The document discusses fire guidelines for building construction. It outlines 4 types of construction based on the materials used: fireproof, noncombustible, exterior protected, and wood. Each type has different fire resistance ratings for structural elements like walls, floors, and roofs. Common building materials like concrete, brick, and gypsum are described as fire resistant due to properties like low combustibility. The document also discusses pressurization techniques to prevent smoke infiltration into stairwells and escape routes.
This document discusses various fire resistant materials used in construction including bricks, timber, concrete, mineral wool, gypsum board, asbestos sheets, perlite boards, and calcium silicate boards. Bricks and concrete have good fire resistance due to their non-combustible nature and ability to withstand high temperatures. Mineral wool, gypsum board, and calcium silicate boards are also fire resistant and used for thermal insulation and fireproofing. Asbestos sheets and perlite boards provide fire resistance but have health and safety concerns. The fire resistance of materials depends on their composition and ability to conduct heat.
This document provides an overview of fire protection requirements for high-rise buildings in India according to the National Building Code. It discusses causes of fire, fire hazards, fire load classification, classification of building types, characteristics of combustible and non-combustible materials, concepts of passive and active fire protection including compartmentation, means of escape, and fixed firefighting installations. It also summarizes rules for minimum road widths, building entrance dimensions, setbacks, parking, staircases, lifts, refuge areas, service ducts, water tanks, pumps, fire alarm and detection systems, sprinklers, portable extinguishers, and requirements for a fire officer, helipad, fire drills and orders in high-rise buildings.
This document discusses fire and life safety requirements for buildings. It covers terminology, provisions for different building types, fire prevention measures, exit requirements, occupant loads, egress components, staircases, fire protection systems, and annexures with additional guidelines and data. The main topics covered are exits, means of egress, fire detection and suppression systems, and requirements specific to different building classifications.
The document defines key fire safety terminology used in building codes and fire guidelines. It explains concepts like automatic fire detection systems, sprinkler systems, down comers, emergency lighting, fire loads, fire doors, fire exits, fire lifts, dry risers and wet risers. It also provides details on requirements for internal staircases, external fire escapes, revolving doors, corridors and doorways to ensure safe evacuation in case of a fire.
This presentation deals with the capacity of Fire Escapes, no. of fire escapes required in a building and the different Fire Escape system along with their functionality...
The document discusses various requirements for fire safety in high-rise buildings according to Indian standards. It defines a high-rise building as one that is more than 15-18 meters in height. Requirements include a minimum road width of 12 meters to accommodate fire engines, sufficient setbacks around buildings, a minimum of two staircases including one external emergency staircase, fire safety measures for lifts, compartmentation of buildings to limit fire spread, installation of fire dampers, provision of refuge areas, a public address system for evacuation, and a helipad for buildings over 60 meters in height.
Provision for fire protection in high rise buildingsAarti Rani
Protection against fire, building code as described in NBC. For designers and architects, looking for all the measures that should be taken while designing a high rise apartment according to National Building code of india.
This document discusses various fire resistant materials used in construction including bricks, timber, concrete, mineral wool, gypsum board, asbestos sheets, perlite boards, and calcium silicate boards. Bricks and concrete have good fire resistance due to their non-combustible nature and ability to withstand high temperatures. Mineral wool, gypsum board, and calcium silicate boards are also fire resistant and used for thermal insulation and fireproofing. Asbestos sheets and perlite boards provide fire resistance but have health and safety concerns. The fire resistance of materials depends on their composition and ability to conduct heat.
This document provides an overview of fire protection requirements for high-rise buildings in India according to the National Building Code. It discusses causes of fire, fire hazards, fire load classification, classification of building types, characteristics of combustible and non-combustible materials, concepts of passive and active fire protection including compartmentation, means of escape, and fixed firefighting installations. It also summarizes rules for minimum road widths, building entrance dimensions, setbacks, parking, staircases, lifts, refuge areas, service ducts, water tanks, pumps, fire alarm and detection systems, sprinklers, portable extinguishers, and requirements for a fire officer, helipad, fire drills and orders in high-rise buildings.
This document discusses fire and life safety requirements for buildings. It covers terminology, provisions for different building types, fire prevention measures, exit requirements, occupant loads, egress components, staircases, fire protection systems, and annexures with additional guidelines and data. The main topics covered are exits, means of egress, fire detection and suppression systems, and requirements specific to different building classifications.
The document defines key fire safety terminology used in building codes and fire guidelines. It explains concepts like automatic fire detection systems, sprinkler systems, down comers, emergency lighting, fire loads, fire doors, fire exits, fire lifts, dry risers and wet risers. It also provides details on requirements for internal staircases, external fire escapes, revolving doors, corridors and doorways to ensure safe evacuation in case of a fire.
This presentation deals with the capacity of Fire Escapes, no. of fire escapes required in a building and the different Fire Escape system along with their functionality...
