This document provides an overview of the process of transforming fibers into yarn for textile manufacturing. It details the major steps including opening, cleaning and blending fibers in the blow room; carding and combing fibers to arrange them parallel; drafting and twisting fibers to form slivers and roving; and final spinning of roving into continuous yarn. The properties of yarns and goals of each processing step are also outlined to transform fibers into a continuous strand that can be used to construct textile fabrics.

1. INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE
MANUFACTURING
(TXT-175)
By: Nirmal Malik

2. Session # 6

3. FIBER TO YARN

4. YARN
Continuous strand of fibers grouped or twisted together and
used to construct textile fabrics. Yarns are made from both
natural and synthetic fibers

5. PROPERTIES OF YARNS
• Appearance
• Strength
• Uniformity
• Flexibility
• Pliability
• Hand feel
• Hairiness

6. YARN FORMATION FLOW CHART

7. Fiber Plucking
• Manual
• Automated

8. Ginning and Lap Formation
• Separation of cotton fibers from its seed.
• Manual and Automated.
• Reduce moisture content. (Dryers)
• Removes foreign matter. (Cleaning equipment)
• Improve fiber quality.
• Compressed into bales weighing approximately 500 pounds.
• Cotton is then moved to a warehouse for storage until it is
shipped to a textile mill for use.

10. Blow Room Processes
TASKS OF BLOWROOM
OPENING
• Bale opening
• Loses hard lumps of fiber.
CLEANING
• Removes trash, such as dirt, leaves, burrs and remaining
seeds.
• Cleaning efficiency should be optimized not maximized
BLENDING
• Uniformity of quality.
• Even feed of material to the card.

11. Blow Room Processes

12. Carding
• Heart of the spinning mill
• Well carded is half spun.
TASKS OF CARDING
• Opening to individual fibers
• Removes remaining impurities.
• Detangles fibers.
• Straightens fibers.
• Necessary for all staple fibers.
• Arranging the fibers in parallel fashion is called carding.

13. Carding

14. Doubling
• After carding, several slivers are combined.
• This results in a relatively narrow lap of compactly placed
staple fibers.
• Narrower sliver is formed.

15. Combing
• For fine yarns.
• Additional straightening process
• Fine tooth combs straighten the fibers until they are
arranged in parallel fashion and all noils or neps are
completely separated from long fibers.
• Not for man made fibers.
• Wastes 25% of the card sliver.
TASKS OF COMBING
• Smoothens fiber.
• Separates long fibers from short fibers.
• Arranged in flat bundles.

17. Drawing
• Combining of several slivers for drawing or drafting.
• Eliminates irregularities.
• Longer and thinner slivers.
• Passed through slubber.
• First twist is added.
• Collected in Roving cans.

19. Roving
• Further drawing out and twisting takes place.
• Fine as pencil lead.
• Two stages: Intermediate and fine.
• Final drawing out process.
• Enough twist for holding fibers together but have no tensile
strength.
• Change sliver in to thinner sliver for the convenience of
subsequent processes
TASKS OF ROVING
• Drafting the sliver in to a roving
• Insert a twist in to the roving
• Wind the roving in a bobbin

21. Spinning
• The act or process of converting staple or short lengths of
fiber, as cotton or rayon, into continuous yarn or thread.
• The extrusion of a solution of fiber forming substances
through holes in a spinneret to form filaments.