Pre-natal development of child
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Pre-natal development of child
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Being a mother is the most beautiful feeling in the world.A child makes you a complete woman and changes your entire perspective towards the world.The golden nine months of pregnancy, teaches you patience and makes you responsible, no matter how much fun loving and careless you were in your early life
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Di...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Being a mother is the most beautiful feeling in the world.A child makes you a complete woman and changes your entire perspective towards the world.The golden nine months of pregnancy, teaches you patience and makes you responsible, no matter how much fun loving and careless you were in your early life
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Di...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
History of medicinal plant use A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
lecture from chapter 2 of GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
REFERENCE: Aguirre, Felisa U., Monce, Ma. Rosario E. and Dy, Gary C. Introduction to Psychology (2011). Malabon City: MUTYA Publishing Company, 2012
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
1. Human Fetal Development
• 23 chromosones from Mom and 23 from dad
• Gestation is 280 days or 40 weeks.
• Three distinct periods:
– Ovum: conception to implantation at 4-5 days
– Embryonic: implantation to 8 weeks
– Fetal: 8 weeks to birth (40 weeks)
2. What can go wrong?
• Two basic kinds of problems:
– Genetic:
• Improper cell division: e.g., Trisomy 21
• Gene defects:
– Single gene defects
– Recessive gene defects
– Environmental: teratogens
• Teratogen = monster maker
• Any environmental agent that produces birth
defects
5. Environmental Factors
• Drugs:
– Thalidomide
– Diethylstibestrol or DES
– Narcotics
– Amphetamines/cocaine
– Nicotine
– Caffeine
– Prescription medications
– Over the counter medications
– Labor/delivery meds
• Alcohol: Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome
6. Maternal diseases and disorders
• Diseases
– Rubella
– Syphillis
– Herpes simplex
– AIDS and HIV
• Other conditions
– Age: too old (over age 40) or too young (under age 18)
– Diet
– Emotional state
– Number of previous pregnancies
– Number of sexual partners
• Father’s health condition matters, too!
7. Pre-Natal Diagnostic
Techniques
• There are a number of techniques which are used to diagnose prenatal
defects in fetuses whose mothers are at risk of having a baby with an
abnormality.
• This may be a question of a family history of an anomaly, or that the
parents have already had one child with a defect.
• Prenatal testing may be performed on the grounds of the age of the
mother.
• Common techniques are:
• Alpha Feta Protein
• Amniocentesis
• Chorionic villus sampling
• Ultrasound scanning
8. Birthing Factors
• Toxemia or preeclampsia
• Bleeding during pregnancy
• Placent displasia
• Prolonged birth
• Breech births
• Cesarean section (25% of all births)
• Anoxia at birth is biggest risk
10. Fertilization: the sperm and egg join in the fallopian tube to form a unique
human being. 46 chromosomes combine, 23 from each parent, which pre-
determine all of a person's physical characteristics and even some personality
characteristics.
11. Fertilized egg:
•This picture is of a
fertilized egg, only thirty
hours after conception.
•
• Magnified here, it is no
larger than the head of a
pin.
•Still rapidly dividing, the
developing embryo is
called a zygote at this
stage.
•The embryo floats
down from the fallopian
tube and towards the
uterus, where it attaches
at approximately day 4
to 5 post-conception.
12. 5 weeks –
•Embryo is the size of a raisin.
•By day twenty-one, the embryo's
tiny heart has begun beating.
•The neural tube enlarges into
three parts, soon to become a
very complex brain.
•The placenta begins functioning.
•The spine and spinal cord grows
faster than the rest of the body at
this stage and give the
appearance of a tail.
•This disappears as the child
continues to grow.
13. Embryo at about 6 weeks: Notice the large neural tube and the
formation of the heart and other internal organs.
15. 7 weeks –
•Facial features are visible,
including a mouth and
tongue.
•The eyes have a retina and
lens.
•The major muscle system
is developed and the
unborn child moves as if
practicing.
•The child has its own blood
type, distinct from the
mother's.
•These blood cells are
produced by the liver now
instead of the yolk sac.
18. 8 weeks –
•The unborn child, called
a fetus at this stage, is
about half an inch long.
