This document summarizes key concepts in capital budgeting. It discusses various capital budgeting techniques including payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. It also covers the identification and evaluation of investment projects, as well as the importance of considering risk in capital budgeting decisions. The document is presented by N. Ganesha Pandian and provides an overview of capital budgeting principles.
,
cost of capital
,
bond
,
preferred stock
,
factors influencing cost of capital determination
,
cost of new common stock
,
cost of debt components
,
cost of preferred stock
,
components of cost of capital
This presentation is made by Toran Lal Verma. Meaning, nature, and scope of Financial Management are discussed. scope and objectives of financial management have been discussed along with merits and demerits.
,
cost of capital
,
bond
,
preferred stock
,
factors influencing cost of capital determination
,
cost of new common stock
,
cost of debt components
,
cost of preferred stock
,
components of cost of capital
This presentation is made by Toran Lal Verma. Meaning, nature, and scope of Financial Management are discussed. scope and objectives of financial management have been discussed along with merits and demerits.
Let's today to know something about Dividend...... A dividend is an extra income to dividend holder which totally tax-free in hands of Receiver which is considered the source of income.
it is useful for MBA 2nd semister students. they didn't know the proper information about the working capital management. so , that's why i prepare the some introduction part for this concept.
Capital Budgeting is about how one should evaluate the financing options based on the superior financial performance through mathematical techniques. These techniques have been discussed in the presentation in detail.
Let's today to know something about Dividend...... A dividend is an extra income to dividend holder which totally tax-free in hands of Receiver which is considered the source of income.
it is useful for MBA 2nd semister students. they didn't know the proper information about the working capital management. so , that's why i prepare the some introduction part for this concept.
Capital Budgeting is about how one should evaluate the financing options based on the superior financial performance through mathematical techniques. These techniques have been discussed in the presentation in detail.
Financial Management - Chapter 1 ( B.COM BU IV semester ) Chaitra Mandara
Introduction to Financial Management,meaning , definition, profit and wealth maximization, significance, financing decision and investment decision, dividend decision,financial planning, duties of controller and treasurer.
Investment Decision — Capital Budgeting Techniques — Pay Back Method — Accounting Rate Of Return — NPV — IRR — Discounted Pay Back Method — Capital Rationing — Risk Adjusted Techniques Of Capital Budgeting. — Capital Budgeting Practices.
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Financial management unit 2 Investment Decisions
1. Prepared and presented by,
N. Ganesha Pandian
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
2. Capital Budgeting: principles and techniques
Nature of capital budgeting
Identifying relevant cash flow
Evaluation techniques: Payback period method, Accounting rate
of return, Net present value, Internal rate of return and
profitability index
Comparison of DCF techniques
Concept and measurement of cost of capital
Specific cost and overall cost of capital
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
3. Function of finance manager to determine
the composition of assets (current assets and
fixed assets)
The manager takes financial decisions on
fixed assets – capital budgeting
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
4. Planning the capital expenditure in
acquisition of capital/fixed assets.
Also consider the revenue generated and the
cash inflow outlay.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
5. According to Charles T. Horngren: “Capital
budgeting is the long term planning for making
and financing proposed outlay”.
