Lectures at the University of Padua, Department of Biology, "Evolution and phylogenetics" class, prof. Telmo Pievani
http://www.epistemologia.eu
"Tree-making should be part of our evolutionary toolkit (see below), but not the backbone of the evolutionary metanarrative that we seem to feel obliged to defend from anti-scientific attack" W. Ford Doolittle
Chimeras and Consciousness, una vertigine cosmica di devozione alle connessioni: continuità nel tempo, reticolazione nel tempo, connessione nello spazio, dal micro al macro. L’aspetto che più interessa in questo corso è la reticolazione nel tempo, cioè la forte tendenza della vita ad evolvere non con separazioni nette, bensì con connessioni continue e pervasive, anzi, nel suo insieme, come un tutto organico.
Non ci sono soltanto gli "ultras" della reticolazione, o i "lateralisti" fondamentalisti, ma l’attenzione è presente in parallelo in diversi campi, e noi infatti cercheremo di immaginarne le implicazioni per l’albero della vita e la filogenesi. Quattro storie parallele: filogenesi dei batteri, simbiogenesi theory, parabola di Ernst Mayr, studi ibridazione negli animali.
Multicellular organisms have never evolved alone. Coevolution has been accomplished by means of horizontal information transition. A wide row of hierarchized interspecies interactions simultaneously transmitting biological information had evolved in the past. In the present review, we summarize the current hypothesis about possible horizontal exchange of biological information and genesis of adaptive immune system
The document provides an introduction to genetics and a historical overview of developments in cytology, genetics, and cytogenetics. It discusses how genetics deals with heredity and variation, and defines related terms like cytology and cytogenetics. It also lists major scientific contributions from 1485 to 1993, including Mendel's principles of heredity, the discovery of DNA as the genetic material, and the development of techniques like PCR and genetic engineering.
The document discusses microbial diversity and ecology in marine environments. It examines the candidate order Woeseiales, a group of Gammaproteobacteria that accounts for 1-22% of sequences retrieved from marine sediment surveys. The order is widely distributed in seafloor communities but little is known about its ecology. The study characterized the phylogeny, distribution patterns, abundance, and metabolic potential of Woeseiales bacteria from deep sea sediments. It found lineages more prevalent in deep sea than coastal environments. Cell counts showed Woeseiales account for 5% of microbial cells in deep sea surface sediments. Comparative analyses suggested members likely grow on proteinaceous matter derived from detrital cell remnants in marine sediments.
The genomics of why there are so many species of batsLiliana Davalos
This document summarizes research presented at the Bat1K Break-Out Session on the genomics of why there are so many bat species. The researchers analyzed genome data from over 1,000 bats to test the ecological theory of adaptive radiation. They found evidence that bats adapted to new niches like echolocation and different diets. Positively selected immune process genes also suggest bats adapted to circulating viruses. Challenges remain in understanding bat diversity, function, and correlating genomics with the fossil record.
This document summarizes research on the molecular ecology of bat senses. It finds that most bat species have lost the ability to detect pheromones through the vomeronasal organ. However, a few bat families have retained intact vomeronasal function, suggesting independent losses of this sense in most bats. Analysis of vomeronasal receptor genes finds only a few intact receptors in bats, rather than expansions, indicating the system does not play a major role in bat communication.
Comparative analysis of genome sequences from six strains of Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus; GBS), representing the five major disease-causing serotypes, and two previously sequenced genomes suggests that a bacterial species can be described by its "pan-genome". The pan-genome includes a core genome of genes present in all strains and a dispensable genome of strain-specific and partially shared genes. While 80% of any single genome is shared among all isolates (core genome), sequencing additional strains revealed unique genes, and extrapolation predicts more unique genes will be found with further sequencing. Multiple independent genome sequences are thus required to fully understand the genomic complexity of a bacterial species.
Bacteria first evolved over 3.5 billion years ago and have adapted to their environments over time. They diverged from archaea early in their evolution. Bacteria can be found in diverse environments due to their ability to adapt through mutations and genetic exchange between organisms, allowing them to evolve rapidly in response to changes like the emergence of antibiotics. Mobile genetic elements like transposons help accelerate bacterial evolution by spreading genes within and between species.
- Marine sediments cover 70% of Earth's surface and host diverse bacterial populations that play major roles in the global carbon cycle.
- The study characterized the phylogeny, environmental distribution, abundance, and metabolic potential of Woeseiales bacteria, which account for 1-22% of sequences in marine sediments.
- Analysis of 994 16S rRNA gene sequences and samples from 28 globally distributed sediment sites found that some Woeseiales lineages were more prevalent in deep sea sediments than coastal environments. Cell counts also showed Woeseiales bacteria make up 5% of microbial cells in deep sea surface sediments.
Multicellular organisms have never evolved alone. Coevolution has been accomplished by means of horizontal information transition. A wide row of hierarchized interspecies interactions simultaneously transmitting biological information had evolved in the past. In the present review, we summarize the current hypothesis about possible horizontal exchange of biological information and genesis of adaptive immune system
The document provides an introduction to genetics and a historical overview of developments in cytology, genetics, and cytogenetics. It discusses how genetics deals with heredity and variation, and defines related terms like cytology and cytogenetics. It also lists major scientific contributions from 1485 to 1993, including Mendel's principles of heredity, the discovery of DNA as the genetic material, and the development of techniques like PCR and genetic engineering.
