First-aid & Emergencies.pptx

First Aid and
Emergencies
By- Sunil Sharma
Asst. Professor
Nims Nursing College
B

INTRODUCTION
First aid is the first and quick
help given to any individual
experiencing either a minor
or actual disease or injury,
given to protect life, prevent
the condition from
deteriorating.

DEFINITIONS
OF FIRST AID
MANAGEMENT
• First aid is the initial, quick and temporary care given to the victim of
accident/injured/sick person until the medical professional arrives.
• First aid is the first assistance or support given to a casualty or a sick person for
injury or any sudden illness before the arrival of an ambulance, a qualified
paramedical or medical person or before arriving at a facility that can provide
professional medical care. —
(NDMA & IRCS Manual, St Johns Ambulance Manual)
• According to American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) First Aid
Manual, first aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to a person who is
injured or suddenly becomes ill.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
•Safe response in crisis/situation for well-being of the
victim, bystander and helper/assistance.
•Minimize further injury to the victim by fixing/ stabilizing
the situation.
•Use suitable technique and first aid procedure.
•Move the victim carefully, to reduce pain, to stabilize the
condition.
•Reassure and instruct the victim.
•Communicate with a bystander and emergency first aider.

AIMS OF FIRSTAID MANAGEMENT
The aims of first aid management include 5Ps.
• Life Preservation
• Protection of victim
• Pain relief
• Prevent or control on worsening of the condition of
the patient
• Provide psychological support and reassure

SCOPE OF FIRST AID
Scope
of
first
aid
Diagnosis
Treatment
Disposal

SCOPE OF FIRST AID
DIAGNOSIS
 First aider should know how the accident or sudden injury/damage
has happened.
 First aider can gather this information from the victim if the victim is
able to speak or from the witnesses or bystanders. This is known as
the history of the incident.
 Watch the victim for symptoms like fainting, thirst, pain or shivering,
bleeding and cyanosis.
 Look for the signs, which are different from normal conditions. Signs
are the most accurate information or indicators, therefore diagnosis
should be based on signs.

SCOPE OF FIRST AID
TREATMENT
In treatment, the first aider should eliminate the cause
of the condition as soon as possible, to prevent
worsening of the condition.
Special care should be given to the victim, with severe
bleeding, shock, unconsciousness and failure of
breathing.

SCOPE OF FIRST AID
DISPOSAL
In disposal, the victim must be examined by the
doctor on the spot. If this is not possible, the victim
should be transported to the hospital/home
depending on the condition of the patient.
The family members of the victims should be
informed immediately, and make arrangements for
transportation of the victim.

ADDRESSING THE EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS
• Assess the consciousness level, respiratory patterns. Check airway,
breathing and circulation. Provide comfortable position to patient
Initial assessment shall focus on life-threatening illness.
Quick
assessment
• Once evaluation is done, call for help. Inform help needed
like what happened, number of injured persons, kind of
injuries are there and provide details of location.
Call for help
• Do not give anything to eat or drink if the victim is drowsy,
unconscious, nauseated, severely injured. Provide
psychological support and reassure the victim.
Provide first aid
• If serious accident/damage has occurred.
Inform the
police

FIRST AIDER
• A first aider is a person who can
provide emergency care to the victim
at the time of accidents or any kind of
mishap.
• A first aider should know what is best
and what is needed.

QUALITIES OF A FIRST AIDER
Qualities
of
first
aider
Good observer
Tactful
Resourceful
Discriminate
Cool and calm
Qualities
of
first
aider
Good thinker
Good decision
maker
Confident
Good judgement
Good leader

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF VARIOUS
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
Any disruption/breakage in the skin or the body
surface due to physical means is known as a wound.
WOUNDS

TYPES OF WOUNDS
 Penetrating wounds: Wounds that break the full thickness of the skin.
 Non-penetrating wounds: Wounds that do not break.
 Miscellaneous wounds: The types of miscellaneous wounds are:
a) Thermal wound: Injuries from extreme heat and cold is known as thermal wound. For
example, burn, sunburn and frostbite.
b) Chemical wounds: When injuries are caused by coming in contact with chemicals like
strong acid or base or due to inhalation of chemical material.
c) Bites and stings: It is caused due to bites of humans, rodents, cats, dogs, snakes, scorpions
and ticks.
d) Electrical wounds: Injuries results from the passage of high voltage electric current.

MANAGEMENT OF MINOR WOUNDS
• Clean the wound under running water with soap.
• Apply constant, firm and direct pressure on the
wound till the bleeding stops.
• If bleeding stops, immediately apply antibiotic
ointment after cleaning.
• Cover wound with a bandage.

MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR
WOUNDS
• Firstly call for medical help.
• Apply constant firm and direct pressure on the wound with a
clean cloth and bandage till bleeding stops.
• If the bandage soaks with bleeding, do not separate that
bandage from the wound.
• Apply more pressure and bandages on the wound. A
pressure bandage may be applied. In this case, monitor
peripheral pulse for blood circulation assessment.
• Take medical help to clean and close the wound.

BLEEDING AND HEMORRHAGE
Hemorrhage or bleeding is defined as an
abnormal flow of blood from an artery,
vein and capillary due to injury or rupture.
It can be internal or external.

FIRST AID NURSING MANAGEMENT
FOR INTERNAL HEMORRHAGE
• Lay the victim in a comfortable position and immobilize the victim.
• Reassure the casualty/victim.
• Provide a blanket to keep the body warm, according to weather.
• Do not allow the victim to take anything by mouth.
• Check ABC, if the victim is unconscious.
• Keep the victim in a side-lying position to prevent aspiration if he/she is
unconscious.
• Raise his/her leg 8–12 inches by a pillow to treat shock.
• Immediately take him/her to the hospital for the medical facility.

FIRST AID NURSING MANAGEMENT FOR
EXTERNAL HEMORRHAGE
• Check the body surface to find the location of bleeding.
• If any foreign body is visible, remove that to prevent further injuries.
• Clean the wound with a clean cloth and provide a comfortable position to the victim.
• Put a clean/sterile gauge on the wound and press firmly for 10 minutes to stop bleeding.
• If bleeding continues after 10 minutes, then raise that body part above the level of the heart
to decrease blood flow to the injured part.
• Keep victim warm and recheck circulation every 20–30 minutes.
• Raise legs of the victim 8-12 inches, to treat shock.
• Immediately transport him/her to a nearby hospital for a medical facility.

SHOCK
• Condition in which the blood circulation
towards vitals organs is depleted and vitals
fall below normal is called shock.
• It is a life-threatening condition because it
decreases the function of vital organs, if it is
not treated immediately it will lead to death.