The document discusses various requirements for fire safety in high-rise buildings according to Indian standards. It defines a high-rise building as one that is more than 15-18 meters in height. Requirements include a minimum road width of 12 meters to accommodate fire engines, sufficient setbacks around buildings, a minimum of two staircases including one external emergency staircase, fire safety measures for lifts, compartmentation of buildings to limit fire spread, installation of fire dampers, provision of refuge areas, a public address system for evacuation, and a helipad for buildings over 60 meters in height.
Provision for fire protection in high rise buildingsAarti Rani
Protection against fire, building code as described in NBC. For designers and architects, looking for all the measures that should be taken while designing a high rise apartment according to National Building code of india.
Fire safety as per National Building Code-2016Arpit Vyas
This document discusses fire safety as per the National Building Code of India 2016. It defines fire hazards and the fire triangle, explaining the three elements (fuel, oxygen, ignition source) needed for a fire to start. It classifies different fire types (A, B, C, D, K) based on common fuel sources. It also discusses important fire safety terminology like flammable, combustible, down-comer, dry/wet riser, fire resistance rating. Building planning considerations for fire prevention include use of non-combustible materials, fire-rated staircases and lift lobbies, and fire escapes.
Fire resistance is the ability of building components and structures to withstand fire or resist fire for a period of time. Common causes of fire include carelessness like smoking in unauthorized places or faulty electrical installations. Fire-resistant materials should not disintegrate or become unstable when heated, and should not crack when suddenly cooled. Materials are divided into non-combustible (stone, brick, concrete) and combustible (wood, fiberboard). Fire safety in buildings requires features like safe exits, fire-resistant doors and windows, and fire alarm and suppression systems like sprinklers and hydrants. Proper construction with thick masonry, concrete, or protected steel can provide fire resistance.
This document discusses various fire-resistant building materials, their properties, and applications. It describes materials like stone, brick, steel, concrete, glass, asbestos cement, plaster/mortar, gypsum, terra-cotta and stucco. These materials have high melting points and conduct heat slowly, allowing them to maintain structural integrity when exposed to fire for extended periods. Proper material selection and construction techniques are important to achieve adequate fire resistance for buildings.
Fire Prevention Measures for High Rise BuildingsRanjeet Kumar
This document outlines the fire safety measures for a building in Mumbai, India. It discusses both passive measures like building structure, office layout, and benchmarking, as well as active measures such as fire detection and extinguishing equipment, maintenance, and compliance audits. The manager oversees these measures to ensure emergency action plans, internal guidelines, and the new IS fire code are followed to prevent fires and keep occupants safe.
The document discusses fire protection systems used in buildings. It describes various fire resistant materials like stone, brick, concrete and glass that are used in construction. It also explains different types of fire protection systems such as automatic sprinkler systems, carbon dioxide systems, hydrant systems, and dry chemical systems. Emergency exit arrangements in buildings are also covered, highlighting the importance of sufficient exits, illumination, and alarm devices to permit safe evacuation in case of a fire.
Fire safety in Office building Literature, net and live case studyIrene Devakirubai
Construction project management in architecture. Fire safety in Office building net and live case study. NBC norms for fire safety. Net case studies -KLK and Pam center malaysia. Live case study - Global infocity.
The document discusses aluminum partition walls. It defines a partition wall and notes that aluminum partition walls are non-load bearing. It lists advantages of partition walls such as dividing space, providing privacy, being light weight and easy to construct. Aluminum partition walls are offered in different specifications and are durable with low maintenance. They provide sound and thermal insulation and are waterproof and resistant to abrasion, borers, fungus and termites.
The document discusses components of means of egress systems for buildings, including exit access, exits, exit discharge, requirements for two remote exits, maximum travel distances, door requirements, types of exits like direct exits, exit stairways, exit passageways, and other miscellaneous concepts like smokeproof enclosures. It also provides example problems for designing exits for different occupancy types and building dimensions.
Classification of Buildings as per National Building Code of India (NBC) 2016Rohan Dasgupta
This presentation gives you an overview of Classification of Buildings as per National Building Code of India (NBC) 2016 which is especially useful of Civil Engineering students studying the course Building Design and Drawing.
1. Fire equipment is designed to extinguish fires or protect users from fire, including fire extinguishers, fire alarms, fire blankets, fire hoses, fire hydrants, fire suits, and heat detectors.
2. Different types of fire extinguishers use various methods to attack the fire triangle elements, such as water, dry chemical powder, foam, and carbon dioxide extinguishers.
3. Other fire equipment like fire alarms, blankets, hoses, hydrants, suits, and detectors are also essential for detecting fires and providing protection or water supply to fight fires.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
In this presentation we will learn how the thermal insulation of building can be done. Different materials used for thermal insulation and methods to do it are explained.
