcium Phosphate di-hydrate
Use of complexing agents
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49. ADVANTAGES:
1) Relatively stable, Needs Plastic Containers
2) Well acceptable taste, Non Irritating and no
-discoloration
3) Suited for public health programme
DISADVANTAGES…….
MECH OF ACTION……………CaF2
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51. ADVANTAGES:
1-2 applications ….
DISADVANTAGES:
Bitter metallic taste, disagreeable taste
Needs to be freshly prepared for each appointment
Not stable in solution
May cause reversible tissue irritation and staining
at the margins of restoration
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52. (ACIDULATED PHOSPHATE FLUORIDE)
1.23%
TION……… 20gms..1litre of (0.1M phosphoric acid)
……….added 50% hydrofluoric acid
pH adjusted to 3 & F Conc. At 1.23%
METHOD OF APPLICATION….
MECH OF ACTION……………Di Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate
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53. ADVANTAGES:
Cheap and easily prepared
Requires only 2 applications
Gel can be self applied and
cost of application is reduced
DISADVANTAGES:
Solution is acidic so sour and bitter taste
Needs use of suction , >’s chair side timings
Cannot be stored in glass containers
Damages composite resto and porcelain resto
Irritation to soft tissues
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54. GEL:
Relatively costly
Readily available( in India
imported)
Self application is possible
SOLUTION:
Relatively Cheap
Prepared easily
Applied by the dentist or
Auxiliary staff
COMPARISON BETWEEN APF GEL AND SOLUTION
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55. 1957 Muhlemann and co-workers
Found that organic fluoride was superior to
inorganic fluoride
Other functions includes
Antibacterial properties
Reduced plaque formation
Antiglycolytic activity
Used in dentifrices, mouthwashes, topical gels…
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56. CHARACTER NaF SnF2
APF
Percent fluoride 2% 8% 1.23%
ppm fluoride 9200 19500 12300
Frequency of application 4@
3,7,11,1
3
1-2/
year
1-2/
Year
Taste Bland disagreeab
le
Acidic
Stability Stable Unstable Stable
Tooth pigmentation No Yes No/ma
ybe
Gingival irritation No Occasional No
Average effectiveness 29% 30% 28%
COMPARISON OF TOPICAL FLUORIDE AGENTS
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57. Duraphat: 22600 ppm NaF
Caries reduction 30-40 % in permanent dentition
7-44% in primary dentition
Methods……
No isolation as varnish sticks to cotton
0.3-0.5 ml equivalent to 6.9-11.5mgF, enough to cover
full dentition
……4 mins
Precautions…..
Duraphat is NaF in varnish form containing 22.6mgF/ml
suspended in an alcoholic solution of natural organic varnishes
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58. Fluoroprotector: Clear polyurethane based products
Contains silane fluoride 7000ppm
40% caries reduction
Others include CAREX
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59. LIMITATION OF PROFESSIONAL APPLIED TOPICAL FLUORIDES:
•Personnel cost associated with one to
one method of Fluoride delivery
•% Of caries reduction is not very high
•Cannot be implemented in community based
programmes in case of shortage of dental personnel
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62. It’s a mixture of abrasive or polishing agents, detergent,
Binders, flavoring agent, and substances necessary to
facilitate their preparation
Therapeutic paste/dentifrices contains addition one or more
Compounds intended for reduction of oral dental diseases.
Exact formulation depends on Manf but basic components
remains same
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63. SODIUM FLUORIDE:
Caries reduction was insignificant because of incompatibity
of components of abrasive system
Na-bicarbonate, Na meta phosphate, Na phosphate are used
1973 FDA approved
NaF + Calcium pyrophosphate – 650ppmF
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64. STANNOUS FLUORIDE:
Mulher associates at Indiana university ----CREST
1955 ---1ST
To recognized by FDA
Undergoes quick dissociation by hydrolysis and oxidation
so needs to be stabilized , 1% stannous pyrophosphate is used
Not compatible with CaHPo4 so replaced with Ca – pyrophosphate
or insoluble Meta phosphate
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65. DISADVANTAGES:
•Staining of teeth, particularly in mouth with poor oral hygiene
•Pigmentation of hypo plastic areas and margins of restoration
•Metallic taste, due to low pH & high conc. of Sn2F
•Astringent taste and difficult to mask with flavoring agents
•Poorly accepted by children
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66. MONO FLUOROPHOSPHATE:
1981, most widely used, with good results
Doesn’t occur in nature so prepared synthetically in
laboratory, OKALAHOMA
CONTAINS:
1 Atom of phosphate
2 atom of 02
1 Atom of fluoride
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67. ADVANTAGES:
No staining of teeth.