The document discusses microbial diversity and ecology in marine environments. It examines the candidate order Woeseiales, a group of Gammaproteobacteria that accounts for 1-22% of sequences retrieved from marine sediment surveys. The order is widely distributed in seafloor communities but little is known about its ecology. The study characterized the phylogeny, distribution patterns, abundance, and metabolic potential of Woeseiales bacteria from deep sea sediments. It found lineages more prevalent in deep sea than coastal environments. Cell counts showed Woeseiales account for 5% of microbial cells in deep sea surface sediments. Comparative analyses suggested members likely grow on proteinaceous matter derived from detrital cell remnants in marine sediments.
The genomics of why there are so many species of batsLiliana Davalos
This document summarizes research presented at the Bat1K Break-Out Session on the genomics of why there are so many bat species. The researchers analyzed genome data from over 1,000 bats to test the ecological theory of adaptive radiation. They found evidence that bats adapted to new niches like echolocation and different diets. Positively selected immune process genes also suggest bats adapted to circulating viruses. Challenges remain in understanding bat diversity, function, and correlating genomics with the fossil record.
This document summarizes research on the molecular ecology of bat senses. It finds that most bat species have lost the ability to detect pheromones through the vomeronasal organ. However, a few bat families have retained intact vomeronasal function, suggesting independent losses of this sense in most bats. Analysis of vomeronasal receptor genes finds only a few intact receptors in bats, rather than expansions, indicating the system does not play a major role in bat communication.
Comparative analysis of genome sequences from six strains of Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus; GBS), representing the five major disease-causing serotypes, and two previously sequenced genomes suggests that a bacterial species can be described by its "pan-genome". The pan-genome includes a core genome of genes present in all strains and a dispensable genome of strain-specific and partially shared genes. While 80% of any single genome is shared among all isolates (core genome), sequencing additional strains revealed unique genes, and extrapolation predicts more unique genes will be found with further sequencing. Multiple independent genome sequences are thus required to fully understand the genomic complexity of a bacterial species.
Bacteria first evolved over 3.5 billion years ago and have adapted to their environments over time. They diverged from archaea early in their evolution. Bacteria can be found in diverse environments due to their ability to adapt through mutations and genetic exchange between organisms, allowing them to evolve rapidly in response to changes like the emergence of antibiotics. Mobile genetic elements like transposons help accelerate bacterial evolution by spreading genes within and between species.
- Marine sediments cover 70% of Earth's surface and host diverse bacterial populations that play major roles in the global carbon cycle.
- The study characterized the phylogeny, environmental distribution, abundance, and metabolic potential of Woeseiales bacteria, which account for 1-22% of sequences in marine sediments.
- Analysis of 994 16S rRNA gene sequences and samples from 28 globally distributed sediment sites found that some Woeseiales lineages were more prevalent in deep sea sediments than coastal environments. Cell counts also showed Woeseiales bacteria make up 5% of microbial cells in deep sea surface sediments.
Marine Host-Microbiome Interactions: Challenges and OpportunitiesJonathan Eisen
This document summarizes a talk given by Jonathan Eisen on marine host-microbiome interactions. It discusses various topics researched in Eisen's lab, including phylogenomic methods and tools, microbial phylogenomics and evolvability, reference data resources, communication in science, and model systems. Specific projects are mentioned, such as automated genome trees, phylogenetic marker genes, the GEBA project, and dark matter microbes. The document then introduces the concept of the host-microbiome stress triangle and gives examples of stress types including nutrient acquisition, pathogens, and environmental change. It concludes by discussing a potential project on seagrass microbiomes in collaboration with Jay Stachowicz's lab.
Unit 9: Human Microbiome
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Describe the human microbiome: how many microbes there are, how you get your microbiome, who’s there, and how it changes over time and by region.
2. Describe the domain eukarya. List the five superkingdoms and a few notable species.
3. Explain how the human microbiome is related to health and disease.
Biological evolution is the process of descent with modification over generations that produces the diversity of life on Earth. Evolution occurs through genetic inheritance over generations and is driven by natural selection. Over millions of years, this process of descent with modification resulted in the tremendous diversity of life we see today, as all organisms share a common ancestor. Evolution helps explain the history and relationships between different forms of life.
The document summarizes evidence for evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy, and biogeography. It discusses the development of early life from chemical evolution to the first protocells and cells. Population genetics and the mechanisms of evolution like natural selection and speciation are also covered. Classification systems including the five kingdom and three domain models are described.
- Modern evolutionary theory holds that evolution occurs gradually within populations as individuals vary and natural selection acts upon these heritable variations. While Darwin's theory of evolution is widely accepted, he did not explain the mechanisms of variation.
- Hugo de Vries proposed the "mutation theory" in the early 1900s, observing large sudden variations in primrose plants that bred true. He believed new species evolved via large mutations.
- Populations, not individuals, evolve as gene pools change over generations through natural selection acting on heritable genetic variations introduced by mutations and sexual reproduction.
Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...Francisco Gordillo
The document summarizes a study on mycorrhizal fungi associated with trees, ericads, orchids, and liverworts in a tropical mountain rainforest in South Ecuador. Light and electron microscopy previously revealed diverse mycorrhizal associations. The study aimed to test if fungi formed shared guilds or networks between plant families using molecular identification of fungi. Sequence analysis showed that while some Glomus types were shared between tree species, Basidiomycota types were only shared within, not between plant families. The findings support potential fungal networks between trees.
