Organizational Behavior unit 4 Leadership and power and Politics

Organizational Behavior
Unit 4: Leadership and Power
Presented by,
Ganesha Pandian . N
1
MSM MBA I Semester 2020-2021

Content
• Meaning
• Importance
• Leadership styles
• Theories of
leadership
• Leaders Vs Managers
• Sources of power
• Power centers
• Power and politics
2

Leadership – Introduction
• Leadership is about coping with change
• Leaders – establishes vision
• Leadership – ability to influence the
group of people move towards the
achievement of goal.
3

Theories of leadership
1. Trait theories
2. Behavioral theories
3. Contingency theories
4. Neo – Charismatic theories
MSM MBA I Semester 2020-2021 4

Trait theories
• Identification of traits and the leaders
differentiated from the followers – dead
end
• The research does not show much
between trait and leadership
• Traits are believed to be the large
influencer of the leaders

Behavioral theories
• On contrast to trait theory, behavior
theorist says that the leadership –
identified with the behavior pattern
• If the behavior pattern identified – the
workers can be taught with the
leadership skills
Contd…

1. Ohio state studies
• Study identifies two dimensions
1. Initiating structure: extent to which the
leader is likely to define and structure his or
her role in search of goal attainment
2. Consideration: likely to have job relationship
characterized by mutual trust and respect for
subordinates
Contd…

2. University of Michigan Studies
• Behavioral characteristics of the leadership
identified in two dimensions
1. Employee Oriented – one who emphasis
on interpersonal relations
2. Production Oriented – one who emphasis
on technical or task aspects of job
Contd…

3. The Managerial Grid
Contd…

• Graphical portrayal of a two dimensional view of
leadership style
• Proposed by Blake and Mouton – Called Managerial
Grid
• The Grid contains 9 X 9 dimensions and so the
combination of 81 different positions in grid
• Each of quadrant named as Improvised
management, country club management, authority-
compliance management, team management
Contd…

4. Scandinavian Studies
• They explored the possibility of the
another dimensions that might have
influence over the leadership
• They found that the development
orientation is the another dimension of
behavior
Contd…

Contingency theories
• This theory suggest that the isolated behavioral
traits are not suitable in all situations
• Example; style A might be suitable for situation
X; style B might be suitable for situation y; style
C might be suitable for situation z.
Contd…

1. Fiedler model
• Fred Fiedler developed the model called “Fiedler
contingency model”
• The theory proposes that the effective group
depends upon a proper match between a leader’s
style of interaction with sub-ordinates and degree
to which situation to which the situation gives
control and influence to leaders

2. Cognitive resource theory
• A Theory of leadership that states
that stress unfavorably effects the
situation, and intelligence and
experience can lessen the influence
of stress on the leader

3. Hersey and Blanchard’s
situational theory
• Pau Hershey and Ken Blanchard developed a
model called “Situation leadership theory”
(SLT)
• This theory takes under emphasized
dimension called follower readiness.
• Whatever the leader being or does, the
follow need to accept or reject the leader.

4. Leader member exchange
theory
• Leaders creates the environment of in
group and out group member
• In group members are close in
interaction with the leaders and they
will have higher performance and less
turnover.

5. Path goal theory of leadership
• The theory that a leader’s behavior is acceptable
to subordinates – leaders set goals and path for
the followers and make them follow the path
clearly leads to the success and satisfaction
• Four types of leadership – 1. directive leadership
2. participative leadership 3. supportive leadership
and 4. achievement oriented leadership

6. Leader-participation theory
• A leadership theory that provides a set
of rules to determine the form and
amount of participative decision in
different situations
• Sometimes leadership is irrelevant with
the employee productivity

Neo – charismatic theories
• Leadership theories that emphasize
symbolism, emotional appeal, and
extraordinary follower commitment.

1. Charismatic leadership
• Followers make the leaders like hero
and they think them as the
extraordinary individuals – certain
kind of observed behavior –
influence the followers

Transactional Vs Transformational
Leadership
• Transactional leader – clarify the roles and
paths and get the work done
• Transformational leadership style – who
influence followers and make changes in
the life of an individuals

Visionary leadership
• The ability of the leadership to
create and articulate the realistic
vision presented to the followers
and make the organization grown
and nurtured on it.