A building provides shelter but building services are what make it functional for occupants. Building services include mechanical (HVAC, plumbing), electrical (power, lighting), and operational systems (transportation, automation) that provide a safe, comfortable environment. As architects, it is important to plan and design building services alongside the building structure. Proper allocation of services like HVAC, plumbing, electricity is necessary for floor plans. Building services are key to sustainability and livability of all building types from residential to industrial.
A mezzanine floor is an intermediate floor between main floors that has a very low ceiling. It is usually a temporary or semi-permanent structure made of materials like bar grating or concrete. Mezzanine floors are commonly used for storage in industrial buildings, shops, and homes by increasing usable space above the ground floor. They must be designed based on their intended use and the load they need to carry.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
The document defines and discusses elevators and escalators. It provides definitions of lifts/elevators as vertical transport equipment that moves people between floors of buildings efficiently. Escalators are defined as moving stairs that transport people on an inclined track. The document discusses the need for elevators in tall buildings and their various types based on use and function. It also summarizes key components of elevators like the lift car, doors, and design considerations for passenger flow and service quality. Design standards for elevators and escalators are also outlined.
This document provides information on lifts, escalators, and the differences between the two. It defines a lift as a type of vertical transport equipment that moves people or goods between floors of a building. Basic lift components and terminology are explained. The main types of lifts are described as passenger, goods, vehicle, dumbwaiter, and scissor lifts. Escalators are defined as moving staircases that transport people between floors. Escalator components and operating mechanisms are outlined. Applications of lifts and escalators in buildings are listed. The key differences between lifts and escalators are vertical versus horizontal movement, enclosed spaces versus open steps, and relative speeds.
The document outlines key aspects of the National Building Code of India 2016 related to administration. It discusses the scope of the administration section, covering applicability of the code, building department organization, and permitting procedures. Key terms are also defined, such as alteration, authority having jurisdiction, and building. The administration section aims to provide guidelines for implementing the code provisions through an integrated approach across various disciplines involved in planning, designing, and construction of buildings.
This document discusses timber flooring. It begins by defining timber flooring as flooring made of wood. It then discusses the history of timber flooring from the Baroque Era to modern trends. It describes different types of timber flooring like strip, wood block, parquet and plank flooring. It also discusses joists, construction details, joinery details, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of timber flooring. In the end, it provides sketches illustrating different timber floor constructions and common joint types used in timber flooring.
This document discusses fire resistant construction materials and methods. It begins by defining fire resistant construction as using non-combustible materials with fire resistance ratings equal or greater than required by law.
This document discusses fire resistant construction materials and methods. It describes four main types of construction: fireproof, non-combustible, exterior protected, and wood construction. It then discusses various fire resistant building materials including fire resistant glass, concrete, stucco, gypsum, and brick. The building described is designed for a 4-hour fire rating according to NBC:2005 standards and utilizes fire resistant materials like clay bricks, hollow concrete blocks, reinforced concrete beams and floors, teak wood doors, and Sheesham wood furniture.
Fire safety as per National Building Code-2016Arpit Vyas
This document discusses fire safety as per the National Building Code of India 2016. It defines fire hazards and the fire triangle, explaining the three elements (fuel, oxygen, ignition source) needed for a fire to start. It classifies different fire types (A, B, C, D, K) based on common fuel sources. It also discusses important fire safety terminology like flammable, combustible, down-comer, dry/wet riser, fire resistance rating. Building planning considerations for fire prevention include use of non-combustible materials, fire-rated staircases and lift lobbies, and fire escapes.
Fire resistance is the ability of building components and structures to withstand fire or resist fire for a period of time. Common causes of fire include carelessness like smoking in unauthorized places or faulty electrical installations. Fire-resistant materials should not disintegrate or become unstable when heated, and should not crack when suddenly cooled. Materials are divided into non-combustible (stone, brick, concrete) and combustible (wood, fiberboard). Fire safety in buildings requires features like safe exits, fire-resistant doors and windows, and fire alarm and suppression systems like sprinklers and hydrants. Proper construction with thick masonry, concrete, or protected steel can provide fire resistance.
This document discusses various fire-resistant building materials, their properties, and applications. It describes materials like stone, brick, steel, concrete, glass, asbestos cement, plaster/mortar, gypsum, terra-cotta and stucco. These materials have high melting points and conduct heat slowly, allowing them to maintain structural integrity when exposed to fire for extended periods. Proper material selection and construction techniques are important to achieve adequate fire resistance for buildings.
Fire Prevention Measures for High Rise BuildingsRanjeet Kumar
This document outlines the fire safety measures for a building in Mumbai, India. It discusses both passive measures like building structure, office layout, and benchmarking, as well as active measures such as fire detection and extinguishing equipment, maintenance, and compliance audits. The manager oversees these measures to ensure emergency action plans, internal guidelines, and the new IS fire code are followed to prevent fires and keep occupants safe.
