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Fernando Baquero - Simposio Microbiología: Transmisión
The document discusses the concepts of transmission, introgression, and evolution in microorganisms, particularly focusing on their implications in microbiology and the dynamics of infectious diseases. It explores the definitions and mechanisms of transmission, the role of introgression in genetic exchange, and the evolutionary pathways shaped by microbial interactions. Various theories and examples are presented, highlighting the importance of these processes in understanding microbial communities and their evolutionary history.
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Fernando Baquero - Simposio Microbiología: Transmisión
- 1. Transmission, Introgression, and Evolution Fernando Baquero Departmentof Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Division of Biology and Evolution of Microorganisms, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain International Symposium Series: Microbiology TRANSMISSION
- 2. Machinery, transmission offorce between machines or mechanisms Transmission
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- 5. Globalized travel andtrade networks Hufnagel et al., 2004 Transmission
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- 14. Transmission In Latin, transmission= transmittere, more in the sense of sending across, cause to go across, transfer, pass on, from trans- "across" + mittere "to send”. In Greek, transmission = μετάδοση (metádosi), with the sense of “sharing” or “exchange” by “interaction”, something flowing from one entity to another one.
- 15. Introgression • Introgression derivesfrom Latin: introgredior , “to step in, enter, penetrate” • Introgressive descent, the genetic (biological) material of a particular evolutionary unit propagates into different host structures and is replicated within these host structures* *Slightly modified from: Bapteste, López, Bouchard, Baquero, McInerney, Burian, PNAS 109:18266, 2012) ...... ... ........ .. b d
- 16. Recombination Introgression of complexbiological objects As bacterial communities in microbiota
- 17. Hypotheses on thevertical transmission mechanism of the obligate aphid symbiont Buchnera from a maternal bacteriocyte to an early embryo Koga R. et al., PNAS 2012
- 18. Modified from: Dominguez-Belloet al., PNAS 2010; Reid G, Busscher HJ et al. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2011. Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Sneathia acquired by vaginal delivery Vertical Microbiota Transmission and Introgression (mother-child)
- 19. Evolution From Latin, evolutionem"unrolling (of a book)“. Modern use in biology first attested 1832 by the IntrogressionTransmission
- 20. Captured retroviral envelope syncytingene and the origin of mammals. Heidmann T, et al. PNAS 110:E828-37 (2013) ; Cornelis et al., Introgression and Evolution • Intestinal microbiome and the evolution of herbivors • Viruses and the origin of mammals • Endosymbiotic bacteria and insects evolution • Mitochondrial introgression and eukaryotic cells Watson RA: The impact of sex, symbiosis and modularity on the gradualist framework of evolution. Cambridge (Massachusetts): The MIT Press; 2006 Clonalization and Speciation
- 21. Introgression of metabolicbacterial genes: a recurrent evolutionary theme at the origin of novel composite lineages Méheust, López and Bapteste. Trends Ecol Evol. 2015 Mar; 30(3): 127–129. Metabolic bacterial genes and the construction of high-level composite lineages of life Metabolic bacterial genes contributed to all major evolutionary transitions.