CAUSES OF SHOCK
• Various cardiac problems like cardiac failure or heart attack
• Any kind of allergic reactions
• Severe hemorrhage due to injuries and accidents (may be
internal and external)
• Loss of fluid from the body due to severe diarrhea and vomiting
• Electrical shock
• Severe burn and dehydration
• Bacterial infection
• Extreme heat and cold exposure
• Any gas poisoning, bites and stings

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK
• Cold and clammy skin
• Pale and cyanosis
• Pulse is weak and rapid
• Low BP (blood pressure)
• Fainting/dizziness and level of consciousness reduced
• Diminished vision
• Increased breathing pattern
• Dilated pupils
• Nausea/vomiting

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR SHOCK
• Firstly reassure the victim.
• Provide a comfortable position to the victim.
• Elevate foot-end side to improve blood supply to the heart and reduce blood flow to extremities.
• In case of head injury, reduce the pressure by raising the head slightly.
• If a breathing problem is observed, then raise head and shoulder by providing a comfortable
position to the victim.
• Loosen the tight clothing around the neck, chest and waist. It helps in circulation and assists in
breathing.

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR SHOCK
•Provide a blanket to the victim, to keep the body warm.
•Stop bleeding by pressure and immobilize fracture part to
treat the cause of shock.
•Check pulse, respiration and level of consciousness.
•If pulse and breathing stop, immediately establish an airway.
•Start resuscitation as possible.
•Keep the victim in the recovery position.
•Transport to the nearest hospital without any delay.

SPECIFIC NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
FOR SHOCK MANAGEMENT

MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES –
FRACTURES, DISLOCATION, MUSCLE
INJURIES
Musculoskeletal injuries are the injuries to
bone, muscle, ligament and tendon due to
accident, fall, any force, imbalanced posture,
strenuous exercises which affect the
movement of the body.

FRACTURE
Fracture is defined as breakage in the continuity of bone due to
any external force.
CAUSES
• Direct force: Bone is broken by direct blow of force, e.g., fall, bullet pass through bone
or a wheel passed over the body.
• Indirect force: Bone breaks away from that point on which force is blown/applied, e.g.,
fracture of the collar bone.
• Muscular force: It occurs due to severe contraction of muscles, e.g., fracture of ribs due
to severe/violent cough. This type of fracture is very rare and uncommon, mostly
occurring with diseases, e.g., weak bone structure.

SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
OF
FRACTURE
•Pain at the site of injury
•Swelling
•Difficulty in moving
•Crepitus sound at the site of fracture
•Tenderness
•Limb may be shortened, twisted and
bent
•Loss of function
•Bleeding from the wound
•Shock in severe cases

AIMS OF
FIRST AID
FOR
FRACTURE
•To prevent the victim from
further harm/injury
•To decrease pain
•To treat shock
•To get medical facility as soon
as possible

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURED PATIENT

DISLOCATION
• Dislocation is defined as the destruction of tissues around the joints and
displacement of bones.
• Most common joints that can dislocate are shoulder, knees, jaw,
thumbs, and finger joints.
CAUSES
• Sudden twist
• Fall
• Car accident
• Contact sports injuries
• Muscle weakness

SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS OF
DISLOCATION
•Severe pain
•Unable to move joint
•Swelling
•Bruising
•Bending and shortening of joint (deformity)

FIRST AID FOR DISLOCATION
• Ensure the victim stays calm.
• Help the victim to hold up the dislocated joint in a comfortable
position.
• By using bandages, immobilize dislocated joint.
• In case of arm displacement, use sling to support arm.
• In case of leg injuries, broad fold bandages or padding must be
used.
• Use an ice pack to reduce pain and swelling around joints.
• Transport injured person to a nearby hospital at the earliest.

MUSCLE INJURIES
Muscle injuries occur due to over-stretching of muscles because of
sudden exertion and twisting of any body part. A commonly known
muscle injury is strain.
CAUSES
• Too much physical exertion
• Improper warming up
before physical activity
• Less flexibility in the body
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Severe pain
• Swelling
• Difficulty to move injured
part
• Discoloration
• Bruising of skin

FIRST AID FOR MUSCLE INJURIES
• Provide a comfortable position and reassure the
victim.
• If possible, put a firm bandage before swelling occurs.
• After the application of the bandage, wet it with cold
water and keep it wet.
• If an ice pack is available, then apply it over the
injured part to reduce swelling.
• Take the patient to the doctor.

TRANSPORTATION OF AN INJURED
PATIENT
• Vital step of action.
• Healthcare provider who is first aider should check the casualty before
transportation for:
 Victim’s respiration to be normal.
 Normal pulse rate.
 Bleeding should be arrested.
 Injured part should be well-supported or immobilized.
 Transportation must be done in that way so that no further injury occurs.
 Always keep the victim warm.

GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF
HANDLING
INJURED
CASUALTY
BEFORE
TRANSPORTATION

METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION
Methods of transportation
Manual
lifting
By one
first aider
By two
first aiders
Carry
chair
Stretchers
Rescue by
Air –
helicopter
Land – ambulance,
motorbikes
Water –
boat

z MANUAL LIFTING
 Safe method for first aider as well as the victim.
 General rules to be kept in mind while using manual lift are following:
 Always use the strongest muscles of body parts, i.e., shoulder, thigh and hip muscles.
 Keep feet wide apart to keep the body well-balanced and stable. A wide base helps to have
better stability.
 Keep back straight, to prevent strain on the back.
 Hold with your entire hand.
 Hold the victim as close as feasible.
 Bring down the victim if imbalance is felt.
 Change position of the first aider if there are two first aiders and begin lifting again.

MANUALLIFT BY ONE FIRSTAIDER
Human crutch
Drag method
Cradle method
Pick a back
Fireman’s lift and carry method

HUMAN CRUTCH
• Reassure the victim. For this method, the victim must be conscious and capable of giving
assistance.
• Stand on the weaker side of the victim and wrap the weaker arm around the neck (of the
first aider).
• Hold the wrist (of the arm around the neck of the first aider) and support the victim taking
a firm grip of the clothes at the waist on the far side of the body. The injured side of the
casualty should be closest to the rescuer.
• Walk with the victim and take small steps.
• Provide a stick for walking to the victim, if he/she needs extra help.

DRAG METHOD
• This type of method is used when the injured victim requires to move immediately from
the source of danger, and when the victim is not able to move.
• Steps of using drag method:
Reassure the victim.
Keep the victim’s arms across his/her chest.
Crouch at the head end of the victim.
Hold the armpit and support the victim’s head on the first aider's
forearms.
Drag the victim along with ground without lifting.

CRADLE METHOD
•This method is used for an injured child because
children are lighter and can be easily lifted.
•Steps for using cradle method:
Place one arm under the victim’s knees or thighs.
Place another hand around the trunk or above the
waist.
Lift the victim and transfer him.

PICK A BACK
• Victim is carried out in a normal fashion.
• Used when the victim is small, light, oriented and able to hold the arm.
• Steps to be followed include:
• First aider stands in front of the victim. First aider lowers down oneself and
brings the arms of the victim on shoulders and lifts the victim.
• Victim’s hips and body literally drapes across the rescuer’s back.
• After that, raise the victim’s trunk by passing your hand under the victim’s
armpits.
• Hold his wrist on the injured chest.
• Lift the injured person and walk in step.