Abrasive system includes
* CHALK ( calcium carbonate) &
* DICAL ( Di calcium phosphate)
MECH OF ACTION : not absolutely established , thought that
Monofluorophosphate anion has anticaries property of its own and
exchange phosphate groups in apatite crystals
Other Mech.. is by slow hydrolysis, releases F ions
PO3F2 + H2O▬> H2PO4 + F-
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68. AMINE FLUORIDE:
1st
tested in Zurich, Switzerland
---ELMEX , GABA INT BASEL, Switzerland
Components:
Amine fluoride 297 (OLAFLUR) contains 1000ppmF
Amine fluoride 242(HETAFLUR) contains 250ppmF
Both are stable and have long life
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69. EATURES:
Insoluble meta phosphate
* Is the abrasive & polishing agent used
* Less foaming action
* Developed to improve the affinity of fluoride to enamel by the
Organic Cationic molecule thus making more resistant to
dental caries
* Marketed in Europe and not in north America
* Have shown Higher reductions in dental caries
Other superior properties includes:
Reduced enamel solubility
Increased F uptake by enamel
Antiglycolytic property
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70. DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS:
Concern has been raised for
* Taste characteristics and
* Long range toxic effects
RETENTION OF FLUORIDE DENTIFRICES:
Continuous use at low conc. is beneficial as Fluoride conc.
in oral fluid is elevated to bring its effect
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71. 1ST
by BIBBY et al 1946
Dental students …..acidified NaF, 3 times/week for 1 year
No significant results
Past few decades used more in caries preventive-
Public health methods
1975 council on dental therapeutics of ADA accepted Neutral NaF &
APF mouth rinses as effective caries preventive agents
Later stannous fluoride mouth rinses were accepted
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72. COMPOUNDS USED FOR MOUTH RINSING:
1) NaF mouth rinses:
Formulated either at Conc.
0.2% NaF (900ppmF) for weekly use
0.05% NaF (225ppmF) for daily use
Caries reduction is 25-30%
Intended to be used by forcefully swish 10ml of liquid around
the mouth for 60 secs before expectorating
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73. 2) Acidified NaF mouth rinses:
BIBBY and co workers
Employed 0.01% NaF soln. acidified to pH 4
3) Stannous fluoride mouthwashes:
Anticaries effect similar to NaF
Other mouth rinses used are
* Amine fluoride mouth rinses
* Ammonium fluoride mouth rinses
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74. Earlier hypothesis was
Fluoride changes enamel structure( i.e. fluoroapatite crystal)
Bacterial growth inhibition and also acid formation
Believed that caries is prevented or arrested by an efficient
delivery of ionic fluoride to the site in adequate Conc. and duration
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75. * Rinse and expectorate technique used in patients with fluoride
deficient communities and in high caries susceptibility
individuals
* If the Conc. Of drinking water is < 0.3ppmF ,
then 0.05% NaF used with swish and swallow technique
* >ed caries risk patients , Orthodontic treated patients,
Radiotherapy patients
* School based fluoride programmes , based on caries activity
of participants
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76. NCLUDES:
Neutral NaF
APF with fluoride Conc. 5000ppmF
Stannous fluoride (1000ppmF)
Are conventionally called gels but actually are glycerin based solutions
ADVANTAGES:
Self applied
Can be used many times as compared to office delivery
NOTE: NOT RECOMMENDED FOR CHILDRENS 6 YEAR
AND YOUNGER
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77. DISADVANTAGES:
Cannot guarantee whether they use it correctly or not
Danger of toxicity as large quantity is given
Are tedious to use on a daily basis over a long period of time
For a case of rampant case:
ADA recommends
Quarterly visits to dentist for topical fluoride treatment
and a minimum of 4 week course of self applied
gel use was suggested
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80. Its uncertain to say rightly…………(based on various
observation)
5-10g of sodium fluoride would certainly be fatal for a
person with a body weight of 70kg.
The dose range for adults would be32-64mgF/kg.
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81. Chronic fluoride toxicity results from the long term ingestion of
small amounts of fluoride.
Is an endemic disease in geographic areas where the contents of
fluoride ion in the drinking water exceeds 2ppm.
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82. Enamel fluorosis is a developmental phenomenon due to
excessive fluoride ingestion during Amelogenesis.
Occurs symmetrically within the dental arches.
The first systematic classification ........DEANS 1942.
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83. TREATMENT
VOMITING SHOULD BE INDUCED
Emetic
1% calcium chloride or calcium gluconate
Milk
Hospital emergence department
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84. Recommendation for use of fluoride dentifrices in very young
Children is as follows:
Below 4 year Fluoride tooth paste is not recommended
4-6 year Brushing once daily with fluoride paste and
twice without paste
6-10 year Brushing twice daily with fluoride paste and
once without paste
Above 10 year Brushing thrice daily with fluoride paste
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85. Supplement of fluoride TAB according to F Conc. Of drinking water:
Age (year) Less than 0.3 03.-0.7 Greater than
0.7
Birth to 2 0.25 0 0
2 to 3 0.5 0.25 0
3 to 14 *
2.2 mg NaF contain
1 mg F
1.0 0.5 0
•The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends providing
•tablets through at least age 16
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87. References
Evaluation of a new intraoral controlled fluoride release device.
Caries Res. 2005 May-Jun;39(3):191-4
Buyukyilmaz T, Ogaard B, Caries-preventive effects of fluoride-
releasing materials. Adv Dent Res 9:377-83, 1995
Carvalho AS, Cury JA, Fluoride release from some dental materials
in different solutions. Oper Dent 24:14-9, 1999
Ten Cate JM, Current concepts on the theories of the mechanism of
action of fluoride. Acta Odontol Scanc 57:325-9, 1999
Fluroides in dentistry 2nd
edn, Ole Fejerskov
Fluorides in caries prevention 3rd
edn, J.J.Murray,A.J.Rugg
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