This document summarizes a consultation with a 23-year-old unmarried Muslim woman requesting contraception as she is sexually active with her boyfriend. Her medical history and examination are unremarkable. The document discusses various contraceptive methods including their permissibility according to Islamic law and medical guidelines. Key factors discussed are the use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections, as well as intrauterine devices and emergency contraception pills as temporary contraceptive options.
Reproductive Health,the topic is mainly about what is an reproductive health and what is aids what are the symptoms of aids and what are its diagnosis. in this presentation you will have census on the growth of population and the growth of aids in the countries.
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Reproductive health
Birth Control
Contraceptives and their types
Various Characteristics of Contraceptive
Natural Method , Surgical Method , Chemical methods explained
Reproductive Health,the topic is mainly about what is an reproductive health and what is aids what are the symptoms of aids and what are its diagnosis. in this presentation you will have census on the growth of population and the growth of aids in the countries.
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Reproductive health
Birth Control
Contraceptives and their types
Various Characteristics of Contraceptive
Natural Method , Surgical Method , Chemical methods explained
The effort to find out which one is better abortion or childbirth, relate it to Islamic teaching and conventional law. sorry for any kind of mistake/wrong.
There are many ethical aspects which derive from the application of reproduction control in women's health. Women's health can be enhanced if women are given the opportunity to make their own reproduction choices about sex, contraception, abortion and application of reproductive technologies.
The effort to find out which one is better abortion or childbirth, relate it to Islamic teaching and conventional law. sorry for any kind of mistake/wrong.
There are many ethical aspects which derive from the application of reproduction control in women's health. Women's health can be enhanced if women are given the opportunity to make their own reproduction choices about sex, contraception, abortion and application of reproductive technologies.
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
INFERTILITY AND ITS MANAGEMENT IS A LIGHTNING TOPIC OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY. ALL THE METHODS OF INFERTILITY MANAGEMENT ARE DISCUSSED IJN THIS SLIDE.
Explain the wider meaning of family planning.
Give contraceptive counselling.
List the efficiency, contraindications and side effects of the various contraceptive methods.
List the important health benefits of contraception.
Advise a postpartum patient on the most appropriate method of contraception.
Life is like the beautiful rainbow from the perspective of al quranDrnoor Tahir Lubis
Life is so beautiful...
it is created by the God with His universal laws...
it is just left to us to understand the secrets behind it as partly reflected tonite from the Holy Quran
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Fiqh Medicine: Contraception
1. Dr Noor Azizah Tahir
18-19 Mei, 2013
Majlis Bersama Pelajar2 Malaysia
UNHAS, Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia
2.
3. • Miss X, 23 year old, unmarried Muslim lady came in for
consultation on contraception.
• She is a student at a college with a hectic lifestyle
(busy with classes and internship)
• She is requesting for contraception as she is sexually
active with her boyfriend.
• She is open to any contraception method. She claims
that she is willing to commit to the strict regime of
contraception.
• She denies the natural method as she feels that it is
too risky
• However, she is very concerned on the weight gaining
effects of contraception.
4. • She has never been hospitalized before. She has
occasional headaches but has not been diagnosed
with migraine. Other systemic review was
unremarkable. No breast lump detected on breast
self examination. No previous history of dvt,
pulmonary embolism and chest pain.
• Menstrual history
• She attained menarche at 11 years of age. She
has regular 30 day cycle, for 7-10 days. She uses
around 3-4 pads a day. No intermenstrual
bleeding. No dysmenorrhea.
5. • No family history of heart disease, hypertension,
deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism,
haematological disorder
• No previous use of ocp. No other drugs taken.
• This is her first boyfriend and claims that he is the
only person she has been with.
• She denies any promiscuity.
• She has never been pregnant before.
• She does not smoke, non alcoholic.
6. On examination, patient was sitting comfortably. Her vital
signs are as follows:
• Pulse: 84
• Blood pressure: 128/86
• Respiratory: 14
• Temperature: 37
• She has pink conjunctiva, no icteric sclera. Fair
hydration. No pedal edema. No leg swelling.