FIREMAN’S LIFT
• Used when the injured person is light weight.
• Steps to be followed are:
• Reassure victim.
• Assist victim to raise in an upright position. The victim and first aider should be face to face.
• Hold the victim’s right wrist with left hand.
• Bend downward with the First aider’s head below the victim’s extended right arm.
• With the dominant hand, support the body of the victim.
• Allow the victim’s body to lean on the right shoulder of the first aider. Adjust the victim’s body
appropriately.
• While lifting up the victim, the first aider should stand straight. Wrap around the arm of the victim
across the first aider’s chest.
• Keep your left side hand free.

• Methods:
Two handed seat
Four handed seat
Fore and aft method

TWO HANDED SEAT
• Used for those injured persons who are not able to help first aider.
Both first aiders squat facing each other on either side of the
victim.
Reach under the victim’s shoulders and under their knees.
First aiders grasp each other’s wrists.
From the squat, with good lifting technique, first aiders stand.
Hold each other’s wrists if possible, otherwise you can hold the
victim from clothes.
Lift together by keeping back straight, walk together, in the
direction that the victim is facing.

FOUR HANDED SEAT
• Used when the victim is able to support the first aider by using one
or both arms, in which the victim is conscious.
• Steps to be followed include:
First aiders stand facing each other.
Both first aiders make seat by holding their own left wrist by
their own right hand.
With free hand, first aiders hold each other’s wrists.
Guide victim to put an arm around the neck of first aiders and sit
on the hands of first aiders.
Lift together by keeping back straight, walk together at the same
pace.

FORE AND AFT METHOD
• Used to put an unconscious victim on a stretcher or
a carry chair.
Firstly, put the victim’s arms over his abdomen.
Squat at the backside of the victim and slide arms below
his/her armpits, then hold his/her wrist.
Command another person (first aider) to squat between
the legs of the victim, and hold the victim below his/her
knees.
Lift together by keeping your back straight, walk
together at the same pace.

CARRY CHAIR
• Commonly known as the chair method.
• Used for those people who are not with serious injury and are conscious.
• Used to take the victim upstairs or downstairs and the victim can be seated
on a simple chair, and is carried by two first aiders.
Methods
Chair
method
Wheel chair
method

CHAIR METHOD
• First aider can use an ordinary chair.
• Steps to be followed:
Check that the chair is strong enough to carry the victim.
Help the victim to sit on the chair and secure the victim with
the help of bandages.
Stand, one in front and another one behind the victim.
Support backside of chair and victim.
Second person holds chair from front legs.
To secure the victim, tilt the chair backward slowly.
Raise victim in the chair and move together at the same pace.

All the steps are the same as the chair method but points
to remember in wheel chair method are (those which are
different from the chair method):
• Firstly, find out breaks of wheel chair.
• Secondly, lock the brakes.
• Hold chair from their handles or fixed parts (these are
secured parts of the chair) and never by wheels.
WHEEL CHAIR METHOD

STRETCHERS
Used to take away seriously injured person so, that further risk of injury can
be minimized and used to carry an injured person to ambulance or the shelter.
The principles of using stretcher:
• Check the stretcher to make sure that it is in working condition.
• Assess that the stretcher is solid/strong enough to bear the
weight of an injured person.
• Always explain and reassure the injured person before putting
the victim over the stretcher.
• Secure the victim with straps.

TYPES OF STRETCHERS
Standard
stretcher
Pole and canvas
stretcher
Improvised
stretcher
Trolley cot

• Also known as Furley stretcher.
• This type of stretcher contains one plastic sheet or a
canvas, which is connected with two carrying poles
with one stand on the lower side.
• The transverses are attached to open and close the
stretcher easily.
• When we close the stretcher, plastic sheet/canvas folds
on top and poles lie closely together.

STEPS OF USING STANDARD STRETCHER
• Unwrap canvas and pull the poles to be separated.
• Push outward and face toward transverse open.
• The stretcher should be held upward on its end
and open another transverse by pressing over it.

STEPS OF FOLDING A STANDARD
STRETCHER
• Put the stretcher on the side.
• Now, release the hinged transverse.
• Together join both poles, then wrap canvas
cleanly upon poles.
• At last first aider should secure/protect the
stretcher with the help of a strap.

POLE AND CANVAS STRETCHER
• Most commonly used stretcher, which is used to carry the victim
from one to another stretcher/from stretcher to trolley.
• It contains one plastic/canvas sheet with handle, side sleeves and
pair of poles.
• To make the stretcher stable and hard/rigid, open the rods by
fixing them over the ends of poles to keep them apart.

TROLLEY COT
• It is fully fit stretcher beds on wheels commonly
available in hospitals.
• In trolley cot, adjust the height at just above knees
level, backrest can be used if needed, according to
the condition of the victim.
• It has side rails to protect patient from falling and
straps for protection and brakes for the wheels.

• Put blanket or sheet above stretcher diagonally.
• Hang blanket corners at the sides of the stretcher, both top and bottom.
• Reassure the victim.
• Explain the procedure to the victim.
• Place the victim at the center of the stretcher.
• With the help of a blanket from the corner side, at the bottom, cover the victim’s
feet and tuck it around the ankle.
• Take one side of blanket/sheet above the victim, then tuck it safely under the
victim.
• Repeat the same thing along with the other side of the blanket or sheet.
• With the help of the top corner of the blanket, cover the victim’s head and neck.

STEPS OF USING TWO BLANKETS OR
SHEETS
• Put the first blanket lengthwise along with stretcher, with one edge covering half handles at
the head, after that open the sides of the stretcher.
• Double/fold second blanket (same as first) lengthwise into three parts.
• Put on the blanket on a stretcher along with the upper edge, about one-third of the way
down the stretcher, leaving enough at the bottom end so that to fold it above feet.
• Explain the procedure to the victim.
• Place the victim over the stretcher.
• Cover the feet with the blanket (top fold), then tuck it around the legs and feet.
• Take one side of the blanket over the victim and gently tuck it around.
• Repeat it with another side also.
• Finally take it over the head and tuck it around.

LOADING A STRETCHER
Loading a stretcher means to carry the victim
from the mishap area to the stretcher.
Methods
Blanket
lift
Manual
lift

BLANKET LIFT
In a blanket lift, we require
four persons, two for the foot-
end side and the other two for
the head-end side.

STEPS OF BLANKET
LIFT
• Put the folded blanket lengthwise against the back of the victim.
• Now turn the victim over the blanket by supporting on the other side.
• Blanket should be unfolded according to victim’s body.
• Put the victim in a supine position, then fold the blanket from both sides.
• Command two bearers to hold on the head end side.
• Command other two bearers on the foot-end side of the victim.
• Bearers should keep their back straight to raise/lift the victim together.
• Hold up the victim at the head and waist, another bearer from hip and ankle
by grasping the fold of the blanket.
• Instruct all to hold and lift the victim together.

RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
ASPHYXIA
•Condition in which the body is deprived of oxygen and leads to
unconsciousness or death.
•In asphyxia, lungs do not meet the need for enough supply of air for
breathing.
•If this condition continues, the heart and lungs stop their functions
and lead to death.
•Requires emergency care quickly.

CAUSES OF
ASPHYXIA
• Drowning (fluid in the air
passage)
• Choking (any foreign body
in air passage)
• Inhalation of harmful gases,
e.g., coal tar gas, motor
vehicle gas/fumes, ammonia,
etc
• Narrowing of air passage due
to hanging
• Strangulation
• Any kind of obstruction (most
commonly in an unconscious
patient by falling of tongue)
• Damage to chest or lungs
• Swelling in the windpipe tissue
due to burn or stings
• Electric shock
• Due to poisoning (morphine or
prussic acid)
• Due to diseases, e.g., epilepsy,
rabies, tetanus, etc

ASPHYXIA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Shortness of breathing, sometimes breathing may stop
• Cyanosis (lips, nose, ear, fingers and toes)
• Noisy breathing
• Increased pulse rate
• Appearance of froth in mouth and nose
• Loss of consciousness
• Sometimes fits may also occur (seizures)

ASPHYXIA
FIRST AID TREATMENT
• Eliminate the cause if possible.
• Make sure that the airway is patent.
• Vitals of the victim should be checked and maintained.
• Provide artificial breathing (mouth to mouth respiration)
immediately, must be continued till the
• Normal breathing is maintained.
• Place the victim in the recovery position.
• Arrange for transportation to send the victim to the hospital.

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
Airway obstruction is a condition, when difficulty in breathing is due to
any obstruction in the air passage.
CAUSES
• Windpipe tissue swelling
• Tongue falling back in case of
epilepsy
• Obstruction of air passage
due to food particles or any
foreign body
• Unconsciousness
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Breathing is labored and
noisy
• Cyanosis
• Nasal flaring
• Chest wall drawing between
ribs

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
FIRST AID TREATMENT
• Do not allow crowd to gather around the victim, so that person can get fresh air.
• Then, check vital signs of victim.
• Reassure the victim, if he/she conscious.
• Keep the person under observation.
• Arrange for transportation, to send to the hospital.
• If the victim/patient is unconscious, then airway is opened and assessed for the
patency using following methods:
 Head tilt chin lift
 Jaw thrust

HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT
• Tilt the patient’s head back by pushing down on the
forehead.
• Place the tips of index and middle fingers under the chin.
• Pull up on the mandible (not on the soft tissues). This lifts
the tongue away from the posterior pharynx and improves
airway patency.
• Be sure to pull up only on the bony parts of the mandible.
Pressure to the soft tissues of the neck may obstruct the
airway.

JAW THRUST
• Stand at the head end side.
• Place palms on the patient’s temples and fingers under the mandibular rami
(Jaw line).
• In patients with possible cervical spine injury, avoid extending the neck.
• Lift the mandible upward with your fingers, at least until the lower
incisors(lower jaw) are higher than the upper incisors (upper jaw). This
maneuver lifts the tongue along with the mandible, thus relieving upper
airway obstruction. Be sure to pull or push only on the bony parts of the
mandible.
• Pressure to the soft tissues of the neck may obstruct the airway.
• If any foreign object is visible, remove it, but if embedded in throat do not
try to remove it.

SUFFOCATION
Suffocation is a condition when air is prevented from entering to the
lungs.
CAUSES
• Any kind of physical obstruction, which stop the air to enter
into nose or mouth
• Due to irritant gases
• Motor exhaust fumes, smokes

SUFFOCATION
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Breathing difficulty
• Noisy Respiration
• Prominent neck veins
• Confusion
• Cyanosis
• Loss of conscious
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
• Remove the cause.
• Provide fresh air supply to the
person.
• Stabilize the victim and arrange
for transportation and send to
hospital as soon as possible.

CHOKING
Choking is a condition in which foreign particles obstruct the
back side of the throat and that produces muscular spasm.
CAUSES
• Eating food in
hurry
• Inappropriate
chewing of food
• Speaking while
eating
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Cyanosis
• Inability to take breath
• Congestion in face and neck
• Inability to speak
• Nasal flaring
• Loss of conscious

CHOKING
First priority is to remove the obstruction as soon as possible.

DROWNING
Drowning is a type of suffocation induced by the submersion or
immersion of the mouth and nose in a liquid or water.
CAUSES
• Accidental fall in water
• Children left unattended
near water body (pool/
• bath tub etc.)
• Suicide attempt
• Seizure and heart attack,
while in water
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Accidental fall in water
• Children left unattended near water
body (pool/bath tub etc.)
• Suicide attempt
• Seizure and heart attack, while in
water

DROWNING
(FIRST AID MANAGEMENT)
•Reach to the victim immediately.
•Drag the victim with the help of rope, towel, shirt, stick out of the water.
•Place the victim in prone position to drain out water from the lungs.
•Make the victim stable.
•If any obstruction in airway, eliminate immediately.
•Start manual breathing if victim is not breathing.
•Arrange for transportation and send the victim to the nearby hospital.

HANGING,STRANGULATION AND
THROTTLING
Hanging Suspension of the body by rope around neck from the noose, in which
pressure on the outside of the neck leads to cutting of air supply to body.
Strangulation Tight constriction around the neck which leads to cutting off air supply.
Throttling Happens when someone intentionally squeezes the person’s throat, which
cuts the supply of air.
AIMS
• To restore breathing.
• To save life of the victim.

HANGING, STRANGULATION AND
THROTTLING
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• All general signs and symptoms of
asphyxia
• Congestion around the face and
neck
• Prominent veins of neck and face
may be visible
• Visible mark around the neck
• Remove the constriction around the neck
immediately.
• Put victim in comfortable position. Do not
bend the neck while positioning.
• Check breathing pattern, if not breathing or
difficult breathing, start CPR.
• Make arrangements for transport and shift
victim to nearest hospital as soon as
possible.

INHALATION OF FUMES
■ Inhalation of toxic fumes, gases and smoke have lethal effects
on lungs. These may irritate the throat, and due to throat
spasm, airway closes.
CAUSES
• Due to burning of building (fire)
• Exhaust fumes of motor vehicle
• Blocked chimney (produce CO)
• Burning of stoves
• Pits, wells and underground
tanks produce CO2
AIMS
• To restore breathing.
• To make a call for
emergency.
• To make an arrangement
of transport.

• All general signs and symptoms of asphyxia
• Victim coughs vigorously
• Suffocation, choking
• Sometimes symptoms of shock may also occur

INHALATION OF FUMES
FIRST AID TREATMENT
 Call for emergency help/ambulance service.
 Move victim away from danger.
 Do not allow crowd to gather.
 Ensure the supply of fresh air to victim.
 Check vital signs in every 10 minutes.
 Give oxygen to victim, if available.
 Transport the victim to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.