•The tiny baby is
protected by the amniotic
sac, filled with fluid.
•Inside, the child swims
and moves gracefully.
•The arms and legs have
lengthened, and fingers
can be seen.
•The toes will develop in
the next few days.
•Brain waves can now be
measured.
19. 10 weeks –
•The heart is almost completely
developed and very much
resembles that of a newborn
baby.
•An opening the atrium of the
heart and the presence of a
bypass valve divert much of the
blood away from the lungs, as
the child's blood is oxygenated
through the placenta.
•Twenty tiny baby teeth are
forming in the gums; some
babies are even born with teeth
emerging from the gums.
20. The baby at 12 weeks:
notice the webbing
on the fingers, with
the digits still fused
21. Fetus at 12 weeks
•Vocal chords are complete,
and the child can and does
sometimes cry silently.
•The brain is fully formed, and
the child can feel pain.
•The fetus may even suck his
thumb.
•The eyelids now cover the
eyes, and will remain shut until
the seventh month to protect
the delicate optical nerve
fibers.
•Notice head size and chest
size in comparison to an adult.
22. 14 weeks –
•Muscles lengthen and
become organized.
•The mother will soon start
feeling the first flutters of
the unborn child kicking
and moving within.
15 weeks –
•The fetus has an adult's
taste buds and may be able
to savor the mother's
meals.
•Foods the mother eats can
affect movement of the
baby
23. Fetus at 4 months or
about 16 weeks
•Face is fully developed
and
•A downy hair covers the
skin.
•Face is fully formed.
•Eyes are fully formed but
not yet functional.
24. 16 weeks –
•Five and a half
inches tall and only
six to 1- ounces in
weight
•Eyebrows,
eyelashes and fine
hair appear.
•The child can
grasp with his
hands, suck her
thumb, kick, or
even somersault.
25. 20 weeks –
•The child can hear and
recognize her mother's
voice.
•Though still small and
fragile, the baby is growing
rapidly and could possibly
survive if born at this stage.
•Fingernails and fingerprints
appear.
•Sex organs are visible.
•Using an ultrasound device,
the doctor can tell if the child
is a girl or a boy. This is a a
baby girl.
26. 5 months old
•Beginning to
form hair on all
body parts
•Definite
sleep/awake
cycles now.
•REM sleep
occurs.
27. Again at 5 months
•Approximately 8-10
inches long and 1 to 2
pounds
•Body position is often still
“head up”
•Baby is viable at this point
with at least a 50/50
chance of survival outside
the womb.
28. 24 weeks –
•Seen here at six months,
the unborn child is
covered with a fine, downy
hair called lanugo.
•Its tender skin is
protected by a waxy
substance called vernix.
•Some of this substance
may still be on the child's
skin at birth at which time
it will be quickly absorbed.
•The child practices
breathing by inhaling
amnionic fluid into
developing lungs.
29. 30 weeks –
•For several months, the
umbilical cord has been the
baby's lifeline to the mother.
•
•Nourishment is transferred
from the mother's blood,
through the placenta, and
into the umbilical cord to the
fetus.
•If the mother ingests any
toxic substances, such as
drugs or alcohol, the baby
receives these as well.
30. 7 months.
•Room is getting tight
at this point.
•
•The baby is less able
to move, squirms and
pushes more than
flutters and kicks.
•Most babies begins to
get into a head down
position getting ready
for birth.
31. 32 weeks –
•The fetus sleeps 90-
95% of the day with REM
sleep dominating the
sleep cycle, an indication
of dreaming.
•The baby is very viable
at this point, with a 75%
or higher chance of
survival.
•If the baby is born, the
concerns are with
adequate lung
development. Final lung
development does not
occur until about 37
weeks.
32. Birth at 38-42
weeks
•40 weeks is normal
gestation
•The baby weighs on
average 7 lbs. and is 20
inches long.
•At birth the baby can
see, hear, move and
recognizes the voices
of her parents or others
who have been near the
mother.
33. A healthy
newborn
arrives in the
world
•She is immediately
checked over, given
an Apgar score and
then presented to
her parents.
•Often the father or
other important
family member is
asked to cut the
umbilical cord.