This document summarizes Jonathan Eisen's presentation on seagrass as a model system for plant microbiome studies. It describes how Eisen initially knew little about seagrasses but connected with colleague Jay Stachowicz, a seagrass expert, to learn more. They collaborated on a proposal to study the microbiomes of seagrasses. Initial studies found the microbial communities varied by tissue type, with more variation below ground. A global study by Eisen's group using the Zostera Experimental Network sampled seagrass microbiomes from sites around the world. The study found seagrass leaf microbiomes resembled local water, while roots had microbial communities enriched in sulfur metabolism.
Evolution is the scientific theory that organisms gradually change over generations through natural selection acting on genetic variation. The evidence for evolution includes fossil records showing gradual changes in organisms over time, anatomical similarities between different species, and molecular biological evidence from DNA and protein comparisons. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that variations arise in populations, and individuals with traits more suited to their environment will survive and pass on those traits, gradually changing the species over many generations.
The document contains biology vocabulary terms from weeks 19-27 organized by week. Key terms include:
- Cancer, forensics, and genetic engineering from week 19.
- Biotic potential, R and K selection strategies, and organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus from week 20.
- Population, gene pool, extinction, DNA, and RNA from week 21.
- Features of the fossil record, anatomical features, classification, evolution, and natural selection from week 22.
There are two main ways that variation can occur in bacteria: evolution and genetic mutations. Evolution occurs over many generations as genetic mutations arise and natural selection favors some mutations over others, allowing populations to adapt to their environments. Genetic mutations can arise through random errors in DNA replication or through the transfer of genes between bacteria. These genetic changes introduce variation that natural selection can act upon.
Some references are coming from the internet, i just copied it.. credits to the owner. some information are not mine as well as the slide i just download it from the internet. My report in my Masters.
A retrospective of the debates on the origin of life: the virus or the cell? The virus needs a cell for replication, instead the cell is higher on the evolutionary scale of life. Viruses appear to have played a role in events such as the origin of cell life and the evolution of mammals. Even the simplest bacteria is far too complex to have appeared spontaneously at the beginning of evolution. Subsequently, evolution has been able to produce increasingly complex systems. The first true cell may have already been a product of evolution, resulting from a primordial community.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32719.92328
Yaacov Davidov has extensive experience in microbiology. He received his Ph.D in Microbiology from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and has held several post-doctoral and research positions. Currently, he is the Head of the Campylobacter and Vibrio national reference center at the Central laboratories of the Ministry of Health in Jerusalem. He has published numerous papers on predatory bacteria and their diversity and evolution. Davidov also has experience developing and implementing clinical laboratory tests and managing a national reference laboratory.
Life and Evolution: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphone,classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
- Eukaryotes originated over 1.8 billion years ago through endosymbiosis, where ancient prokaryotes lived inside early cells.
- The earliest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back 1.8 billion years, and initial diversification of eukaryotes occurred between 1.8-1.3 billion years ago.
- Novel features in eukaryotes like complex multicellularity, sexual reproduction and photosynthesis arose between 1.3-635 million years ago.
Jonathan Eisen talk for 2019 ADVANCE Scholar Award SymposiumJonathan Eisen
Slides for my talk at the 2019 ADVANCE Scholar Award Symposium. Talk covered a little bit about mt research and more about STEM Diversity. See https://diversity.ucdavis.edu/2019-advance-scholar-award-symposium
This document summarizes a scientific article about new genetic and archaeological evidence regarding the modern human colonization of Eurasia. The article provides updated information and related resources on the Science magazine website. It discusses genetic and archaeological data that shed light on the routes and timing of human migrations as our species spread from Africa throughout Eurasia. The online materials also include a list of additional related articles and information on accessing and citing the primary article.
The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: new theory, new practices, new marketing...Emanuele Serrelli
Serrelli E (2013). The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: new theory, new practices, new marketing, or new narratives?. Talk at The Evolution Conference [joint annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE), the Society of Systematic Biologists (SSB), and the American Society of Naturalists (ASN)], Snowbird, Utah, USA, June 21-25th.
Il mistero dell’universo e dell’uomo attraverso tre personaggi chiaveEmanuele Serrelli
The document provides biographical information about Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a French philosopher and Jesuit priest. It details his education and career, including his studies in paleontology under Marcellin Boule at the Museum of Natural History in Paris from 1912. It discusses his scientific research and teaching career in China from 1920-1946, including expeditions he participated in. It also mentions his major works such as The Phenomenon of Man and Le Milieu Divin.
This document proposes a mathematical framework called "eco-phenotypic physiologies" to model the relationships between evolution, ecology, and cultural transmission. The framework models populations of agents that have physiologies determining how they extract and use resources from their environment. It accounts for resource availability, agent interactions, niche construction, and intergenerational transmission of traits through reaction norms that dictate how offspring develop their physiologies based on parents and environment. The goal is to use this unified framework to study how different elements impact population dynamics over time and compare patterns from various reaction norms.
Marine Host-Microbiome Interactions: Challenges and OpportunitiesJonathan Eisen
This document summarizes a talk given by Jonathan Eisen on marine host-microbiome interactions. It discusses various topics researched in Eisen's lab, including phylogenomic methods and tools, microbial phylogenomics and evolvability, reference data resources, communication in science, and model systems. Specific projects are mentioned, such as automated genome trees, phylogenetic marker genes, the GEBA project, and dark matter microbes. The document then introduces the concept of the host-microbiome stress triangle and gives examples of stress types including nutrient acquisition, pathogens, and environmental change. It concludes by discussing a potential project on seagrass microbiomes in collaboration with Jay Stachowicz's lab.