ASTHMA
Asthma is a condition, in which airway is
constricted and narrowed due to spasm of the
muscles of air passage (bronchospasm),
which results in difficulty in breathing.
CAUSES
Exact cause is unknown, possibly due to
allergens.
Risk factors are—allergy (due to
environment, drugs, fumes, odor, deodorant,
pollen grain, etc.)
Due to tension in nervous system.

ASTHMA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Victim looks distressed and anxious
• Wheezing sound
• Nasal flaring and cyanosis
• Sudden loss of consciousness and stoppage of breathing occur together

ASTHMA
FIRST AID TREATMENT
Reassure the victim.
Give comfortable position to the victim.
Make the victim to sit down and help to
lean slightly forward, rest with support.
Make an arrangement for transportation.
Send victim to the hospital for medical help
without delay.

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
(CPR)
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving procedure, which is given to
those persons who are in cardiac arrest.
• CPR helps to pump blood in the person’s body, while performing CPR first aider give
chest compressions to the victim, along with sequence of rescue breaths, which help to
save their life when victims are in cardiac arrest.
• CPR consists the following steps, that has to be performed in sequence:
Chest compressions
Airway
Breathing

Indications
• Any
person/victim
who is found
unconscious,
pulse and
breathing is
found to be
absent or
gasping.
Contraindications
• DNR order (do
not resuscitate)
Steps
• There are 6
major steps.

STEPS OF CPR
STEP 1: CALL FOR HELP

STEP 2: SHAKE AND SHOUT
If the victim is unconscious, tap or shake the shoulders of the
victim.
Ask loudly to the victim, are you ok?
If the victim does not respond, call for help.

STEPS OF CPR
STEP 3: CHECK VICTIM FOR CIRCULATION
 Call the victim and check for a response.
 If unresponsive, tap shoulder and call the victim.
 Simultaneously, observe for pulse (carotid pulse) and rise and fall of the chest
with respiration.
 If the pulse is absent and no respiration is observed, position the patient on a flat
surface.
 Start Chest compression.

STEPS OF CPR
STEP 4: GIVE 30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS
◦ Locate the center of the chest slightly below the nipples (on breast
bone/Sternum).
◦ Place one of your hands on top of the other and interlock your fingers.
◦ With the heel of the hands and straight elbows, push hard and fast in
the center of the chest at a rate of 100–120/minute.
◦ Push at least 2 inches (5-6 cm) deep.
◦ Allow the chest to rise fully between compressions.
◦ Deliver 30 chest compressions.

STEPS OF CPR
STEP 5: PROVIDE TWO RESCUE BREATHS
• Open the airway of the victim using head tilt chin lift method or Jaw thrust.
• Assess for tongue fall or foreign body in the airway.
• If no respiration is observed/heard even after opening the airway, clear the airway.
• Hyper extend the neck to bring the windpipe (trachea) in a straight line.
• The first aider takes a deep breath and pinches the nose while making a seal on the
mouth of the victim (respirator mask can also be used for prevention of infection).
• Deliver the breath into the mouth of the victim and look for the rise of the chest with a
blow of breath.
• Repeat the breath.
• After delivering two breaths continue chest compression.

STEPS OF CPR
STEP 5: PROVIDE TWO RESCUE BREATHS

STEP 6: REPEAT THIS WHOLE PROCESS TILL
THE AMBULANCE ARRIVES
•Repeat 30 compressions and two rescue breaths.
STEPS OF CPR

CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
(CRP)

COMPLICATIONS OF CPR
•Fractures of ribs or the sternum due to chest
compression.
•Gastric insufflations from excessive artificial
respiration.

UNCONSCIOUSNESS
 Unconsciousness is a condition in which a person loses
his/her consciousness due to disturbance in the normal
functioning of the brain.
 Unconsciousness not only occurs due to diseases but
also due to certain serious injury.
 There are two major stages of unconsciousness, i.e.
1. Partial (stupor)
2. Complete (coma)

CAUSES OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
Fainting
Epilepsy, diabetes
In case of poisoning
Excessive bleeding
Shock
Fever (hemorrhagic)
Due to excessively hot weather
or heat
Asphyxia
Hysteria
Head injury or trauma

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
• Remove the victim from danger.
• Open window and door for fresh air supply.
• Loosen all cloth around the victim’s chest and neck.
• Do not allow gathering around the victim.
• Check the vitals of the victim.
• Start manual breathing if the victim is not breathing.
• Never give anything by mouth.
• Never leave the victim alone.
• Make a transportation arrangement.
• Send the victim to a nearby hospital as soon as possible for medical help.

FOREIGN BODIES
•It is a condition when any particle, material, or
object enters the body through the skin or
other natural opening of the body.
•Most commonly it happens in children.

FOREIGN BODY IN SKIN
Foreign bodies under the skin usually occur accidentally like a
speck of wood/glass/metal etc.
SIGNS
AND
SYMPTOMS
Pain
Bleeding
Discomfort
Sweeling
• Reassure the victim and provide a comfortable
position.
• Wash the area with soap and water.
• With help of sterile thumb forceps/tweezers hold the
object nearer to the skin surface.
• If the object is embedded deep, do not try to pull it
out.
• Bandage the area and transfer to a medical facility.
• If the wound is major, transfer the victim to the
hospital for help.

FOREIGN BODY IN EYE
The foreign body in the eye may be dust,
eyelashes, sand, coal, metal particles, stone,
glass, an insect. These are the objects, which
are commonly found in the eyes.
 Sometimes a piece of wood and glass
(penetrating particles) get lodged in the eye and
danger the eye itself.

FOREIGN BODY IN EYE
(SIGN AND SYMPTOMS)
Pain
(burning
sensation)
Swelling Watery eye
Redness in
the eye
Discomfort
Blurred
vision

z
FOREIGN BODY IN EYE
(FIRST-AID MANAGEMENT)
 Reassure the victim and instruct the victim, not to rub the eye.
 Provide a comfortable position toward the light.
 Inspect the eye by pulling the lower lid.
 Clean the eye with water inner to the outer side.
 Use clean or boiled water and cool at room temperature.
 If the foreign particle does not come out with rinsing of the eye, use
a clean swab or corner of a handkerchief to remove the particle.

z
FOREIGN BODY IN EYE
(FIRST-AID MANAGEMENT)
 If the foreign particle is invisible, instruct the victim to hold the upper
eyelid and put it over the lower eyelid. This shall dislodge the particle.
 If this method fails then, instruct the victim to blink his/her eye under the
running water.
 If the particle is embedded in the eye, don’t try to remove it.
 Cover the eye with an eye pad.
 Make a transport arrangement.
 Send the victim to a nearby hospital for medical help as soon as possible.

FOREIGN BODY IN EAR
The foreign particles that are mostly found in the
ear include flies, insects, peas, beans, buttons,
pieces of corn, wood, and chalk. It is very common
in children because they often put an object into
their ear out of curiosity.