Keller and Ferrara : “Capital expenditure budget
is the plans for the appropriation and
expenditure for fixed assets during the project
period”.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
6. 1. Investment – Huge fund required
2. Long term – cannot be reversed
3. Forecasting – Risk assessment to be
evaluated
4. Serious consequences – wrong decisions or
error may lead to disaster.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
7. To take decisions among the most profitable
among the numerous options
Deciding to choose most profitable under
capital market constraint
Support the growth and expansion of firm
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
8. Substantial expenditure
Long term implications
Irreversible decisions
Complexity
Risk
Surplus (profit to cover cost)
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
9. Evaluating and assessing the risks in capital investments
Time value of money adjusted
Different sources of fund – optimizes the overall cost of
capital
Proportion of debt and equity – facilitates capital gearing
In tight situation – capital rationing
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
10. Decision involves:
1. Which project a firm should involve
2. Total amount of expenditure
3. How the funds are financed
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
11. Identification of investment proposal
Screening of the proposals
Evaluating the proposals
Fixing priorities
Final approval
Implementing the proposal
Follow up
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
12. Based on Firm’s existence
1. Replacement and modernization decision –
cost reduction (old replaced with or without
considering the economic value)
2. Expansion decision
3. Diversification decision revenue
increasing decision
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Contd…
13. Based on decision situation
1. Mutually exclusive decision - Either this or that
2. Accept or reject decision – Project accept or
reject due to their return
3. Contingent Decision – one is related to another
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
14. 1. Initial investment
2. Cash flow after taxes (CFAT)
3. Terminal cash inflows
4. Time value of money
5. Discounted rate (WACC)
6. Present value factor/ and Annuity factor table
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
15. MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Capital budgeting
methods
Discounted cash flow/
Time adjusted method
Traditional or non
discounting method
NPV
(Net
present
value)
Accounting /
Average
rate of
return
Pay
back
period
Internal
rate of
return
(IRR)
Profita
bility
Index
(PI)
16. 1. Pay back period method:
Formula : Pay back period = Initial investment
CFAT
1. In case of uniform CFAT; formula applied
2. In case of differential CFAT for various years
i. Compute Cumulative CFAT
ii. Find out CFAT exceeds the initial investment
iii. Corresponding year is the pay back period
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
17. A project had an initial investment Rs. 2,00,000.
The cash flows after tax every year of Rs. 50, 000
p. a for six years.
Compute pay back period.
Solution: Payback period = Initial investment/
CFAT = 2,00,000/50,000
Pay back period = 4 years
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
18. A project has an initial investment Rs.
5,00,000 and the cash flow are 1,50,000 in 1st
year; 1,80,000 in 2nd year; 1,50,000 in 3rd year;
1,32,000 in 4th year and 1,20,000 in 5th year.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Next slide
20. Merits:
1. Easy to apply and compute
2. Applicable when project is short term
3. Focus on early return and ignores future returns
4. Considers liquidity and solvency of firm
Demerits:
1. Not taking time value of money into account
2. Biased indicator as it ignores future cash flow
3. It can’t be compared with other projects
4. Change in cash flow affect the payback period
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
21. I. Discounted payback period method:
1. Ascertain the investment and cash flow
2. Find out PV factor and compute discounted cash
flow after taxes (CFAT)
3. Ascertain cumulative discounted cash flow CFAT
exceeds initial investment
4. Corresponding to discounted CFAT is payback
period
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
22. Formula :
post pay back profitability = post pay back profit
Initial investment * 100
Cash flow after payback period
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
23. Rate of return computation
Pay back reciprocal = CFAT
Initial investment
= 1
payback period
It applies only when equated cash inflows every
year.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
24. ARR is the annualized net income earned on
the average funds invested in a project
A, In case of method on original investment :
ARR = (Average net earnings / initial investment)* 100
B, In case of method on average investment :
ARR = (Average net earnings/ Average investment) *100
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
25. Deduct profit with tax and depreciation
PAT (profit after tax) is calculated as average
for ‘N’Years.
Calculate ARR by dividing earnings by
investment
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
26. Merits:
1. Easy and simple to understand and use
2. Total earnings taken into consideration
3. Emphasis on profitability rather than liquidity
4. Calculations based on accounting data
Demerits:
1. Ignores times value of money
2. Ignores salvage value
3. Does not consider the length of project
4. Fails to recognize the size of investment
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
27. Project K requires an investment of Rs. 20
lakhs and yields profit after tax and
depreciation as follows:
At the end of 5thYear, the plant can be sold for
Rs. 1,60,000 CalculateARR.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Profit after
tax and
depreciation
1,00,000 1,50,000 2,50,000 2,60,000 1,60,000
29. Discounting of future values by
predetermined rates
Discount factor PV = 1/(1+r)^n
r – Discount rate
n – number of years
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
30. Computation method:
1. Ascertain total cash inflows, outflows of the project
and time period
2. Calculate present value for cash inflow (CFAT*PV)
3. Calculate present value for outflow
4. NPV = PV cash inflow – PV cash outflow
5. Whichever project with high NPV accept the
proposal
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
31. Merits:
1. It recognizes time value of money
2. It uses the discount rate (that is) cost of capital
3. Considers all the cash flow
4. Can compare with other projects.
Limitations:
1. This method assumes the discount rate.
2. It may not give reliable answer in certain cases
3. Projects with the different amounts of investment cannot be
compared
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
32. A company is considering two different
investment proposals X andY as below:
Discount rate @12% select best project (NPV)
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Proposal X ProposalY
Investment
cost
1,90,000 4,00,000
CFATYear 1 80,000 1,60,000
Year 2 80,000 1,60,000
Year 3 90,000 2,4,0,000
33. MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Year CFAT X CFATY PV factor
@12%
Present
value X
Present
value
Y
1 80,000 1,60,000 0.893 71,440 1,42,880
2 80,000 1,60,000 0797 63,760 1,27,520
3 90,000 2,40,000 0.712 64,080 1,70,880
Total cash
inflow
1,99,280 4,41,280
Less:
outflow
1,90,000 4,00,000 1 1,90,000 4,00,000
NPV 9280 41280
Thus ProposalY accepted
34. IRR – rate of return at which sum of discounted cash inflows equal
the sum of discounted cash outflows.
- Also called Marginal rate of return method or adjusted rate of
return method.
Computation of IRR
Two methods : I when cash flows are uniform
1. Factor calculated by formula factor = investment / cash inflow
2. Factor located in annuity table of PV for corresponding years ‘n’
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
35. 1. Average cash flow calculated
2. Factor calculated by formula factor = original
investment/ average cash flow
3. The rate ascertained by interpretation method; so
lower rate and upper rate of return found from table
4. Formula applied, IRR = Lower rate + (positive NPV
(inflow)/diff. in calculated PV (inflow)) * diff. in rate
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
36. Merits:
1. Average cash flow calculated
2. Time value of money taken into account
3. Can be compared with other projects cutoff rates
4. Projects above cutoff rates accepted
Limitations:
1. Computation is tedious and difficult to understand
2. NPV is more reliable than IRR for comparing
3. Results inconsistent with NPV method
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
37. A company invest Rs. 1,00,000 in an asset of life 6 yrs
and estimated cash flow after taxes (CFAT) is Rs.
20,000 of equal amount every year. Calculate IRR
Factor value = Initial investment/ CFAT
= 1,00,000/20,000
= 5
Refer factor value PVIF table corresponding to 6 yrs.
IRR = 6%
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
38. Calculate IRR:
Initial investment = Rs. 1,20,000
Life of asset = 4 yrs
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Year Cash flow
after taxes
1 30,000
2 40,000
3 60,000
4 40,000
39. MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Year CFAT PV factor
@14%
PV factor
@15%
Cash
inflow PV
14%
Cash
inflow PV
15%
1 30,000 0.877 0.869 26,310 26,070
2 40,000 0.769 0.756 30,760 30,240
3 60,000 0.674 0.657 40,440 39,420
4 40,000 0.592 0.571 23,680 22,840
Total 1,21,190 1,18,570
Cash
outflow
1,20,000 1,20,000
+ 1190 - 1430
After finding out PV factor by cumulative method and values
found in table
Contd…
40. Now apply formula IRR = Lower rate + (positive
NPV/diff in PV)*diff in rate
= 14+ (1190/2620) *1
= 14.45%
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
41. Variant of NPV method – also known as benefit cost
ratio or present value index
Formula : PI = PV of cash inflows/ PV of cash outflows
Amount obtained from PI is every rupee invested in
project
- If PI is more than 1, then accept
- If PI is less than 1, then reject
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
42. Merits:
1. Considers time value of money
2. Relatively better then NPV
3. Useful in case of investment in divisible projects
Limitations:
1. Incase of indivisible projects
2. Cash flow changes causes results invalid
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
43. A company needs to select from two mutually
exclusive projects X &Y discount rate = 15% and
life = 7 yrs
Initial investment = 44,000 for X; 54,000 forY
Cash flow (CFAT) annual = 12,000 for X; 14,500
forY
Find the profitability index
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
44. CFAT X = 12,000 PVIFA @ 15% = 4.16
So PV CFAT = 49,920
PI for X = 49,920/44,000 = 1.135
CFATY = 14,500 PVIFA @ 15% = 4.16 so PV
CFAT forY = 60,320
PI forY = 60,320/ 54,000 = 1.12
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
45. Selection of combination of Investment
proposals
Minimum amt fixes by firm to be invested on
capital proportion.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
47. Cost of capital – “ Minimum required rate of
return, cut-off rate, hurdle rate, target rate”
Meaning :
Firm raises the long term funds 1. Debt 2.