The document discusses fire protection systems used in buildings. It describes various fire resistant materials like stone, brick, concrete and glass that are used in construction. It also explains different types of fire protection systems such as automatic sprinkler systems, carbon dioxide systems, hydrant systems, and dry chemical systems. Emergency exit arrangements in buildings are also covered, highlighting the importance of sufficient exits, illumination, and alarm devices to permit safe evacuation in case of a fire.
Fire safety in Office building Literature, net and live case studyIrene Devakirubai
Construction project management in architecture. Fire safety in Office building net and live case study. NBC norms for fire safety. Net case studies -KLK and Pam center malaysia. Live case study - Global infocity.
The document discusses aluminum partition walls. It defines a partition wall and notes that aluminum partition walls are non-load bearing. It lists advantages of partition walls such as dividing space, providing privacy, being light weight and easy to construct. Aluminum partition walls are offered in different specifications and are durable with low maintenance. They provide sound and thermal insulation and are waterproof and resistant to abrasion, borers, fungus and termites.
The document discusses components of means of egress systems for buildings, including exit access, exits, exit discharge, requirements for two remote exits, maximum travel distances, door requirements, types of exits like direct exits, exit stairways, exit passageways, and other miscellaneous concepts like smokeproof enclosures. It also provides example problems for designing exits for different occupancy types and building dimensions.
Classification of Buildings as per National Building Code of India (NBC) 2016Rohan Dasgupta
This presentation gives you an overview of Classification of Buildings as per National Building Code of India (NBC) 2016 which is especially useful of Civil Engineering students studying the course Building Design and Drawing.
1. Fire equipment is designed to extinguish fires or protect users from fire, including fire extinguishers, fire alarms, fire blankets, fire hoses, fire hydrants, fire suits, and heat detectors.
2. Different types of fire extinguishers use various methods to attack the fire triangle elements, such as water, dry chemical powder, foam, and carbon dioxide extinguishers.
3. Other fire equipment like fire alarms, blankets, hoses, hydrants, suits, and detectors are also essential for detecting fires and providing protection or water supply to fight fires.
The document discusses different types of building cladding materials and systems. It describes cladding as the exterior skin of a building that provides protection from weather elements while serving decorative purposes. Some key types of cladding mentioned include curtain wall systems, attached panels, and infill systems. The document also discusses various cladding materials used for interior and exterior applications such as timber, stone, brick, and metal. It provides details on installation methods and advantages of different cladding options.
In this presentation we will learn how the thermal insulation of building can be done. Different materials used for thermal insulation and methods to do it are explained.
A building provides shelter but building services are what make it functional for occupants. Building services include mechanical (HVAC, plumbing), electrical (power, lighting), and operational systems (transportation, automation) that provide a safe, comfortable environment. As architects, it is important to plan and design building services alongside the building structure. Proper allocation of services like HVAC, plumbing, electricity is necessary for floor plans. Building services are key to sustainability and livability of all building types from residential to industrial.
A mezzanine floor is an intermediate floor between main floors that has a very low ceiling. It is usually a temporary or semi-permanent structure made of materials like bar grating or concrete. Mezzanine floors are commonly used for storage in industrial buildings, shops, and homes by increasing usable space above the ground floor. They must be designed based on their intended use and the load they need to carry.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
The document defines and discusses elevators and escalators. It provides definitions of lifts/elevators as vertical transport equipment that moves people between floors of buildings efficiently. Escalators are defined as moving stairs that transport people on an inclined track. The document discusses the need for elevators in tall buildings and their various types based on use and function. It also summarizes key components of elevators like the lift car, doors, and design considerations for passenger flow and service quality. Design standards for elevators and escalators are also outlined.
This document provides information on lifts, escalators, and the differences between the two. It defines a lift as a type of vertical transport equipment that moves people or goods between floors of a building. Basic lift components and terminology are explained. The main types of lifts are described as passenger, goods, vehicle, dumbwaiter, and scissor lifts. Escalators are defined as moving staircases that transport people between floors. Escalator components and operating mechanisms are outlined. Applications of lifts and escalators in buildings are listed. The key differences between lifts and escalators are vertical versus horizontal movement, enclosed spaces versus open steps, and relative speeds.
The document outlines key aspects of the National Building Code of India 2016 related to administration. It discusses the scope of the administration section, covering applicability of the code, building department organization, and permitting procedures. Key terms are also defined, such as alteration, authority having jurisdiction, and building. The administration section aims to provide guidelines for implementing the code provisions through an integrated approach across various disciplines involved in planning, designing, and construction of buildings.