FOREIGN BODY IN EAR
(SIGN AND SYMPTOMS)
Pain in ear
Ringing sensation in
ear
Itching
Discomfort
Rupture of ear
drum
Hearing loss

FOREIGN BODY IN EAR
•Reassure the victim.
•Provide a comfortable position.
•Use warm oil, put it into the ear so that the insect can
float and come outside.
•If the method fails, try to remove the foreign particle
because it may cause damage to the tympanic membrane.
•Make arrangements to send the victim to the hospital for
medical aid in an ambulance.

FOREIGN
BODY IN
NOSE
• Foreign objects like beads, button, food particles, pencil pieces, etc.
when inserted in the nose or nasal cavity requires immediate medical
attention.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The victim is unable to breath
Pain
Discomfort
Feeling of restlessness

FOREIGN BODY IN NOSE
•Instruct to take deep breaths by mouth.
•Encourage the victim to sneeze.
•If this fails, don’t try to remove the foreign particle.
•Make arrangements to send the victim to the hospital
for a medical facility as soon as possible.

FOREIGN BODY IN THROAT
•Foreign body in the throat needs
immediate medical attention as it may
cause choking.
•Children are prone to such accidents
because they put something in their
mouth like a coin, button, or any irregular
object, which gets stuck into the throat.

(SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)
•Difficulty in breathing
•Difficulty in swallowing13
•Pain in the throat
•Pricking sensation in the throat.
•Coughing, wheezing
•Cyanosis around the lips
•Sometimes the child becomes unconscious

•Provide a comfortable position, facing toward light.
•Instruct the victim to wide open his/her mouth.
•If an object is visible, then remove it with fingers if
possible.
•Do not try to remove the foreign particle if it is not
visible or embedded deeply.
•Make arrangements for the victim’s transport, transfer
him to the nearest hospital.

• The incidents of foreign objects in the stomach
are commonly found in children.
• They put objects into the mouth while playing
and it gets slipped into the stomach.
• The things which can enter into the stomach
are buttons, coins, seeds of a fruit, safety pins,
etc.
• These foreign object gets eliminated with the
passage of stool. No need for immediate care
requirements or to give laxatives.
• However, if any sharp object or chemical is
ingested, transport the victim immediately to
the nearest hospital.
FOREIGN
BODIES
IN
THE
STOMACH

BURNS AND SCALDS
Burns
It is defined as skin or body
damage by dry heat.
It may happen due to fire, a piece
of warm metal, sunburn, electric
current, the friction of moving
rope or wire, acidic or alkali, etc.
Scalds
It is defined as when the person’s
skin and body are damaged by wet
heat.
It may happen when a person comes
in contact with boiled water, steam,
hot oil, hot coal tar, hot food, and
any kind of hot liquid.

CAUSES OF BURNS
 Chemical burn (by acid or alkali)
 Electric burn by electric current
 Radiation burn by X-rays or nuclear
 Dry heat (by flame, hot metal)
 Wet heat (by boiling or steam)
 Due to friction of rope and wheels
 Sun burn
 Thermal burn
 Cold burn which is known as frostbite

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
BURNS
Redness of
skin
Blister
formation
Pain (severe,
mild, no
pain)
Swelling
Draining of
fluid

AIMS OF FIRST AID FOR
BURN
Stop victim burning.
Reduce pain.
Find out injuries/damage and treat them.
Reduce the risk of infection.
Arrange transport for early ambulation.

BURN
• Remove the victim from the source of burn/fire.
Assess scene safety first.
• Do not put any lotion or cream over the burnt area.
• Place the victim on the floor, cover him with the
blanket tightly and put off the fire by rolling him.
• Offer victim tea, coffee to keep him warm.
• If the fire is in a closed room first aider should
cover his/her mouth with a wet face towel with all
precaution and approach the victim by crawling on
the floor.
• Provide rest to burnt part and elevate it.
• Reassure the victim and provide a comfortable
position.
• Remove the rings or bangles, if hand and arms are
involved.
• If the burn is superficial, then immerse the burnt
area in the cool water.
• Apply Silver sulfadiazine (if available) ointment
and apply bandages.

MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL BURN
Chemical burn means burn by an acid or alkali.
• Remove the victim from the source of chemical exposure.
• Put water on the burnt part and wash thoroughly.
• Reassure the victim and provide a comfortable position.
• Do not put any lotion or cream over the burnt part.
• Put a clean or sterile dressing over the burnt part.
• Provide rest to the burnt part.
• Offer him some tea, coffee if the victim is not vomiting.
• Make transport arrangements, send the victim to the nearest hospital as
soon as possible.

ELECTRIC BURN
Electric burn is defined as when the high
voltage of current is passed through the body.
In electrical burn damage to internal body
organs is maximum because it directly affects
the heart and respiration. However, externally
burn is not that visible.

MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRIC BURN
Put off the source of current.
Place sterile or clean dressing over burn part.
Minimize and treat shock.
If the victim is unconscious, check CAB.
Place the victim in the recovery position and start
CPR.
Arrange transportation and send the victim
immediately to the nearest hospital for the medical
facility.

FIRST AID FOR SEVERE BURN
Severe burn is the burn when burnt body area is more than
30%.
• Remove the victim from the source of the
burn and reassure him.
• If clothing is stuck to the burned area,
don’t try to pull it.
• Keep victim warm, by covering with a
sheet or blanket.
• Keep the extremities elevated, if
involved.
• Keep the victim in an upright position, if
the face is burnt.
• Put off all the jewelry if extremities are
involved.
• If blister forms, don’t try to break it.
• Do not offer anything by mouth.
• Arrange transport.
• Send the victim to the hospital
immediately.

POISONING
Consumption or intake of any
harmful substance in overdose,
which may affect the functioning
of vital organs, may lead to death
due to its lethal effect.

CAUSES OF POISONING
Causes
Suicidal Homicidal Accidental

CAUSES OF POISONING
Suicidal
poisoning
• Happens when a person ingests
poison intentionally.
Accidental
poisoning
• Happens accidentally/
unintentionally. It may occur due to
contaminated food, fruits, water,
overdose of the drug and industrial
poisoning.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF POISONING
Loss of consciousness
Nausea, vomiting
Symptoms of
asphyxia
Convulsion
Person is deleterious
Diarrhea
Proof of poisoning
container
Burns on lip and mouth

POISONING
■ First of all inform the police.
■ Eliminate the factor out of the victim as soon as by inducing
vomiting, if not contraindicated.
■ Use antidote to neutralize the poison action.
■ Arrange for transportation.
■ Send the victim to the nearest hospital as soon as possible.
■ Note the poison name available at the scene and inform the
doctor.