Preference share capital 3. Equity share capital
- Paying interest, preference dividend and equity
dividend - “Cost of capital”
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
48. According to Milton H. Spencer:Cost of capital is
the minimum rate of return which a firm requires
as a condition for undertaking an investment.
Hamplon John J: Cost of capital is the rate of
return the firm requires from investment in order
to increase the value of the firm in the market
rate.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
49. Return at Zero risk: Projected rate of return
without risk
Premium for business risk : also known as
operating risk
Premium for financial risk: arising from the
capital/ cash insolvency of a firm
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
50. 1. Capital budgeting decisions
2. Designing the capital structure
3. Deciding about the method of financing
4. Performance of top management
5. Other cases of decision making
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
51. General economic conditions
Market conditions
Operating and financing decisions
Amount of financing
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
52. 1. Historical cost and Future cost
2. Explicit cost and Implicit cost
3. Specific cost and Overall cost
4. Average cost and Marginal cost
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
53. Cost of Debt: returns expected by the
potential investors of debt securities of a
firm.
The debt is tax deductible
Two types of debt: 1. Irredeemable Debt 2.
Redeemable Debt
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
54. - Perpetual debt - not redeemable during the life time of the firm
a. Cost of Debt before tax:
K db = interest / Net proceeds = I/NP
Net proceeds can be calculated by:
1. Debt issued at par: NP = Face value – Issue expense
2. Debt issued at premium: NP = face value + securities – issue price
3. Debt issued at discount = NP = face value – Discount – issue
expenses
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Contd…
55. B. Cost of debt after tax (K da)
K da = k db(1 – tax rate) (or)
= (Interest – tax)/NP
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
56. K db = Annual cost after tax / Average value of debt
Computation of Annual cost :
1. Interest - xxx
2. Add: issue expense - xxx
3. Add: Discount on issue - xxx
4. Add: premium on
redemption - xxx
5. Minus: Premium on issue of debt - xxx
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Contd…
57. Average value of debt = (Net proceed +
Redeemable value ) /2
Cost of debt after tax:
K da = Kdb (1-tax rate)
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
58. Kinley Ltd., issued 50,000 debentures with
the interest rate 10 % each Rs.100/-,
redeemable in 10 years at 10% premium.The
cost of issue was 2.5%.The company’ income
tax rate is 3.5%
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
59. Total issue = 50,000 * 100 = 50,00,000
A, at par,
Average cost before tax
Interest = 5,00,000
Add: Issue expense
(50,00,000*2.5/100*1/10) = 12,500
Add: redemption premium
(50,00,000*10/100*1/10) = 50,000
= 5,62,500
Average cost after tax = 5,62,500 – tax
= 5,62,500 - 1,96,875 = 3,65,625
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Contd…
60. Average value of debt = Net proceeds +
redeemable value / 2
Net proceeds = interest – issue expenses
= 5,00,000 – 12,500 = 48,75,000
Redeemable value = 50,00,000+5,00,000 =
55,00,000
= 48,75,000 +55,00,000/ 2 = 51,87,500
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
61. Cost of Debt after tax:
K db = 5,62,000/51,87,500 *100 = 10.87%
Cost of Debt before tax:
K da= 3,65,625/51,87,500 *100 = 7.05 %
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
62. Dividend paid – preference share holders is
the cost of preference share capital
Two types of Preference share capital
1. Irredeemable preference share
2. Redeemable preference share
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Contd…
63. In India, Companies Amendment Act, 1988 prohibits
issue of irredeemable preference shares
1. Cost of Irredeemable preference share capital
Cost of preference share (kp) = Annual preference
dividend / Net proceeds
2. Cost of Redeemable preference share capital
Cost of Redeemable preference share (kp) = Annual
cost / Average value of preference share
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
64. 1. Annual preference dividend xxxx
2. Add: Issue expenses xxxx
3. Add: Discount on issue xxxx
4. Add: Premium on redemption xxxx
5. Less: Premium on issue xxxx
Total : Annual cost xxxx
Average value of preference share = Net proceeds +
redemption value / 2