This document discusses timber flooring. It begins by defining timber flooring as flooring made of wood. It then discusses the history of timber flooring from the Baroque Era to modern trends. It describes different types of timber flooring like strip, wood block, parquet and plank flooring. It also discusses joists, construction details, joinery details, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of timber flooring. In the end, it provides sketches illustrating different timber floor constructions and common joint types used in timber flooring.
This document discusses fire resistant construction materials and methods. It begins by defining fire resistant construction as using non-combustible materials with fire resistance ratings equal or greater than required by law.
This document discusses fire resistant construction materials and methods. It describes four main types of construction: fireproof, non-combustible, exterior protected, and wood construction. It then discusses various fire resistant building materials including fire resistant glass, concrete, stucco, gypsum, and brick. The building described is designed for a 4-hour fire rating according to NBC:2005 standards and utilizes fire resistant materials like clay bricks, hollow concrete blocks, reinforced concrete beams and floors, teak wood doors, and Sheesham wood furniture.
This document discusses construction materials that provide fire resistance. It describes properties of ideal fire-resisting materials and divides building materials into combustible and non-combustible categories. Specific fire-resisting properties of common materials like stone, brick, concrete, steel, glass and timber are explained. The document concludes with recommendations for fire-resistant construction of walls, columns, floors, roofs, openings and strong rooms.
finishing works in building including cladding,plastering, pointing works , suspended ceiling , partition walls, paints and painting procedures as per ioe syllabus ,
Design principles of fire rsistant wallsNayana 54321
Fire resistant walls are designed to restrict the spread of fire and extend continuously from the foundation to at least 1m above the roof. Their design and materials determine their fire resistivity and resistance to collapse, penetration by flames/hot gases, and temperature rise on the unexposed face. Basic principles of fire safety design include fire avoidance, detection, growth restriction, containment, control, and smoke control as well as escape provisions. Construction techniques like using fire resistant wall boards, attaching them with metal channels instead of screws, and adding plywood to walls can increase their fire resistance time.
Design principles of fire rsistant wallsNayana 54321
Fire resistant walls are designed to restrict the spread of fire and extend continuously from the foundation to at least 1m above the roof. Their design and materials determine their fire resistivity and ability to resist collapse, penetration of flames and hot gases, and maintain acceptable surface temperatures during a fire. Basic principles of fire resistant wall design include fire avoidance, detection, growth restriction, containment, control and smoke control to allow safe escape. Choice of materials like concrete, steel, timber and masonry influence fire resistance, with gypsum wallboard and shear wall construction techniques further improving resistance.
This document discusses construction types as defined by building codes. It outlines the five main construction types - Type I (fire-resistant non-combustible), Type II (non-combustible), Type III (combustible exterior/non-combustible interior), Type IV (heavy timber), and Type V (combustible). The construction type determines the building's allowable height, area, and fire resistance of structural elements based on occupancy and materials used. Non-combustible materials like steel and concrete provide the highest fire resistance while combustible wood is the least fire resistant.
Advantages, Disadvantages and Uses of Lightweight ConcreteShyam Steel TMT Bar
Lightweight concrete is a mixture of fine coarse aggregates such as clay, slate, shale for giving low density. The weight of this structural lightweight concrete ranges from 1440 to 1840 kg/m3.
Whereas, Normal weight of concrete ranges between 2240 to 2400 kg/m3
Module on light and heavy weight concreteErankajKumar
Lightweight concrete has lower density than normal weight concrete, ranging from 90-115 lb/ft3 compared to 140-150 lb/ft3. It uses lightweight aggregates that are expanded or porous, like shale, clay or slag. Lightweight concrete can be classified based on density and strength, including low density concrete for insulation, moderate strength concrete, and structural concrete. Structural lightweight concrete has compressive strengths over 17.0 MPa and is used in construction where weight needs to be reduced. It has benefits like high strength to weight ratio, thermal insulation, fire resistance, and ease of construction using prefabricated units.
The document summarizes the evolution of brick as a building material from ancient times to modern times. It discusses how bricks were first used in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, made of sun-dried mud. The Mesopotamians developed stronger bricks by baking mud bricks mixed with straw in kilns. Later, the Chinese, Romans, British, and Americans improved brick construction technology and the properties of bricks for increased strength, durability, and use in new building typologies. Bricks evolved from a purely load-bearing building material to also being used for their aesthetic and acoustic properties. Modern composite construction methods allow for the use of bricks in high-rise buildings.
This document provides an overview of different types of concrete and concrete walls presented by Kamrul Hassan. It discusses 15 types of concrete materials including modern concrete, high-strength concrete, stamped concrete, and glass concrete. It also describes 7 types of concrete walls including precast walls, poured walls, block walls, stucco walls, stamped walls, colored walls, and retaining walls. The advantages and uses of each wall type are summarized. The document concludes with descriptions of different types of masonry concrete blocks and alternative materials to concrete including honeycomb clay blocks, hemp blocks, and insulated concrete form blocks.
