for the subject offered in GTU, BCT module 5 special treatment, for the 3rd sem & also for the 6th sem subject

1. Building Construction technology
Special Treatments
PREPARED BY
karm P. balar
asst. professor,
ssasit surat

2.  Contents:
• Special Treatment
• Fire Protection
• Water ResistantConstruction
• Thermal Insulation
• Acoustical Construction
• Anti TermiteTreatment

3. What is Special Treatments ?
 For safety and comfort of the occupants, a
building must be given some additional
treatments, these treatments are called special
treatments.

4. Fire Protection
 Important Consideration
• It should be the objective of every engineer and
architect while planning and designing the buildings
that the structures offer sufficient resistance against
fire so as to afford protection to the occupants in the
event of fire .
• This objective is achieved by adequate planning, use of
fire resisting materials and construction techniques
and by providing quick and safe mean of escape in the
building.

5.  General:
 The following facts in connection with fire protection
in building should beremembered:
• It’s too expensive to make all the building fully
protected against the fire.
• It doesn’t necessity to follow a none combustible material
possesses more powertoresist fire.
• The main purpose of making a building fire resistant is to
protect life, goods, and activities within the building.
• The degree of fire resistance required will largely depend
on the use ofbuilding.

6. • In case of fire hazard, the danger is from fire, smoke and
panic .
• Fire is capable consuming , destroying and the tragic part of
it is that nothing is that left to rise from the ashes except the
funnel of smoke .
• The provision of suitable means of escape from fire should
be made in relation of to the dangers and the number of
persons to be affected in fire hazard .
• The means of escape from the fire should be located in
such away that they remain unobstructed by smoke or
fumes .

7.  Causes Of Fire
 Smoking in unauthorizedplaces
 faulty wiring and shortcircuiting
 Heating and cookingequipment
 Open flame and sparks
 Flammable liquids
 Chimneys and fuels
 Suspected arson
 Lighting
 Spontaneouscombustion

8.  Effects Of Fire
• Various types of construction materials
produce different gases when ignited by fire .
• The effects of gases are…
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S)
 Nitrogen Sulphide (N2S)
 Carbon Monoxide(CO)

9.  Fire Hazard
The natureof damagesand dangerscaused by
fire can be broadly divided into three types:
1. Personal Hazard:
The Hazard to the occupants of the building .
2. Damage Hazard :
The Hazard to the structure and contents .
3. Exposure Hazard :
The Hazard due to the spread of fire to other
building.

10. 1. Personal Hazard
 It is the hazard to the occupants of the building.
This danger can be taken care of by providing
adequate means of escape for the occupants, so
that they can reach the place of safety in the
shortest possible time in the event of thefire.

11.  National Building Code (NBC) has given the
following recommendations:
1. Every tall building should have a minimum of two stair cases.
2. The travel distance for different types of buildings should not be
more than as under
Residential , Educational , Institutional buildings……22.5 m
Assembly hall , Storage ……30 m
Business…….45 m
3. No revolving door should be treated as exits except in residential
and mercantile occupancies.
4. Lifts and escalators should not be considered as exits.
5. A separate fire lift should be provided for use of fire brigade in the
event of fire.

12. 2. Damage Hazard
• The hazard to the structure and its contents
and components is called damagehazards.
• The danger can be minimised by use of fire
resisting materials and by carrying out the
construction of structural elements like
beam, columns, lintels, etc..

13. • The degree of fire resistance to be provided
depends to a great extent upon the use of the
buildings as well as the extent of the numbers
of people it accommodates.

14.  National Building Code (NBC) has classified the
construction in to four classes on the basis of fire
resistance offered by building components as:
Type-1 : fire resistance 4 hours
Type-2 : fire resistance 3 hours
Type-3 : fire resistance 2 hours
Type-4 : fire resistance 1 hour

15. 3. Exposure Hazard
 The hazard due to the spread of fire to other buildings
is called exposurehazards.