Unit 9: Human Microbiome
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Describe the human microbiome: how many microbes there are, how you get your microbiome, who’s there, and how it changes over time and by region.
2. Describe the domain eukarya. List the five superkingdoms and a few notable species.
3. Explain how the human microbiome is related to health and disease.
Biological evolution is the process of descent with modification over generations that produces the diversity of life on Earth. Evolution occurs through genetic inheritance over generations and is driven by natural selection. Over millions of years, this process of descent with modification resulted in the tremendous diversity of life we see today, as all organisms share a common ancestor. Evolution helps explain the history and relationships between different forms of life.
The document summarizes evidence for evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy, and biogeography. It discusses the development of early life from chemical evolution to the first protocells and cells. Population genetics and the mechanisms of evolution like natural selection and speciation are also covered. Classification systems including the five kingdom and three domain models are described.
- Modern evolutionary theory holds that evolution occurs gradually within populations as individuals vary and natural selection acts upon these heritable variations. While Darwin's theory of evolution is widely accepted, he did not explain the mechanisms of variation.
- Hugo de Vries proposed the "mutation theory" in the early 1900s, observing large sudden variations in primrose plants that bred true. He believed new species evolved via large mutations.
- Populations, not individuals, evolve as gene pools change over generations through natural selection acting on heritable genetic variations introduced by mutations and sexual reproduction.
Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...Francisco Gordillo
The document summarizes a study on mycorrhizal fungi associated with trees, ericads, orchids, and liverworts in a tropical mountain rainforest in South Ecuador. Light and electron microscopy previously revealed diverse mycorrhizal associations. The study aimed to test if fungi formed shared guilds or networks between plant families using molecular identification of fungi. Sequence analysis showed that while some Glomus types were shared between tree species, Basidiomycota types were only shared within, not between plant families. The findings support potential fungal networks between trees.
This document summarizes Jonathan Eisen's presentation on seagrass as a model system for plant microbiome studies. It describes how Eisen initially knew little about seagrasses but connected with colleague Jay Stachowicz, a seagrass expert, to learn more. They collaborated on a proposal to study the microbiomes of seagrasses. Initial studies found the microbial communities varied by tissue type, with more variation below ground. A global study by Eisen's group using the Zostera Experimental Network sampled seagrass microbiomes from sites around the world. The study found seagrass leaf microbiomes resembled local water, while roots had microbial communities enriched in sulfur metabolism.
Evolution is the scientific theory that organisms gradually change over generations through natural selection acting on genetic variation. The evidence for evolution includes fossil records showing gradual changes in organisms over time, anatomical similarities between different species, and molecular biological evidence from DNA and protein comparisons. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that variations arise in populations, and individuals with traits more suited to their environment will survive and pass on those traits, gradually changing the species over many generations.
The document contains biology vocabulary terms from weeks 19-27 organized by week. Key terms include:
- Cancer, forensics, and genetic engineering from week 19.
- Biotic potential, R and K selection strategies, and organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus from week 20.
- Population, gene pool, extinction, DNA, and RNA from week 21.
- Features of the fossil record, anatomical features, classification, evolution, and natural selection from week 22.
There are two main ways that variation can occur in bacteria: evolution and genetic mutations. Evolution occurs over many generations as genetic mutations arise and natural selection favors some mutations over others, allowing populations to adapt to their environments. Genetic mutations can arise through random errors in DNA replication or through the transfer of genes between bacteria. These genetic changes introduce variation that natural selection can act upon.
Some references are coming from the internet, i just copied it.. credits to the owner. some information are not mine as well as the slide i just download it from the internet. My report in my Masters.
A retrospective of the debates on the origin of life: the virus or the cell? The virus needs a cell for replication, instead the cell is higher on the evolutionary scale of life. Viruses appear to have played a role in events such as the origin of cell life and the evolution of mammals. Even the simplest bacteria is far too complex to have appeared spontaneously at the beginning of evolution. Subsequently, evolution has been able to produce increasingly complex systems. The first true cell may have already been a product of evolution, resulting from a primordial community.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32719.92328
Yaacov Davidov has extensive experience in microbiology. He received his Ph.D in Microbiology from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and has held several post-doctoral and research positions. Currently, he is the Head of the Campylobacter and Vibrio national reference center at the Central laboratories of the Ministry of Health in Jerusalem. He has published numerous papers on predatory bacteria and their diversity and evolution. Davidov also has experience developing and implementing clinical laboratory tests and managing a national reference laboratory.
Life and Evolution: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphone,classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
- Eukaryotes originated over 1.8 billion years ago through endosymbiosis, where ancient prokaryotes lived inside early cells.
- The earliest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back 1.8 billion years, and initial diversification of eukaryotes occurred between 1.8-1.3 billion years ago.
- Novel features in eukaryotes like complex multicellularity, sexual reproduction and photosynthesis arose between 1.3-635 million years ago.
Jonathan Eisen talk for 2019 ADVANCE Scholar Award SymposiumJonathan Eisen
Slides for my talk at the 2019 ADVANCE Scholar Award Symposium. Talk covered a little bit about mt research and more about STEM Diversity. See https://diversity.ucdavis.edu/2019-advance-scholar-award-symposium
This document summarizes a scientific article about new genetic and archaeological evidence regarding the modern human colonization of Eurasia. The article provides updated information and related resources on the Science magazine website. It discusses genetic and archaeological data that shed light on the routes and timing of human migrations as our species spread from Africa throughout Eurasia. The online materials also include a list of additional related articles and information on accessing and citing the primary article.