First-class brickwork is an essential component of building construction, characterized by its superior quality and meticulous craftsmanship. It involves the precise arrangement of bricks in a structural design to create strong, durable, and aesthetically pleasing walls. This short presentation aims to highlight the key features, benefits, and techniques associated with first-class brickwork in building construction.
This document provides information about epoxy flooring. It begins by defining epoxy as a durable material made from mixing chemical compounds. Epoxy flooring involves applying an epoxy coating to concrete floors to provide a smooth, protective surface. The coating consists of resins and hardeners with additives to control properties like abrasion resistance and curing time. Epoxy floors are commonly used in industrial and commercial settings due to their durability and ability to withstand impacts, chemicals, and heavy loads. Different types of epoxy floors and their applications are described, along with the installation process and advantages like easy cleaning and slip resistance. Potential disadvantages like toxic fumes during curing and high installation costs are
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
The document provides information about bricks, including their history, manufacturing process, properties, uses, and advantages. It acknowledges those who helped with an assignment related to bricks. Key points:
- Bricks date back 7,000 years and were originally sun-dried mud bricks, while fired bricks became more common for permanent buildings.
- Modern bricks are made through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extruded and can be made from clay or other materials. They go through preparation, moulding, drying, and burning.
- Bricks are classified based on their quality and used widely in construction for walls, floors, and decoratively due to their strength, fire resistance, and other beneficial properties
Fire fighting notes detailing of how the Fite fighting system is usedshindhe1098cv
This document discusses fire protection in buildings. It covers important considerations for fire protection like use of fire-resistant materials and construction techniques. It also discusses providing means of safe escape from buildings. Specific elements that should be made of fire-resistant materials are identified, like staircases, corridors, and building entrance/exits. General measures for fire safety in buildings are also outlined.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
1. Fire guidelines by NBC(part-2)
Maneesh kumar Reddy
Ps no 20092039
Hci metros
2. contents
Introduction
Types of construction
Commonly used building materials
Fire resistant building materials
Fire Resistance Ratings of Structural Elements
Designing of a fire-resistive building
Conclusions
References
3. Introduction
Construction in which the floors, walls, roof, and other components are built
exclusively of non combustible materials, with fire-endurance ratings equal to
or greater than those mandated by law.
In a fire resistant construction, the maximum use of non-combustible
materials should be encouraged. All the structural elements such as beams,
columns, lintel, floors and roofs, load bearing walls or partition walls etc.
Should be constructed in such a way that they should continue to function as
structural members at least for the period which may be sufficient for the
occupants to escape.
The load bearing walls or columns of masonry should be thicker in section so
that they may successfully act as fire barrier for a considerable time
So far as possible fire resisting materials should be used in construction
4. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION :
1. Fireproof construction
2. Noncombustible construction
3. Exterior protected construction
4. Wood construction
5. TYPE 1. FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION (Fire Resistive Construction)
Construction of buildings that resist fire damage and prevent the spread of fire.
Fireproof building containing only no burning components, Such as steel, terra-cotta, plaster, and
concrete
Fire-resistance requirements can range from 3 to 4 hour.
Buildings may be used as high-rise office buildings, shopping centers, or residential units.
For buildings 15 m in height or above.
Buildings may be used as high-rise office buildings, shopping centers, or residential units.
Fire-resistance requirements have the following ratings as a range.
Exterior bearing walls: 3 to 4 hours.
Interior bearing walls: 2 to 4 hours.
Columns: 2 to 4 hours.
Beams, girders, trusses, and arches: 2 to 4 hours.
Floors: 2 to 3 hours.
Roof: 1-1/2 to 2 hours.
6. TYPE 2. NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION
Construction using masonry materials, Brick or concrete, on the outside walls of the structure,
And noncombustible materials for the roof and floor.
For buildings 15 m in height or above
Fire-resistance requirements can range from 2 to 3 hour.
Construction using masonry materials, Brick or concrete, on the outside walls of the structure, And
noncombustible materials for the roof and floor.
Buildings may be used as office buildings.
Fire-resistance requirements shall have, as a minimum, the following ratings:
Exterior bearing walls: 0 to 2 hours.
Interior bearing walls: 0 to 2 hours.
Columns: 0 to 2 hours.
Beams, girders, trusses, arches: 0 to 2 hours.
Floors: 0 to 2 hours.
Roof: 0 to 1 hour.
7. TYPE 3. EXTERIOR PROTECTED CONSTRUCTION (Ordinary Building)
Construction in which all structural elements of exterior walls are of non-combustible materials
Fire-resistance requirements for all elements can range from 0 to 1 hour.
Buildings may be retail stores, mixed occupancy, dwellings, and apartment buildings.
Only the exterior load-bearing walls shall be noncombustible or limited combustible, and shall have as
a minimum a 1-hour rating.