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- 24. • Charles SandersPeirce (1839–1914), father of Semiotics. "A sign, is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity“. In: “Speculative Grammar”, from Duns Scotus Grammatica Speculativa. • Every biological entity (from genes to microbial communities) is also a sign and a signal Microbes as Signs and Signals Sign = Information Signal = Instruction Informative surfaces Signals-as-objects (Kopec, G., 1980) Of course, no “intentionality” to inform or instruct, but “programs designed by humans to produce a result are similar to, and may be indistinguishable from, programs generated by mindless selection”* *Maynard Smith. J (2000) The concept of information in biology. Phil. of Sci., 67:177-194
- 25. Microbes as Signsand Signals Every biological entity is a sign and a signal …………….. “Yet they are equally part of the superorganism genome with which we engage the rest of the biosphere” Joshua Lederberg, “Infectious History” (2000)
- 26. Reception Transmitter Emission Receiver Transmission Process Transmission Transmission: Components, Stages,Causes Why transmission How transmission How transmission reaches receiver
- 27. Patch Emigration Patch Migration Inmigration Colonization Transmission (transfer) Social pressure Geneticpolymorphism Boarder (host) characteristics Movement cues Mortality Conspecific attraction Interspecific facilitation Social fence Modified from Ims RA and Yoccoz, NG, in “Metapopulation Biology”, Hanski and Gilpin Transmission components, stages, and some causal mechanisms Dispersal
- 28. Inmigration Colonization Patch Emigration Patch Migration Theoretical transmittology (metadosiology) “Theoretical epidemiology”has been used to cover mathematical modeling to study the dynamics of infectious diseases. NOT to examine the possible causes of transmission events
- 29. Why Be aVagabond When You Can Stay at Home?* The question: Levin, B. R., & Bergstrom, C. T. (2000). Bacteria are different: observations, interpretations, speculations, and opinions about the mechanisms of adaptive evolution in prokaryotes. PNAS, 97: 6981 • Because there is no enough room at home • Because there is too many people at home • Because there is no possibilities for my progeny at home • Because there is no enough food at home • Because there are conflicts at home • Because home is a dangerous, unstable environment • Because I feel attacked at home • Because I am expelled from home • Because I am looking for my own place in the world • Because I am looking for a different style of life • Because I have more mating possibilities outside • Because I am an explorer Bacteria are NOT different !!
- 30. Why Be aVagabond When You Can Stay at Home?* The question: Levin, B. R., & Bergstrom, C. T. (2000). Bacteria are different: observations, interpretations, speculations, and opinions about the mechanisms of adaptive evolution in prokaryotes. PNAS, 97: 6981 • Because there is no enough room at home • Because there is too many people at home • Because there is no possibilities for my progeny at home • Because there is no enough food at home • Because there are conflicts at home • Because home is a dangerous, unstable environment • Because I feel attacked at home • Because I am expelled from home • Because I am looking for my own place in the world • Because I am looking for a different style of life • Because I have more mating possibilities outside • Because I am an explorer Bacteria are NOT different !! Habitat saturation and transmission Intermicrobial competition and transmission Host defenses, antibiotics?, hygiene Speciation-clonalization, recombination Replication as transmission Mechanisms for transfer and dispersal
- 31. Inmigration Colonization Patch Emigration Patch Migration Theoretical transmittology (metadosiology) “Theoretical epidemiology”has been used to cover mathematical modeling to study the dynamics of infectious diseases. NOT to examine the possible causes of transmission events
- 32. Why Be atHome When You Can be Free Outside? The question: Levin, B. R., & Bergstrom, C. T. (2000). Bacteria are different: observations, interpretations, speculations, and opinions about the mechanisms of adaptive evolution in prokaryotes. PNAS, 97: 6981 • Because there is a very stable environment • Because there I am out of external dangerous influences • Because there I am protected • Because there is a full system assuring my maintenance • Because there are only predictable changes • Because I am in equilibrium with local entities • Because many of my needs are provided without wor • Because I found my own place in the world • Because my replication is assured • Because I am an exploiter Bacteria are NOT different !!
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- 34. Vehicles for Transmission Vehicleis any discrete (individual) biological entity which houses replicator biological entities… and which can be regarded as a machine that preserve and propagate the replicators that ride inside it. (Slightly improved from the original definition from R. Dawkins, 1982) The Dawkins’ definition implies the notion of “interactor”, so that vehicles and replicators are a “cohesive whole” (D.L. Hull, 1980, 1981)