The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: new theory, new practices, new marketing...Emanuele Serrelli
Serrelli E (2013). The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: new theory, new practices, new marketing, or new narratives?. Talk at The Evolution Conference [joint annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE), the Society of Systematic Biologists (SSB), and the American Society of Naturalists (ASN)], Snowbird, Utah, USA, June 21-25th.
Il mistero dell’universo e dell’uomo attraverso tre personaggi chiaveEmanuele Serrelli
The document provides biographical information about Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a French philosopher and Jesuit priest. It details his education and career, including his studies in paleontology under Marcellin Boule at the Museum of Natural History in Paris from 1912. It discusses his scientific research and teaching career in China from 1920-1946, including expeditions he participated in. It also mentions his major works such as The Phenomenon of Man and Le Milieu Divin.
This document proposes a mathematical framework called "eco-phenotypic physiologies" to model the relationships between evolution, ecology, and cultural transmission. The framework models populations of agents that have physiologies determining how they extract and use resources from their environment. It accounts for resource availability, agent interactions, niche construction, and intergenerational transmission of traits through reaction norms that dictate how offspring develop their physiologies based on parents and environment. The goal is to use this unified framework to study how different elements impact population dynamics over time and compare patterns from various reaction norms.
This document discusses the evolution of evolutionary theory over time. It lists several famous scientists such as Charles Darwin, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Donald Campbell, Ronald Fisher, Sewall Wright, J.B.S. Haldane, and Stephen Jay Gould who contributed to the field of evolutionary biology and helped advance understanding of evolution through their research. The document emphasizes that evolution is an ongoing process of discovery.
The document discusses the integration of ecological and genealogical patterns in evolution. It notes that ecological patterns can be understood by following physical/chemical flows and cycles, while genealogical patterns are understood through lineages and ancestry. The document reviews the history of ecology and evolutionary thought since Darwin. It argues that a complete understanding of biology requires an integrated approach that considers physiological, adaptive, and evolutionary aspects, and emphasizes that evolution is the fundamental theory of ecology.
2013, Oct 22 (h.10) - Ciclo "Scienza FalsaScienza", Centro Filippo Buonarroti, Museo di Storia Naturale & Pikaia il Portale dell'Evoluzione, Milano, IT: Il collo delle giraffe e il naso di pinocchio. With Marcello Sala, Marco Ferraguti. Conference for schools.
In un’epoca in cui la società è sempre più permeata dalla trasmissione dell’informazione sulle scoperte della scienza, sui progressi della medicina e della tecnologia, cresce paradossalmente in molti ambiti un atteggiamento antiscientifico. Convinzioni e credenze diverse alimentano la ricerca di soluzioni illusorie, irrazionali, o una visione della scienza minacciosa e apocalittica. L'antidoto è fornire un'informazione corretta lungo la strada dell’educazione alla conoscenza del sapere.
Martedì 22 ottobre 2013, ore 10.00 (solo per le classi prenotate)
IL COLLO DELLE GIRAFFE E IL NASO DI PINOCCHIO: Errori e facilonerie in cui spesso si incappa quando si parla di evoluzione...
Marcello Sala - Marco Ferraguti - Emanuele Serrelli
Presenta Anna Alessandrello
This document contains definitions of key biology and genetics terms provided by a student named Beverley Sutton from Pistor Middle School. The definitions are simplified explanations intended for other students to understand. Some terms defined include adaptation, allele, asexual reproduction, cell, cell division, chromosome, DNA, dominant, evolve, gene, genotype, heterozygous, inherit, migrate, natural selection, offspring, phenotype, punnett square, recessive, sexual reproduction, species, and symbiosis.
Proposal for an “Anthropocene” Research Program, and its relationship with the “Cultural Evolution” program
Emanuele Serrelli University of Milano-Bicocca CISEPS assembly, October 26, 2016
Anthropocene as a good candidate to REPROPOSE the successful template of the project “The Diffusion of Cultural Traits” (2011-2016)
The Anthropocene defines Earth's most recent geologic time period as being human-influenced, or anthropogenic, based on overwhelming global evidence that atmospheric, geologic, hydrologic, biospheric and other earth system processes are now altered by humans.
* The word combines the root "anthropo", meaning "human" with the root "- cene", the standard suffix for "epoch" in geologic time.
* The Anthropocene is distinguished as a new period either after or within the Holocene, the current epoch, which began approximately 10,000 years ago (about 8000 BC) with the end of the last glacial period.
* Source: The Encyclopedia of Earth, cit. in www.anthropocene.info
This document provides an overview of chapter 10 from an introductory biology textbook. It covers the origin of life from non-living materials, the earliest cells, the definition and classification of species, mechanisms of speciation, and evolutionary trees. Key points include: life likely originated from organic molecules formed on the early Earth; the first cells developed membranes, allowing metabolism; species are defined by the ability to interbreed; speciation occurs through geographic isolation or polyploidy; and evolutionary trees reveal ancestral relationships between organisms.
The document provides an overview of key concepts and evidence related to evolution including:
1) Evolution is the process of cumulative change in heritable traits of a population over generations. Natural selection is the mechanism that drives evolutionary change as it favors traits that increase survival and reproduction.