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
65. ABC Ltd issued 15,000 preference share at
12% of each at Rs 100, redeemable at 10%
premium after 20 yrs.The floatation costs
were 5 %
Find out cost of preference share at par.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
66. Computation of average cost (p.a)
Preference dividend at 12% Rs. 1,80,000
(15,000*100 = 15,00,000)
Add: Issue cost at 5% for 20 years Rs. 3,750
(15,00,000*5/100)/20
Add: Premium@ redemption 10% Rs. 7500
(15,00,000*10/100)/20
Total Rs. 1,91,520
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
68. - Computation of Cost of equity capital is quite complex
- Market valueVs Book value of equity capital
1. DividendYield or Dividend price method:
Cost of equity (Ke) = D1/NP
D1= Expected dividend per share; NP = net proceeds per
share
In case equity calculated on market basis:
Cost of equity (Ke) = D1/MP
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
69. a, In case of book value: New issue of shares
Cost of equity (ke) = (D1/NP) + g
g- growth rate of dividend
b, In case of market value: existing shares
Cost of equity (ke) = (D1/MP)+g
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
70. Method co-relate earnings of firm with market price of its shares
a, In case of book value – New issue of shares
Cost of equity (Ke) = EPS/NP
b, In case of Market value – Existing shares
Cost of equity (Ke) = EPS/MP
Assumptions:
1. EPS expected to remain constant
2. Payout is 100% (no retained earnings)
3. The Firm does not use any debt
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
71. Yield actually realized for a period of time –
indicator for cost of equity
Past data assumed to repeat in future
Using D/P + g method
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
72. Alternative to dividend based calculation of cost of equity.
Takes risk free and risk premium into consideration
CAPM divides risks into two classes:
1.The diversifiable/ Unsystematic risk - Internal
2.The non – diversifiable/ Systematic risk - External
Non diversifiable risk ascertained by using Beta co-efficient – in
relation to market risk
Ke = Rf+ B(Rm-Rt)
Rf – Risk free return; B- measure of non diversifiable risk; Rm –
expected cost of capital of market portfolio
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
73. Cost of retained earnings Kr = Ke(1-t)(1-b)
t -Tax rate
b- Brokerage
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
74. Allen ltd., pays the dividend per share Rs. 4.
Market price of share Rs. 40 and expected to
grow by 10% p.a.
Calculate the cost of equity.
Cost of equity = (D/MP) + g
= (4/40*100)+10
Ke = 20%
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
75. A company assess its risk free return 12 % Beta co-
efficient = 1.75 and expected market return is
15%
Compute Cost of equity under CAPM
Solution: Ke under CAPM = 12% + [1.75(15%-12%)]
= 0.12+ 1.75(0.03) = 0.1725
= 17.25%
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
76. Average of costs of each source of funds – given
weightage by proportion or percentage
Computation of weighted Average Cost of Capital :
Step1: Calculate specific costs (i.e) equity, preference
and debenture
Step 2: Calculate the proportion and multiply each
specific cost with its proportion
Step 3: Add all the weighted specific costs
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
77. MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Source of
funds
Amount Proportio
n to total
After tax
cost
Weighted
cost
Debt xxx W1 Kda Kda*w1
Preferenc
e share
xxx W2 Kp Kp *w2
Retained
earnings
xxx W3 Kr Kr*w3
Equity
share
xxx W4 Ke Ke*w4
78. Cut off rate / Hurdle rate for project
evaluation
Assessment of value of firm
Useful in making economic value of added
calculations
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
79. Cost of retained earnings for an additional
rupee of capital
Cost incurred in raising new capital
Composite Calculation
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
80. Capital structure of a company is given below
CalculateWACC.
MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Type of capital Amount (Rs.) Cost of specific
capital %
Debentures 12,00,000 5%
Preference share 4,00,000 10%
Equity share 8,00,000 15%
Retained earnings 16,00,000 12%
81. MSM-MBA Financial management Ganesha Pandian
Type of
capital
Amount
(Rs.)
Cost of
specific
capital %
Weightag
e
Weighted
Cost
Debentur
es
12,00,000 5% 12/40 =
0.3
1.5
Preferenc
e share
4,00,000 10% 4/40 = 0.1 1.0
Equity
share
8,00,000 15% 8/40 = 0.2 3.0
Retained
earnings
16,00,000 12% 16/40 =
0.4
4.8
Total 40,00,000 WACC 10.3%