POISONING
■ If poison is found at the scene, preserve that for examination.
■ Preserve vomitus, sputum, secretions for the sampling.
■ In case of conscious victim, offer a glass of saltwater to induce
vomiting.
■ If poison is a strong acid or alkali don’t induce vomiting.
■ Assess for signs of poison like burnt lip or mouth, white yellow
patches if corrosive poisoning is ingested.
■ Dilute the poison by offering him a large amount of water.

COMMON POISONS AND THEIR
FIRST AID

COMMON POISONS AND THEIR FIRST AID

PRECAUTIONS
TO AVOID
POISONING

BITES
SNAKE BITE
Common problem in India and various
countries.
There are so many species of snakes but
approximately around 200 are
poisonous.
Sometimes people may die due to snake
bites.

SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
OF SNAKE
BITE
• Burning sensation over the wound
• Swelling
• Bleeding
• Paired teeth marks
• Difficulty in breathing
• Drowsiness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weak and rapid pulse
• Blurred vision
• Fainting, loss of conscious
• Secretion and salivation of victim
increased

FOR SNAKE BITE
Reassure the victim and provide a
comfortable position.
Treat the victim for shock.
Put tourniquet and apply pressure above
bite as soon as possible (release the
pressure every 10 minutes for a few
minutes).
If breathing stops, start CPR.
Immobilize the affected part, wash the
wound with soap and water.
Arrange for transportation.
Put an ice pack over the wound. Send the victim to the nearest hospital as
soon as possible for a medical facility.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AFTER
SNAKE BITE

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Bleeding from the wound
• Headache, confusion, restlessness
• Nausea, vomiting
• Pain and discomfort
• Hydrophobia
• Respiratory paralysis (later develops)
• Wash the wound at least for 10
minutes with soap under running
water.
• Cover the wound with a clean cloth
and dressing.
• Make an arrangement for
transportation.
• Send the victim to the nearest hospital
as soon as possible for a medical
facility.

CAT BITE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Biting marks of teeth
• Scratching
• Same as dog bite management

DESCRIPTION
• Rats are harmful
to human beings
as they spread
many diseases
with their fleas.
• Most of the time
they scrap palm,
feet, and legs
while a person is
sleeping.
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
• Fever
• Scratching
FIRST AID
MANAGEMENT
• Same as dog bite
management.

MONKEY BITE
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
FIRST AID
MANAGEMENT
• Biting marks
• Scratching
Same as dog bite
management

SPIDER BITE
◦Spider bite is very poisonous.
◦Black spider is more poisonous than tarantula.
Types of spider
Black spider Tarantula

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SPIDER
BITE
Severe pain
Swelling, redness
Swollen face, legs and hands
Hardness of muscles
Cramps in stomach
Breathlessness
Shock

• Firstly reassure the victim.
• Offer tea and coffee to the
victim if he/she is conscious.
• After that clean the affected
part with soap and water.
• Arrange for transportation.
• Provide a comfortable position to the
victim.
• Keep the victim warm by providing
a blanket or sheet.
• Apply a tourniquet above the bite, so
that poison is limited to body parts.
• Send the victim to the nearest
hospital as soon as possible for a
medical facility.

STINGS
• Very commonly known bite in India and many other countries.
• Insects such as bees, wasp, flies, and hornets carry so many diseases, e.g.,
Lyme disease and rocky mountain fever.
INSECT BITE/STINGS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Itching Fever
Swelling Redness
Pain and numbness Sometimes respiratory and
cardiac problems also occur

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR INSECT
BITE/STINGS
 Firstly reassure the person and provide him with a comfortable
position.
 If the person is conscious, offer him plenty of water.
 If the sting is present, try to remove the sting if possible.
 Wash wound with sodium bicarbonate.
 Use an ice pack to reduce swelling.
 Use antibiotic ointment/calamine lotion on wound site.
 Do dressing.
 If a person is unconscious, treat the victim for shock.
 If the condition is serious, send him to hospital as soon as
possible for medical help

TICKS OR MITES BITE/STING
Ticks and mites are very small in size.
They get stuck in the body and suck blood from the body during
that period.
They cause many diseases such as rocky mountain fever, spotted
fever.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Fever

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR
TICKS AND MITES BITE/STING
• Reassure the victim and give a comfortable position.
• Remove the ticks or mites immediately that have stuck on the
body.
• Ticks and mites should be removed forcefully.
• Put kerosene oil to remove mites or ticks.
• Wash wound with soap and water.
• Apply antibiotic ointment/lotion, if available.
• At last apply a bandage on the wound.

LEECH BITE/STING
•Leech sticks on the human body and sucks
blood.
•Many leeches are found in tanks, ponds, and
rivers commonly.
•SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Fever, Bite mark
•FIRST AID MANAGEMENT: Same as ticks
and mites bite management.

FISH STING
Fish sting commonly happens among persons who work in the sea
or live near to sea.
Types of
fish
Ray fish Jellyfish
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
• Severe pain
• Bleeding

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR
FISH STING
 First of all reassure the victim.
 Give him a comfortable position.
 Try to remove the stings from the body.
 Wash the wound, use ammonia dressing and cold water to relieve the
burning sensation.
 Apply bandages over the wound.
 If the victim’s condition is severe, arrange for transport and send to the
hospital as soon as possible for medical help.

FROSTBITE
Frostbite is a condition that happens due
to very low temperature. It damages the
skin and tissue which further leads to
vascular damages. It happens due to
prolonged exposure to an intense cold
environment.

CAUSES OF FROSTBITE
Prolonged exposure to extreme
cold weather
Climbing to high altitude
environment
Not wearing proper cloth in
extreme cold weather

z
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
FROSTBITE
Feeling of pricking pain Unable to move (stiffness)
Cyanosed skin Numbness (no sensation)
Extremities look pale, very
cold (sometimes gangrene
formation)
Swelling

FROSTBITE
 Reassure the victim and provide a warm environment.
 Take out the jewelry from the victim’s hand, arms, and fingers.
 Try to keep the victim’s affected part warm.
 Offer warm blanket, skin-to-skin heat, and put affected part in a warm water tub.
 Keep the affected limb in an upward position to remove the swelling.
 Arrange for transportation.
 Send the victim as soon as possible to the hospital for medical help.

EFFECTS
OF
HEAT
HEAT EXHAUSTION
Heat exhaust happens when the person
comes in contact with an excessively hot
environment.
Mostly it happens on hot days (summer).
It is also known as heat collapse in which
a person suddenly lost his consciousness.

HEAT EXHAUSTION
CAUSES
•Hot weather
•Loss of body water
and salt
SIGNS AND
• Exhaustion
• Fainting
• Pallor
• Tiredness
• Cold and clammy
skin
• Headache, dizziness
SYMPTOMS
• Fast and shallow
breathing
• Rapid and weak
pulse
• Low temperature
• Restlessness

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF HEAT
EXHAUSTION
• Immediately move victim to a cooler place, and ensure a fresh supply of the
air.
• Provide a comfortable position.
• Loosen all clothes of the victim immediately.
• Offer victim cold water, add a little salt into it.
• If the victim is unconscious, treat for shock, keep in the recovery position.
• Arrange for transportation.
• Send the victim to the hospital for medical help.