Cardiovascular examination
• S1 S2 heard, no murmurs.
7. Respiratory examination
• Equal air entry. No crepitations or ronchi.
Abdominal examination
• Abdomen was soft, non tender. No organomegaly.
Breast examination
• Symmetrical breasts. No skin changes, no nipple
changes. No breast lump felt. No nipple discharge.
No palpable axillary lymph nodes.
15. • 1) allowed to have fewer children?
• 2) allowed to have smaller families?
• 3) can pregnancies be terminated lawfully by induced
abortion in accordance with Islamic Fiqh?
16. • 1) allowed to have fewer children?
• 2) allowed to have smaller families?
• 3) can pregnancies be terminated lawfully by induced
abortion in accordance with Islamic Fiqh?
17. • “It is a great misery to have too many children without the
means to support them”
• (Al-Hakim)
• “Balance”
18. • 1) allowed to have fewer children?
• 2) allowed to have smaller families?
• 3) can pregnancies be terminated lawfully by induced
abortion in accordance with Islamic Fiqh?
21. • Para ibu hendaklah menyusukan anak-anaknya selama dua tahun
penuh, yaitu bagi yang ingin menyempurnakan penyusuan. Dan
kewajiban ayah memberi makan dan pakaian kepada para ibu
dengan cara yang makruf. Seseorang tidak dibebani melainkan
menurut kadar kesanggupannya. Janganlah seorang ibu menderita
kesengsaraan karena anaknya dan juga seorang ayah karena
anaknya, dan waris pun berkewajiban demikian. Apabila keduanya
ingin menyapih (sebelum dua tahun) dengan kerelaan keduanya dan
permusyawaratan, maka tidak ada dosa atas keduanya. Dan jika
kamu ingin anakmu disusukan oleh orang lain, maka tidak ada dosa
bagimu apabila kamu memberikan pembayaran menurut yang patut.
Bertakwalah kepada Allah dan ketahuilah bahwa Allah Maha Melihat
apa yang kamu kerjakan.
22. • “Jabir, a companion of Prophet Muhd SAW syas that
coitus interruptus was practised with the knowledge of
the Prophet SAW and he did not object it”
23. • Persidangan Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan
Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia Kali Ke-12 yang
bersidang pada 20 Februari 1977 telah membincangkan
Rancangan Keluarga.
24. • Persidangan telah memutuskan bahawa Rancangan
Keluarga mengandungi tiga bahagian, iaitu:
25. • Mencegahkan beranak atau menghadkan bilangan anak
hukumnya adalah haram melainkan dengan sebab-sebab
yang diharuskan oleh syarak bagi orang-orang
perseorangan.
26. • Menyusun keluarga dari segi kesihatan, pelajaran dan
kebahagiaan keluarga dengan cara yang lain daripada
(a) dan (b) di atas adalah harus.
32. 2nd generation
•Cu T 200,
• Cu T 220
• Cu T 380A
• ML Cu 375
• Nova T
3rd generation
33.
34.
35. •Perforation of uterus
• Abnormal bleeding per vagina
• Infection/ PID
• Not feeling well (fever, chill, etc)
• String missing
•Mild cramping
36. Contraindications: IUD
‘SHOULD NOT’ be inserted in women with:
Known or suspected pregnancy
Cervical or endometrial cancer or
unexplained vaginal bleeding
Malignant trophoblastic disease or
known pelvic tuberculosis
Uterine distortion that impedes correct
IUD placement
Infection following childbirth or following
incomplete abortion
Source: WHO, 2004
37. • Postcoital contraception
• Any method used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected
intercourse but before implantation
• Treatment can be given any time between 2-7 days of
unprotected intercourse
38. Types of Emergency
Contraception
Mechanism of Action Efficacy
Emergency Contraception
Pill
• Levonorgestrel-only pill
•Yuzpe regime (Ethinyl
estradiol and
Levonorgestrel)
• When given before
ovulation, it suppresses
and delays ovulation
• Recent study shows that
levonorgestrel-only
regimen only prevents
pregnancy when taken
before fertilization of the
ovum occurs
• Has been shown to
reduce the risk of
pregnancy by 75% to 89%
•WHO reports a pregnancy
rate of 1.1% with
levonorgestrel-only
regimen compared with
3.2% for Yuzpe regimen
Copper IUCD
• effective when used
within 5 days of
unprotected intercourse
• A meta-analysis of 20
published papers showed
that copper IUCDs inserted
within 5 days of
unprotected intercourse
has an efficacy of 98.7%
39.