They also may be required to be protected and to have the following fire-resistance ratings:
Interior bearing walls: 0 to 1 hour.
Columns: 0 to 1 hour.
Beams, girders, trusses, arches: 0 to 1 hour.
Floors: 0 to 1 hour.
Roof: 0 to 1 hour.
8. TYPE 4. WOOD CONSTRUCTION
The construction in which the exterior wall or bearing wall, roof and floor wholly or partially of
wood
Structural members are entirely or partially made from wood or other approved combustible
material.
Fire-resistance requirements for all elements can range from 0 to 1 hour.
Exterior and interior bearing walls shall have, as a minimum, the following fire-resistance
ratings:
Exterior bearing walls: 2 hours.
Interior bearing walls: 1 to 2 hours
9. TYPE 4. WOOD CONSTRUCTION
The construction in which the exterior wall or bearing wall, roof and floor wholly or partially of
wood
Structural members are entirely or partially made from wood or other approved combustible
material.
Fire-resistance requirements for all elements can range from 0 to 1 hour.
Exterior and interior bearing walls shall have, as a minimum, the following fire-resistance
ratings:
Exterior bearing walls: 2 hours.
Interior bearing walls: 1 to 2 hours
11. Timber
Wood is the oldest material used by humans for
construction after stone.
Exceptionally strong relative to its weight
A good heat and electrical insulator
It is a renewable and biodegradable resource.
Environmentally friendly
Strong and lightweight
Easy to install, Durable, Cost effective, Flexible
Timber has a unique property of self insulation and slow burning and offers
considerable resistance to fire
Additional fire resistance is achieved through impregnation of timber with large
quantities of fire-retarding chemicals
The commonly used chemical for this purpose are ammonium phosphate and sulphate ,
borax and boric acid, zinc chloride etc.
This treatment retards increase in temperature during fire, decrease rate of flame spread
12. Brick
Bricks are used for building and pavement all
throughout the world.
Bricks are usually laid flat and are usually bonded
forming a structure to increase its stability and
strength.
First class bricks moulded from good clay can stand
exposure to fire for a considerable length of time
The properties of bricks which render them fire
resistant are the materials of construction and the
component of fire-resistive materials in brick i.e. clay
Normally burnt clay bricks , sand lime bricks
,engineering bricks , concrete bricks , fly ash bricks.
13. stone
The usage of stone in a fire resistive construction
should be strictly restricted to the minimum
Hot stone when subjected to sudden cooling
develops crack and can lead to failure of structure
Lime stone is least recommended as it get ruined
by an ordinary fire
Only compact sand stone having fine grains may
be used as it can stand the exposure to moderate
fire without serious cracks
14. steel
Steel has a very low fire resistance
value
With increase in temperature, the co-
efficient of elasticity of metal falls
appreciably rendering the structural
members soft and free to expand
When the members in this state came
in contact with water used for
extinguishing the fire, they tend to
contract, twist or distort and thus the
stability of the entire structure is
endangered.
15. concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Often, additives and
reinforcements (such as rebar) are included in the mixture to achieve the desired physical properties of the
finished material.
Normal concrete
High Strength Concrete
High Performance Concrete
Light Weight Concrete
Self-Compacting Concrete
Shotcrete
Pervious Concrete
The influence of fire on concrete varies with the nature of its coarse aggregate and its density
it has been noticed that in an average fire, the concrete surface gets disintegrated for a depth of
about 25mm
This is due to the de hydration of mortar in concrete by the fire
Hence in a reinforced concrete fire resistant construction, the thickness of clear cover should be more
17. glass
Glass is an amorphous solid material which is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological,
and decorative usage
Flat Glass
Fiber Glass
Laminated Safety Glass
Tempered Safety Glass
Colored Structural Glass
Glass Building Blocks
Heat-Resistant Glass
Glass for Electrical Uses
Glass conduct heat faster than metal because of its low thermal conductivity
When glass is subjected to sudden and extreme variation of temperature, it fractures or cracks.
By the use of glass reinforced with steel wire netting, such cracks can be minimized
The reinforced glass has a higher melting point then the ordinary glass, and such it is commonly used for
fire resisting doors, windows, sky-lights etc.
19. Plaster or mortar
Plaster Is a building material used for coating walls and ceilings.
Mortar Is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such
as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and seal the
irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add decorative colors or
patterns in masonry walls.