HEAT STROKE
Heatstroke
occurs due to
high temperature
in which the
heat-regulating
center fails to
work properly.
CAUSES
• Prolonged exposure to high
temperature
• Excessive consumption of alcohol
• Hot weather
• Chronic illness
• Due to intake of different kinds of
medicine (diuretics,
anticholinergic, and beta-blocker)

HEAT STROKE
SIGNS
AND
SYMPTOMS
Headache
Nausea,
vomiting
Restlessness
Loss of
consciousness
Fainting,
dizziness
SIGNS
AND
SYMPTOMS
Raised body
temperature
Cramping in
muscles
Bounding and
full pulse
Breathing is
noisy
Skin is dry and
hot

•Provide a cool environment.
•Loosen the clothes of the victim from the
chest and wrap the victim in a wet sheet.
•Offer cold water to drink.
•If body temperature comes down, slow the
cooling process.
•Instruct the victim to avoid sudden
exposure to hot weather.
•Send to the hospital if the victim needs
medical help.
FIRST
AID
MANAGEMENT
OF HEAT
STROKE

COMMUNITY EMERGENCIES
“An occurrence such as hurricane, tornado, storm,
flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave,
earthquake, drought, blizzard, pestilence, famine,
fire, explosion, building collapse, transportation
wreck or other situation that causes human
suffering or creates human needs that the victims
cannot alleviate without assistance.”
—Red Cross, 1975

DISASTER
•Disaster is a sudden and serious calamity,
which can damage humans, humans’
property, functioning of society, community.

TYPES OF DISASTER
Natural disaster Natural disasters are those which happen
naturally, i.e., floods, hurricanes, earthquakes,
land sliding, draught, and tsunami.
Manmade disaster Manmade disasters are those that happen due to
man activity. The man-made disasters are
industrial accidents, fire, poisoning or chemical
accidents and nuclear explosions.
Hybrid disaster The example of hybrid disasters are global
warming and the spread of communicable
diseases.

FIRST AID CLASSIFICATION
DURING DISASTER
FIRE
•Help the victim to come out from the damaged site/ area by emergency exit or safe
way.
•Make sure that electrical fittings are untouched.
•All electrical appliances and connections must be shut down from the main points.
•Avoid sprinkling of water on fire-affected victim or objects.
•Use fire extinguishers immediately.
•Protect children and older adults from fire.
•Help the fire personnel to control the fire.

EARTHQUAKE
 Instruct all victims to come outside the
building, who are living there.
 Inform the nearby persons about this
happening via telephone.
Firstly try to save the victims then property.
Help children and older people to move
outside the building.

CYCLONE
Save victim from wind and rain.
Make sure that the flow of water
is normal to reduce the risk of
flooding and clogging of water.
Make sure that electronic
appliances are saved because they
lead to a fire.

FLOOD
 Save victim from electric current.
 Save the victim from water-borne diseases.
 Make sure that all the victims get safe water and food.
 Help all the victims by providing all needy things.
 Send all the victims to a safe place if the water level didn’t
come down within a specific time.

IMMEDIATE FIRST AID AFTER
DISASTER
Helping those victims who have broken limbs, bones.
Clean affected parts/areas with an antiseptic solution where
there has been minor injury with an antiseptic solution,
immobilize affected part with the help of a bandage.
Burn part of the victim should be attended.
Should have a good communication system.
Eliminate the cause of food and water contamination.
Giving immediate help and support service to all the
victims.

DISASTER TRIAGE
•The word triage comes from the French word trier, which
means, “to sort out or choose.”
Types of triage
Simple
Advanced

•Simple triage is given in case of
emergency for large communities, to
those victims who need critical care or
immediate medical help, transport to
the hospital and victims with less
serious injuries.
SIMPLE
TRIAGE

ADVANCED TRIAGE
 This care is given to victims, with many injuries.
 It is used to change scarce sources away from victims
with less chance of survival or to increase the chances of
survival of others who are more likely to survive.
The principles of advanced triage are following:
“Do the greatest things for the greatest number”
Saving life takes more priority than saving body
parts.

SIMPLE TRIAGE AND RAPID
TREATMENT

ADVANCED TRIAGE CATEGORIES
Category I (Emergent): Red Immediate
Category II (Urgent): Yellow Delayed
Category III (Non-urgent): Green Minimal
Category IV (Expectant): Black Expectant

CATEGORY I
(EMERGENT):
RED
IMMEDIATE
• Victims with serious injuries and whose life is being
threatened but have more chances of survival if immediate
care is given to these victims.
• These victims need immediate surgery or other lifesaving
equipment/care.
• These victims have the first priority for surgical teams and
transport to advanced medical care.
• They can survive with immediate care.
• Critical life-threatening conditions are compromised airway,
shock and hemorrhage.

CATEGORY II (URGENT): YELLOW
DELAYED
• Persons who are seriously injured but whose lives have no
immediate threat.
• These persons can be delayed for transport or care for 2 hours.
• These persons’ condition is stable for a small period of time,
needs observation by the first aider.
• They need repeated re-triage and require a medical facility.
• Major illness or damage includes conditions such as open
fracture, chest wound.

CATEGORY III (NON-URGENT): GREEN
MINIMAL
•In this category, victims need medical care when all
needed victims have been taken out of danger.
•These victims may not need observation.
•These victims’ care or transportation can be delayed
for 2 hours or more.
•Minor injuries include conditions such as closed
fracture, sprain and strain.

•In this category, victims are injured very severely and they will die
because of the injuries within hours or days such as burns, severe
trauma, lethal radiation, etc.
•These all are life-threatening medical problems.
• Most of the time, victims do not survive while receiving medical
care.
•Dead or do expect to die includes massive head injury, extensive
full-thickness burns.
CATEGORY IV (EXPECTANT): BLACK
EXPECTANT

ROLE OF NURSE IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER
FOCUS
POINTS
• First aid is the first action or care that is given to the victim who has any injury/damage or sudden illness.
Aims of first aid- preserve, prevent and promote. A first aider is a person who can provide emergency care
to the victim at the time of accidents/mishap.
• An injury in which the skin is damaged/penetrated is known as a wound. Hemorrhage/bleeding is the
abnormal flow of blood from blood vessels due to injury/rupture.
• Shock is a life-threatening condition that results from insufficient blood flow to the body tissues due to
trauma/illness.
• Fractures, dislocation, and muscle injuries are the types of musculoskeletal injuries. Respiratory
emergencies are characterized by difficulty in breathing or absent breathing.
• CPR is a life-saving procedure that is performed during cardiac arrest.
• Unconsciousness is a condition in which a person loses consciousness due to disturbance in brain
function. Burns and scald are injuries to the skin surface due to wet/dry heat.
• Triage can be simple or advanced and advanced triage has four categories.

First-aid & Emergencies.pptx

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