16. • This danger can be taken care of by
planning and designing the building in such
a manner that the fire can be contained in a
limited area for sufficient time to enable the
occupants in the danger zone to escape to
place of safety.

17.  Fire Load
• Fire load is the amount of heat in kilocalories
which is liberated per square meter of floor
area of any compartment by the combustion
of the contents of the buildings and any
combustible part of the buildings itself.
• The fire load is determined by multiplying the
weight of all combustible materials by their
respective calorific values and dividing by the
floor area under consideration.

18. • As per IS: 1641-1960 fire load is dividing into
the following three classes:
1. Low fire load
2. Moderate fire load
3. High fire load
No. Class of Fire load Limit in kcal/𝑚2 Occupancies
1. Low Not over 2,75,000 Domestic , Hotels
, Schools ,
Hospitals etc.
2. Moderate 2,75,000 to
5,50,000
Markets ,
Factories , Shops
etc.
3. High 5,50,000 to
11,00,000
Godowns ,
storage of NH
materials

19.  Characteristics of fire resisting
materials:
1. The material should not disintegrate under the
effect of heat.
2. The expansion of material due to heat should not
be such that it leads to instability of the structure of
which it forms part.
3. The construction of the material due to sudden
cooling with water after it has been heated to a
high temperature should not be rapid.

20. Building material related to fire
Non Combustible materials
e.g.
-Brick
-Stone
-Concrete
-Metal
-Glass
Combustible Materials
e.g.
-Wood
-Fibre
-Straw board

21.  Fire resisting materials in building:
• Stone
• Bricks
• Concrete
• Steel
• Timber
• Glass
• Aluminium
• Plaster or Mortar

22.  Fire resistant construction:
 Walls and columns should be made of thicker section.
 In solid load bearing walls , bricks should be preferred to
stones .
 In stone walls , granite and limestone should avoided .
 In framed structures , R.C.C. should be preferred to steel.
1. Walls and Roofs:

23.  Walls should be made dense concrete instead of light
weight concrete .
 Partition wall constructed with fire resisting material
like R.C.C. , Reinforced brick-work etc.
 Cavity wall construction offers good fire resistance .
 If the frame work is of R.C.C. ,thickness should be;
columns – 40 to 50 mm
beams – 35 to 40 mm
slab – 25 mm
 Walls should be plastered with fire resistive mortar .

24. 2. Floors and Roofs :
 Slab roof is preferred to slopping or pitched .
 For flooring use fire resisting material like concrete ,
brick .
 Floor should be either of R.C.C. or hollow tiles.
 Ceiling directly suspended from joists should fire
resistant material like asbestos cement etc.

25. 3. Wall opening :
 Doors and windows should be made of steel .
 For window wire glass panel preferable .
 Steel rolling shutter are use for shops , godowns etc.
 In timber doors :
-thickness of door leaf 4 cm
-door frame as 8 to 10 cm

26. 4. Escape elements :
 Escape elements like lobbies , corridors , entrance ,
etc. should be constructed to resist fire.
 It should be well separated from the rest of building .
5. Strong room construction :
 Strong room are made of at least 30 cm thick cement concrete .
 If thin R.C.C. wall are used it should covering of bricks or
terracotta .
 Wall should have covering suitable plaster with the resistive
mortar .
 Windows and ventilation should be covered by special grill made
of 20 mm steel square bars .

27.  Fire Detection System :
• It is an installation provided with the aim of
warning the occupants to the building of the
outbreak of fire and call to for assistant at the
same time .It can be either manual or
automatic .
1. Manual Alarm System
2. Automatic Alarm System

28.  Fire Extinguishing System :
• Each building should have suitable fire extinguishing
system , depending upon the importance of the
building and the associated fire hazards . The
commonly adopted fire extinguishing systems are :
1. Manual Fire Extinguishing Equipment
2. Fire hydrants
3. Wet riser system
4. Automatic sprinkler system

30. Water Resistant Construction (Damp Proofing)
1. Rising of moisture from theground
2. Action of rain
3. Rain penetration from top ofwalls
4. Condensation
5. Miscellaneous causes
 Causes of dampness:

31. Effects of Dampness:
Unhealthy living condition
Rise to breeding of mosquitoes
Corrosion of metals
Effect on electrical fittings
Unsightly patches on wall or ceiling
Effect on timber construction
 Softening and crumbling of plaster

32.  Materials Used For Damp Proofing:
1. Hot Bitumen
2. Mastic Asphalt
3. Bituminous felts
4. Metal Sheets
5. Stone
6. Breaks
7. Mortar
8. CementConcrete
9. Plastic Sheets

33. Methods of Damp proofing:
1. Damp proof course (D.P.C.)
2. Integral Damp proof
3. Damp proof surface treatment
4. Cavity wall construction
5. Guniting or shotcrete
6. Pressure grouting

34.  Damp Proof Course (D.P.C.):
• These are the layers of membranes of water
repellent materials which are interposed in
the building structures at locations
wherever water entry is suspected .
• D.P.C. provided to prevent the water rising
from the sub-soil .

35. • The best location for D.P.C. of buildings without
basement , lies at the plinth level or in case of
structures without plinth , it should be laid 15 cm
above the G.L.

36. General principles for providing D.P.C.
1. The D.P.C. should cover the full thickness of walls .
2. The mortar bed upon which D.P.C. is laid should be
level .
3. At junctions and corners of wall , it should be laid
continuous horizontal .
4. Where a vertical D.P.C. is to be laid continuous with
horizontal D.P.C. , a fillet 75 mm in radius should
provided .
5. The D.P.C. should not be exposed on the wall
surface , otherwise it is likely to be damage by
carpenters , tile layers etc.

37. D.P.C. treatment in buildings :
1. D.P.C. for foundation :

38. 2. D.P.C. for basement :

39. 3. D.P.C for flat roof :

40. 4. D.P.C. for parapet wall :

41. 5. D.P.C. for pitched roof :

42. Thermal Insulation
 The term thermal insulation is used to indicate the
construction or provisions by way of which
transmission of heat from or in the room is retarded.

43. Advantages Of Thermal Insulation
1. Comfort
2. Fuel Saving
3. Preventation of condensation
4. Watersystem

44.  Thermal Insulating Materials
1. Slab or blockinsulation
2. Blanket insulation
3. Loose fill insulation
4. Bat insulating materials
5. Insulating boards
6. Reflective sheetmaterials
7. Light weightmaterials

45.  Thermal Insulation of roofs :
The following methods of thermal insulation for treating
internal and external surfaces are generally employed.
1. In case of internal application heat insulation materials
installed over the roof and internal application it may be
fixed by adhesive or underside of roof .
2. The false ceiling of insulating materials provided below the
roof with air gaps .

46. 3. Shining and reflective insulation materials laid on the roof .
4. An air space created on top of roofs by arranging sheets like G.I.
sheet , asbestos cement over the bricks .
5. Flats roof may be kept cool by flooded water either by storing
or by spraying regularly .
6. White washing of the roof before on set of each summer .
7. Suitable shading of roof on the exposed surface .

47.  Thermal Insulation of exposed wall:
The following methods are adopted for thermal insulation of
exposed wall:
1. The thickness of the wall may by increased.
2. Hollow and cavity wall construction may be adopted .
3. The wall constructed out of suitable heat insulating
materials .

48. 4. For partition walls , an air space created by fixing the
sheathing of head boards of the wall .
5. Light coloured white-wash applied on the exposed
surface of the wall.

49.  Thermal Insulation exposed door and
windows :
• All windows, doors, which are exposed transmit heat to a
considerable extent .
• The following methods suitably used to achieve heat
insulation of exposed windows, doors , etc.
1. Reduction of incidence of solar heat
2. Reduction of heat transmission

50. References :
 Building Construction (Dr. R.P. Rethaliya)
 Building Construction (S.P.Arora ; S.P.Bindra)

51. Thank You