- 35. Gene Gene capture platform Mobile genetic element Bacterial clone Host (patient, carrier) Environment Baqueroet al., Public Health Evolutionary Biology of Antibiotic Resistance. Evolutionary Applications, 2015; Baez, del Campo, Baquero et al. Microb Drug Resist. 2015 (about Franklin Gulls) Vehicles inside Vehicles A multilevel cascade of transmissions and introgressions Biological entities are both Occupants and Vehicles
- 36. Mutational Path Introgressive paths Introgressive pathsallows transmission between different fitness peaks Crossing transmission bottlenecks
- 37. Gram - Gram + Gene transmissionvia plasmid vehicles Plasmid vehicles transmitting genes between two different microbial worlds Lanza, V. F., Tedim, A., Martínez JL., Baquero, F., & Coque, T. M. (2015). Microbiol Spectrum 3(1)
- 38. Gram - Gram + Gene transmissionvia plasmid vehicles Plasmid vehicles transmitting adaptive genes (as Ab-R) Lanza, V. F., Tedim, A., Martínez JL., Baquero, F., & Coque, T. M. (2015). Microbiol Spectrum 3(1) Svara, Rankin. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11:130
- 39. JL Martínez, TCoque, F Baquero (2015) Nature Rev. Microbiol., 13:116-123 Introgression and Transmission Bottlenecks
- 40. JL Martínez, TCoque, F Baquero (2015) Nature Rev. Microbiol., 13:116-123 Ranking the Risks of Detection of Resistance Genes in Resistomes Mobile Genetic Elements as Vehicles of Antibiotic Resistance Genes play a Key-Role in the Risk Classification
- 41. Mutational Path Introgressive paths Transmission Ecology Crossingtransmission bottlenecks
- 42. Crossing environments withoutvehicles “Sit-and-wait transmission” depending on the durable stages in the environment P. Ewald, 1987; S. Bonhoeffer, 1996 …. Or sequences of patients in a “contaminated” hospital Transmission source
- 43. Transmission Waves andTüring Instability Türing AM. (1952) The chemical bases of morphogenesis. Phil. Transact. Roy. Soc. London B 237:37 and Kauffmann SA (1993) The Origins of Order, Oxford University Press Cuesta J, Manrubia S, Catalan P, and toyLIFE team (2015, personal communication) Interactive networks of biological entities change in different environments Transmission Ecology
- 44. Leventhal, Hill, Nowak,Bonhoeffer. Evolution and emergence of infectious diseases in theoretical and real- world networks. Nature Comm. 6:6101, 2015, Salathé Green: susceptible or cured Spread Endemics, equilibrium source Might an improved mutant for transmission displace the source strain? mutant Star graph: hubs facilitate spread (superspreaders) Emergence of strain variants Infected hubs by the source strain prevents variant spread Small world. Local transmission Consider protecting individuals based on their position in the contact network
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- 46. Leventhal, Hill, Nowak,Bonhoeffer. Evolution and emergence of infectious diseases in theoretical and real-world networks. Nature Comm. 6:6101, 2015 6:6101, 2015 Transmission Networks in Different Environments Transmission Ecology
- 47. Marcel Salathé etal. 2010; PNAS 107:22020-22025 Strength interactionsNumber of interactionsDegree Close Proximity Interactions Relevant for Transmission of Respiratory Diseases in an American High School, detected by wireless sensor network technology
- 48. Transmissible diseases? • Diseasesare never transmissible, as they result from an interaction: the microbial agent doing something (in-fection, from Latin “inficere” (in+facere) inside the host. • What is transmissible is only the microbial agent • The type of disease might contribute to the transmission of the agent (cough, diarrhea…), and the transmission of hosts, eventually carrying secondary hosts, influences the transmission of the microbial agent. • The host is a vehicle for the microbe’s transmission
- 49. Emergence Transmissio n Introgression Evolution Transmission as aCentral Process in Biology
- 50. Particular “intellectual” thanksto: • Teresa M. Coque • Val Fernández Lanza • José-Luis Martínez (CNB-CSIC) • Rosa del Campo • Ana Sofía P. Tedim • Victor de Lorenzo (CNB-CSIC) • Juan-Carlos Galán • Carlos Llorens (Biotechvana) • Bruce Levin (Emory University) • Eric Bapteste (Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris) • Rob Willems (Utrech University) • Andrés Moya and Amparo Latorre (Valencia University) • Rafael Cantón and the Dpt. of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid
- 51. Ecology of thetransmission process Nature, 280:361, 1979
- 52. Cover page ofNature Reviews Microbiology in relation with paper “Pieces and patterns in Genetical Engineering of Bacterial Pathogens” 2:510 (F. Baquero, 2004)
- 53. Türing Instability andTransmission Waves Türing AM (1952). Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 237:37, and Kauffman SA (1993) The Origins Equilibrium between x and y. x population is locally increasing Increase in x is followed by an increase in y, but increase in y competes with x
Editor's Notes
- #48 Distribution and CV2 of degree, d (A); number of interactions, c (B); and strength, s (C), based on the full contact network and colored by the role of individuals.