Contemporary issues in
leadership
1. Emotional intelligence and leadership – EI most
important predictor of Leaders
2. Team leadership – Managing the teams
effectively
3. Moral leadership – need of ethical leaders
4. Cross – cultural leadership – ready t work in
diverse culture

Leaders Vs Managers
• Leaders creates path and new vision
• Managers – execute the task at hand.
• Leaders create new opportunities and think creative
• Managers use the available resource effectively to
increase the organization performance
• Organizations need both leaders and managers to make it
effective and succeed in the competitive environment

Moral Leadership
• The ethics and moral behavior
considered to be the important in
decision making and in the leadership
make the followers to be ethical.
• Ethics and morality gains momentum in
the recent century

Cross – Cultural Leadership
• It is not before the globalization, there are
no such movement of skilled employees
movement across the borders.
• Now people are moving and so there is a
need for understanding of cross cultural
etiquettes in leadership

Trust and Leadership
• What is trust?
Simple and yet significant answer
A positive expectation that another will
not act opportunistically
Reliability, integrity and honesty of
people and their behavior

Trust Dimension
Competence Consistency
Loyalty Openness

Trust – Foundation of leadership
• It is the primary attribute for the leadership
• Trust and trust worthiness is the important
component of the leader.
• Trust is the vulnerable spot of follower
exposed to leaders

Three types of Trust
• Deterrence based trust – Trust based on fear of
reprisal if the trust is violated
• Knowledge based trust – Trust based on behavioral
predictability that comes from the history of
interaction
• Identification based trust – Trust based on mutual
understanding of each other’s intention and
appreciation of the other’s wants and desire.

Power and Politics

Power and Politics
• Power is not bad – author argues if
the drug taken wrongly taken can kill
instead of cure.
• Power need to be applied where it is

Power definition
• It is a capacity that A has to influence
the behavior of B acts in accordance
with A’s wish
• Dependency: B’s relationship to A when
A possesses something that B requires

Leadership and Power
• Leaders use the power as means of
attaining the goals
• Power is the means though which the
leaders achieve result
• The power can be exercised by both
the group and individuals

Bases of Power (Sources)
• 5 different sources or bases of power
1. Coercive power – based on fear
2. Reward power – Reward for results
3. Legitimate power – formal hierarchical
position
4. Expert power – Special knowledge or skill
5. Referent power – need of people –
dependency

Dependency : key to power
• One person or a group depend on sole
individual for crave for something he can
control
• Dependency – start of power
Options reduces dependency and make freedom
and reduces power

Dependency
• How it is created?
Dependency is increased when the
resources controlled should be
1. Important
2. Scare
3. Un-substitutable

Power tactics
• - ways in which individuals translate
their power bases into specific
actions
• 7 tactical dimensions are
1. Reason
2. Friendliness
3. Coalition
4. Bargaining
5. Assertiveness
6. Higher Authority
7. Sanctions

Power in groups - coalitions
• Coalition – an informal group bound
together by the active pursuit of a
single issue
• The logic behind coalition – strength
in numbers leads to more power

Sexual harassment in workplace
• Defined as any unwanted activity of a
sexual nature that affects an individual’s
employment
• Sexual harassment is any unwelcome
advances, requests for sexual favors and
other verbal or physical conduct of a
sexual nature

Politics: Power in action
• Political behavior – those activities –
influence or attempt to influence people.
• The converting the power into action
described as people engaged in politics
• People with good political skills have the
ability to use their bases of power
effectively

Types of political behavior
• Legitimate political behavior –
normal everyday politics
• Illegitimate political behavior –
Extreme political behavior that
violates the implied rules of game

Factors contributing to political
behavior
• Not all organization has the intensity
of politics in same. There are many
factors influence the political
behavior in the organization
1. Individual Factors: at the individual
level
2. Organizational Factors: at group
level and organizational level

Overcoming politics in workplace
1. Don’t Bother about the trouble makers
2. Plan to watch out for the backstabbers
3. Play the game of politics fair and square until it is
fair to you
4. Don’t blame others for failure – Be Assertive
5. Keep an eye on people against you and watch
their next step

Organizational Behavior unit 4 Leadership and power and Politics

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