2) Evidence for evolution includes observations of domesticated animals, homologous structures between species, the fossil record showing ancestral relationships, and DNA/genetic evidence confirming shared ancestry.
3) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that populations evolve over time as favorable inherited traits become more common through differential reproduction of individuals based on their adaptation to the environment.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 10 from a biology textbook. It discusses:
1) How life on Earth most likely originated from non-living materials and evolved into self-replicating systems and early cells.
2) How species are the basic units of biodiversity and there can be difficulties defining species, such as with asexual organisms and ring species.
3) How evolutionary trees help conceptualize how different species are related through their shared ancestors and show how biodiversity has diversified over time.
The document discusses different species concepts:
1. The typological species concept defines a species as having an idealized, invariant pattern shared by all members. It considers variation as trivial.
2. The nominalistic species concept believes that only individuals exist in nature, not species, which are human constructs.
3. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is widely accepted but has limitations for asexual groups, cryptic species, and evolutionary intermediates.
4. The evolutionary species concept defines a species as a lineage evolving separately from other lineages with its own ecological niche. It aims to address limitations of the biological concept.
The document discusses different species concepts:
1. The typological species concept defines a species as having an idealized, invariant pattern shared by all members. It considers variation as trivial.
2. The nominalistic species concept believes that only individuals exist in nature, not species, which are human constructs.
3. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is widely accepted but has limitations for asexual groups, cryptic species, and evolutionary intermediates.
4. The evolutionary species concept defines a species as a lineage evolving separately from other lineages with its own ecological niche. It aims to address limitations of the biological concept.
This document provides the contents page for a biology textbook divided into 5 units covering topics such as diversity in the living world, structural organization in plants and animals, cell structure and functions, plant physiology, and human physiology. The contents include 22 chapters across the 5 units. Some of the chapter topics include biological classification, plant kingdom, animal kingdom, transport in plants, respiration in plants, digestion and absorption. The document also provides brief biographies of two important biologists, Ernst Mayr and Carolus Linnaeus, known for their pioneering work in evolution and biological classification/taxonomy, respectively.
This lesson discusses Biodiversity and Evolution
define biodiversity and evolution;
cite the contributions of Charles Darwin to the theory of evolution;
account for the evidence of evolution;
explain how biodiversity and evolution affect life;
demonstrate how biodiversity and evolution help an ecosystem to function;
explain the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process; and
relate evolution and speciation.
define what an ecosystem is;
identify the components of ecological structures in an ecosystem;
explain how diversity contributes to stability and survival;
cite examples of what helps and what disrupts the interaction in an ecosystem;
analyze how the human population affects the different ecosystems; and
apply the knowledge of biodiversity in the maintenance of an ecosystem and vice versa.
Cell Division Evolution in Ichthyosporea: Insights from EPFL and EMBL Heidelb...The Lifesciences Magazine
Research on Ichthyosporea sheds light on the evolutionary origins of cell division mechanisms, offering insights into the remarkable diversity of eukaryotic development.
This document discusses biology and the classification of living organisms. It begins by defining biology as the science of life forms and processes. It then discusses how early humans could distinguish living from non-living things. The development of systematic classification brought identification, nomenclature and categorization of organisms. This recognition of relationships between organisms showed they shared similarities and evolved from common ancestors. The document then outlines the classification of the kingdoms of plants and animals.
Macroevolution examines evolution over long time periods of thousands to millions of years. It studies changes above the species level, including the emergence of new species through speciation and loss of species through extinction. Key areas of study in macroevolution include building phylogenetic trees to demonstrate evolutionary relationships between extinct and modern species based on morphological comparisons, and using molecular analysis to help validate these relationships when possible. Mass extinctions that eliminate large percentages of species are also investigated to better understand causes and patterns of extinction and subsequent radiations as new species evolve to fill open niches.
The document discusses cultural epigenetics, which examines how environmental and cultural factors can affect gene expression and influence human evolution over generations. It provides examples of how experiences like adolescent drug exposure in rats can impact offspring physiology by altering the epigenome. Understanding these intergenerational epigenetic effects may help explain human cognitive development and conditions like depression. The document argues that culture represents an "epigenetic catalyst" alongside genetics, with both shaping human traits and phenotypes over thousands of years of gene-culture coevolution.
The document provides an overview of the contents of a biology textbook organized into 5 units covering various topics in biology. Unit 1 discusses diversity in the living world, including chapters on the living world, biological classification, plant kingdom, and animal kingdom. The summary provides the high-level structure and scope of the textbook without extensive detail on the document contents.
Modern biology is a broad field composed of many interconnected subdisciplines that study life at different scales. While diverse, biology is unified by some key concepts like evolution, cells as the basic unit of life, and genes as the basic unit of heredity. Subdisciplines include biochemistry, molecular biology, botany, cellular biology, physiology, ecology, and evolutionary biology. Biology has developed significantly since ancient times, with major advances in microscopy revealing cells and advances in genetics revealing DNA as the carrier of heredity. The modern synthesis of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection with genetics and population genetics formed the foundation of modern biology.
If you look around you will see a large variety of living organisms, be itpotted plants, insects, birds, your pets or other animals and plants. Thereare also several organisms that you cannot see with your naked eye butthey are all around you.