Plaster or mortar are incombustible and as such, by suitable choice of the
type of mortar, the walls or ceiling of a building can be made more fire
resistant
The resistance of the plaster to fire hazards can be increased by using it in
thicker layer
20. SNo. Structural Element Type Of Construction
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
1 Exterior walls :
a) Fire separation less than 3.7 m i) Bearing 4 2 2 1
ii) Nonbearing 2 1½ 1 1
b) Fire separation of 3.7 m or more
but
less than 9 m
i) Bearing 4 2 2 1
ii) Nonbearing 1½ 1½ 1 1
c) Fire separation of 9 m or more i) Bearing 4 2 2 1
ii) Nonbearing 1 1 1 1
2 Fire walls 4 2 2 2
21. SNo. Structural Element Type Of Construction
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
3 Fire separation assemblies (like fire
check doors)
4 2 2 2
4 Fire enclosures of exit ways, exit way
hallways, and stairways
2 2 2 2
5 Shaft other than exit ways elevator
hoist ways
2 2 2 2
6 Exit way access corridors 1 1 1 1
7 Vertical separation of tenant spaces 1 1 1 1
8 Dwelling unit separation 1 1 1 1
9 Non load bearing partitions At least an hour half
22. SNo. Structural Element Type Of Construction
Type 1 Type
2
Type
3
Type
4
9 Interior bearing walls, bearing
partitions, columns, girders, trusses(other
than roof trusses) and framing
i) Supporting more than one
floor
4 2 2 2
ii) Supporting one floor
only
3 1½ 1 1
iii) Supporting a roof only 3 1½ 1 1
10 Structural members support walls 3 1½ 1 1
11 Floor construction including walls 3 1½ 1 1
12 Roof construction i) 5 m or less in height to
lowest member
2 1½ 1 1
ii) More than 5 m but
less than 6.7 m in
height to lowest member
1 1 1 1
iii) 6.7 m or more in
height to lowest member
0 2 0 0
23. Fire resistant glass for windows
Glass is a poor conductor of heat and expends little during heating. Cracks are
formed in glass when it is cooled after heating.
Windows, important for visibility and light, can nonetheless be a fire hazard.
Even before a window is in direct contact with flames, the intense heat of a nearby
fire can cause the glass to break. And a broken window allows flames to enter a
building easily.
In addition, the heat from a fire outside might be enough to simply ignite flammable
items inside a home without direct contact.
To protect your house, consider installing fire-resistant windows.
One example is dual-paned glass windows, which double the time it would take for
fire to break the windows.
The outer layer will break first before the inner layer
24. Concrete
It is one of the most common building materials,
is also an excellent fire-resistant material.
It is noncombustible and has low thermal conductivity, meaning that it takes
a long time for fire to affect its structural, load-bearing ability, and it protects
from the spread of fire.
It's actually significantly more fire-resistant than steel, and often used to
reinforce and protect steel from fire.
The exact fire-resistance properties change depending on the type and
amount of aggregate used.
Concrete is often listed among the best fire-resistant roofing materials
25. stucco
Stucco is a material made of an aggregate, a binder,
and water.
It is used as decorative coating for walls and ceilings
and as a sculptural and artistic material in
architecture. Stucco may be used to cover less visually
appealing construction materials such
as metal, concrete or clay brick and adobe.
Modern stucco is made of Portland cement, sand and
lime, and it serves as an excellent and durable fire-
resistant finish material for buildings.
It can cover any structural material, such as brick or
wood.
It usually consists of two or three coats over metal
reinforcing mesh. A one-inch (2.54-centimeter) layer
of stucco can easily lend a 1-hour fire rating to a wall
26. gypsum
Many structural materials will require underlying
gypsum sheathing in order to achieve a good fire-
resistant rating, and gypsum board is the most
commonly used fire-resistant interior finish.
Gypsum board, also known as drywall, consists of a
layer of gypsum sandwiched between two sheets of
paper.
In addition, gypsum board has a noncombustible
core that contains chemically combined water (in
calcium sulfate). When affected by fire, the first thing
that happens is that this water comes out as steam.
This effectively impedes the transfer of heat through
the gypsum board. And even after the water is gone,
the gypsum core continues to resist fire penetration
for a time.
Builders often use multiple layers of gypsum board
to increase the fire-resistance rating.
27. brick
As bricks are made in a fire kiln, they're
already highly resistant to fire.
brick is also commonly cited as among
the best building materials for fire
protection.
Depending on the construction and
thickness of the wall, a brick wall can
achieve a 1-hour to 4-hour fire-
resistance rating.
28. Pressurization:
The establishment of a pressure difference across a barrier to protect a stairway, lobby escape route, or room of a
building from smoke penetration.
Pressurization Level:
The pressure difference between the pressurized space and the area served by the pressurized
escape route, expressed in Pascal's (Pa)
“The technique adopted is to create a higher
pressure in an escape route by mechanical
ventilation, thus preventing the ingress of smoke
and toxic gases into the protected area. The most
common method is by use of centrifugal or axial
fans driven by an electric motor. The basic design
considerations are:
The pressure required in the escape route and
the leakage paths. To be effective, the system should
operate when required at a higher pressure than that
developed by the fire and weather conditions.”