40. • Chlamydia
• The most common curable STI (Chlam y d ia tra cho m a tis ) which infect
the cervix and the penile urethra
• Usually present with dyspareunia and discharge from penis and
vagina
• The most effective method would be using a condom
• Gonorrhea
• One of the most common STI (Ne is s e ria g o no rrho e a e )
• most of the time is asymptomatic however if left untreated may cause
pelvic inflammatory disease in woman and epididymitis in men which
in long run will cause infertility
• Most of the time it is treated with fluoroquinolones but in 2007, many
of cases have shown that there is resistant toward the antibiotic
• Condom would still be the best method in prevention
41. • Syphilis
• It is one of the most notorious STI (Tre p o ne m a p a llidum )
• Spread by direct contact with a syphilis sore usually during
intercourse
• On an early stage it may present with painless ulcer but left untreated
it may lead to neurosyphilis.
• Treated with penicillin G
• Trichomoniasis
• The most common STI in a sexually active women which usually
present with frothy, foul smelling discharge, dysparerunia and
irritation around the vaginal area
• It may infect the male partner but they tend no to have any symptom
• The best prevention method would still be the barrier method which
are condom
42. • Crabs/pubic lice
• Its not only microorganism that is consider an STI but lice is also one
of the most common STI (Pe d ic ulo s is p ubis )
• usually spread by sexual contact, although they also can be
transmitted by infested linens and clothing however they don’t last
long on the body
• Present with itching of the genital area as well as visible lice eggs
• HIV/AIDS
• Is a viral type of STI which is nowaday common in younger
generation of people
• It usually spread by an exchange of bodily fluids such as blood,
semens, breast milk and vaginal secretions.
• Again, barrier method though not 100%, is still the best method in
prevention of STI
43. Contraceptive Method Bacterial Infections Viral Infections
Condoms Usually protective Protective, but not for HPV
OCP/ Hormonal Methods Increases risk of chlamydia
and gonorrhea
Increases risk of HIV
Withdrawal Slightly protective Slightly protective
IUD Increases risk of pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID)
Not Protective
Fertility Awareness Not Protective Not Protective
Cervical Cap Potentially protective
against chlamydia and
gonorrhea. Research
currently underway.
Potentially protective
against HIV. Research
currently underway.
Spermicides Not Protective Increases risk of HIV
Diaphragm Protective against cervical
infection
Can facilitate vaginal
bacterial overgrowth
Protective against
cervical tumors
44. • Condoms made of latex or polyurethane can help
reduce the likelihood of most STD's, but even
these sometimes allow the transmission of
disease; 2-6% of condoms break or fall off during
intercourse, and a condom can break even if you
use it perfectly. A condom is not protective
against HPV.
• Hormonal methods can actually increase your
chances of getting an STD from your partner if he
is infected. It will supress the immune system, and
hormonal methods can make the reproductive tract
more vulnerable to infections like HIV and
chlamydia.
45. • Spermicides (lube or in condoms) containing
nonoxynol-9 were once thought to help
prevent HIV infection, but newer studies show
an increased risk because the chemical can
irritate the vagina, facilitating infection.
Consequently, spermicides are no longer
being recommended for HIV prevention.
• Withdrawal does not offer complete protection
from STDs. Lubricating fluids escape long
before ejaculation; usually they contain no
sperm but can transmit diseases like the AIDS
virus.
46. • UN recommends the use of hormonal contraception and
condoms to prevent STDs and pregnancy
• Iman and taqwa to prevent STDs and plan our
pregnancies to balance life roles and responsibilities
47.
48. • Ahmad Abdel Aziz Yacoub. 2001. The Fiqh Of Medicine.
London: Taha
• e-fatwa.gov.my‘
48