El tequila es un destilado originario del municipio de Tequila en el estado de Jalisco, México. Se elabora a partir de la fermentación y destilado al igual que el mezcal, jugo extraído del agave, en particular el llamado agave azul (Agave tequilana), con denominación de origen en cinco estados de la República Mexicana (Guanajuato, Michoacán, Nayarit, Tamaulipas y por supuesto en todo el estado de Jalisco ya que en los tres primeros solo se puede producir en algunos municipios, los fronterizos a Jalisco). Es quizás la bebida más conocida y representativa de México en el mundo.
The document summarizes key concepts in the evolution of life. It discusses early theories of spontaneous generation and the Miller-Urey experiment demonstrating organic molecules can form from inorganic precursors. Modern evolutionary theory developed from Darwin's principles of variation within populations, a struggle for existence, and survival of the fittest. Evidence for evolution includes homologous and vestigial structures, transitional fossils, embryological similarities, and molecular comparisons. Present-day evolution theories have expanded on Darwin's work through ideas like punctuated equilibrium, selfish genes, and the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. New species arise through genetic isolation of populations and their gradual differentiation over time. The appearance of human beings is traced from early homin
This document discusses speciation in fungi and oomycetes. It defines speciation as the evolutionary process by which new species arise. There are several mechanisms that can drive speciation, including allopatric, parapatric, peripatric and sympatric speciation. Reproductive isolation plays a key role in maintaining species boundaries and can occur through pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers. Genetic mechanisms like polyploidy can also cause reproductive isolation and lead to speciation. Speciation in plant pathogenic fungi may be driven by specialization to different host plants. Genome studies can help identify genes and regions involved in reproductive isolation and adaptation to new environments or hosts.
Cell biology is the study of cells, including their structure, function, growth, reproduction, and genetics. A cell is the basic unit of life, composed of protoplasm enclosed within a membrane and containing a nucleus. The development of the cell theory began with early philosophers and microscopists observing plant and animal tissues as being made up of smaller units. In the 19th century, scientists such as Schleiden and Schwann formulated the cell theory stating that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things. The modern cell theory recognizes that all living things are made of cells, cells carry out metabolic functions, cells only arise from preexisting cells, and cells contain hereditary information.
Biology is the science of living systems and includes many specialties and disciplines that study life at different levels of organization, from cells to ecosystems. Some key areas of biology are taxonomy, ecology, genetics, molecular biology, evolution, morphology, physiology, and development. Biology seeks to understand the characteristics of life, such as metabolism, growth, response to stimuli, and reproduction, as well as the mechanisms that control these processes at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels.
Similar to Evoluzione orizzontale e ontologia biologica (20)
AAAS meeting, 2013
http://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2013/webprogram/Session5780.html
Saturday, February 16, 2013
Room 308 (Hynes Convention Center)
Emanuele Serrelli , University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
The talk addresses the Gaia hypothesis with a HPS (history and philosophy of science) approach, with particular attention to its relationships with symbiosis-oriented views of life and evolution. It looks at recent scientific literature which, although rarely explicitly, could be relevant to probe it empirically. However, if we accept the challenge of according Gaia with the strictest models of what is to be considered a scientific hypothesis, we find a family of different hypotheses, more or less demanding. Alternatively, Gaia can be considered an inspirational, pedagogical metaphor. With the complexity between these two extremes, the answer to the question - is the Gaia hypothesis science? - does not have a straightforward answer.
http://www.epistemologia.eu
Pievani T, Serrelli E (2012). From molecules to ecology and back: the hierarchy theory view of speciation. Paper at I Congreso de la Asociación Iberoamericana de Filosofía de la Biología, Valencia, Spain, November 28th-30th.
http://www.epistemologia.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=147:the-hierarchy-theory-view-of-speciation&catid=24&Itemid=143
The challenge of tree-thinking and network-thinkingEmanuele Serrelli
Serrelli E (2012). The challenge of tree-thinking and network-thinking: conceptual issues across biological and cultural domains. Paper at 2012 Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, November 14-18, 2012, San Francisco, CA.
see http://www.epistemologia.eu
This talk gives a reflexive outlook on the employment of tree and network thinking to conceptualize and model vertical descent and horizontal transmission of cultural traits. In biology, evolutionary trees are more than tools for researchers across disciplines: they are the main framework within which evidence for evolution is evaluated (Baum et al. 2005). However, several biologists have recognized "tree thinking" as a challenge for students (Gregory 2008, Meisel 2010), lay people (Baum, cit.), and scientists alike (O'Hara 1992), going against our spontaneous cognitive tendencies, e.g., reading along the tips, locating evolution only at nodes, projecting living species backwards to internal nodes. Moreover, common descent, represented by trees, is not the only way in which biological traits are shared: the ubiquity of phenomena like lateral gene transfer is increasing the need for network-based analyses, introducing the conceptual challenge of "network thinking" (Proulx et al. 2005), and the further complexity of conceiving trees and networks together. I focus on which strategies, used and developed in biology, can be implemented in anthropology to address cultural relatedness and common ancestry relationships.
Baum DA et al. (2005). The tree-thinking challenge. Science 310(5750):979-980.
Gregory TR (2008). Understanding evolutionary trees. Evolution: Education and Outreach 1(2):121-137.
Meisel RP (2010). Teaching tree-thinking to undergraduate biology students. Evolution: Education and Outreach 3(4):621-628.
O'Hara RJ (1992). Telling the tree: Narrative representation and the study of evolutionary history. Biology and Philosophy 7(2):p.135–160.
Proulx SR et al. (2005). Network thinking in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(6):345-53.
Emanuele Serrelli - Structures and functions in the evolution of moralityEmanuele Serrelli
Serrelli E (2012). Structures and functions in the evolution of morality. The Evolution of Morality: The Biology and Philosophy of Human Conscience, Erice, Sicily, IT, 17-22 June 2012.
http://www.evolutionofmorality.it/
http://www.epistemologia.eu
Mendelian population as a model, intended as a "stable target of explanation"Emanuele Serrelli
This document outlines ideas about mathematical models in population genetics. It provides examples of simple population genetics models involving alleles and their frequencies in a population. It discusses how models can describe mutation and selection over time. The document also discusses general ideas about mathematical models from a 1989 book. Models represent aspects of the real world in an abbreviated form by translating natural systems into mathematical systems. Successful models allow inferences in the mathematical system to predict behavior in the natural system.
Criticizing adaptive landscapes and the conflation between ecology and genealogyEmanuele Serrelli
Presentation by Emanuele Serrelli
ISHPSSB July 2011, Salt Lake City, Utah
http://www.conferences.utah.edu/ishpssb/index.html
Session: Hierarchy Theory of Evolution
Disentangling ecological vs. genealogical dimensions is a core task of hierarchy theory in evolutionary biology. As Eldredge repeatedly epitomized, organisms carry out (only) two distinct kinds of activities: they survive, and they reproduce. ! At the organismal level, the organism stays the same whether we consider it ecologically or genealogically - yet, differences can occur in what features we consider relevant, and what fitness measurement we use.
! At higher levels, the two dimensions diverge, realizing different systems. Reproductive (deme) may not coincide with ecological (avatar) population. Further upwards, along the ecological dimension, higher-level systems are grouped by energy- matter interconnection, whereas, along the genealogical dimension, higher taxa are assembled by relatedness.
! In Dobzhansky's (1937) use of the adaptive landscape visualization (Wright 1932), all living species are imagined as distributed on adaptive peaks which correspond to ecological niches in existing environments. Peaks are grouped forming genera and higher taxa (e.g., "feline", "carnivore" ranges), and geographic speciation is figured out - like adaptation - as movement on the landscape.
! In criticizing Dobzhansky's landscape, Eldredge wrote that species actually do not occupy ecological niches; demes don't, either; avatars do.
! I point out that neighborhood and movement need to be conceived separately in genealogical and ecological spaces. Indeed, ecology should be further split in at least two spaces: geographic and phenotypic/adaptive. Movement in one space may in fact result in stability in the other(s).
! I also comment on the adaptive landscape: technical limitations prevent it from being coherently used above the population level, even though as a metaphor. Finally, I emphasize the partiality of any landscape - based on the choice of relevant features and fitness components - and interpret partiality as the way of approaching complex multi- hierarchical structure in evolution.
Fabrizio Panebianco and Emanuele Serrelli: A Niche Construction Model with Re...Emanuele Serrelli
Short communication at
CISEPS Annual Lecture
May 6, 9:30am, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano (Italy), building U12,
Also with:
- Luca Cavalli Sforza "Critical periods of human evolution: interdisciplinarity helps for understanding"
- Marcus Feldman, "On Models of Social Transmission: Rates of Evolution and Patterns of Diversity".
Giovedì 12 Maggio, dalle 14.30 alle 16.30
Aula Cappellina, Liceo Scientifico Statale “Paolo Giovio”, Via Pasquale Paoli 28, Como
“Evoluzione: livelli di tempo, nello spazio”
Relazione all’interno della giornata conclusiva della rassegna “Il tempo nelle scienze e nella storia”, organizzata da Centro Filippo Buonarroti, Via Treviso 6, Milano
Emanuele Serrelli - Lectures - Evolutionary Biology Class, University of MilanEmanuele Serrelli
Invited lectures on adaptive landscapes in evolutionary biology. Evolutionary Biology Class, prof. Marco Ferraguti, Master Degree in Biology and Natural Sciences, University of Milano, March 28 & 30, 2011.
Landscape pictures with peaks and valleys have been present and influential in evolutionary biology for many decades. Let us try to orient ourselves in the “jungle” of landscape metaphors and models.
Emanuele Serrelli - Pitfalls and Strengths of Adaptation in Biology EducationEmanuele Serrelli
This document discusses how philosophy of science can help biology education by addressing conceptual issues and developing skills. It analyzes the concept of adaptation, showing how its meaning has changed over time and split into multiple concepts. While history of science can help dispel myths about science, philosophy can further improve scientific definitions and the "defining activity" skill. Developing skills like evaluation and criticism of definitions through explicit philosophy of science discussions may increase students' understanding and appreciation of science.
Adaptive landscapes: A case study of metaphors, models, and synthesis in evol...Emanuele Serrelli
TALK
Emanuele Serrelli Final discussion, XXIII cycle, January 17th 2011 PhD School in Human Sciences University of Milano Bicocca Coordinator: prof. Ottavia Albanese Advisor: prof. Dietelmo Pievani
Adaptive landscapes: A case study of metaphors, models, and synthesis in evol...Emanuele Serrelli
Emanuele Serrelli
Final discussion, XXIII cycle, January 17th 2011
PhD School in Human Sciences
University of Milano Bicocca
Coordinator: prof. Ottavia Albanese
Advisor: prof. Dietelmo Pievani
Four young researhers from different disciplines and approaches are provoked by the question "Does Gregory Bateson have anything more to teach us?". They answer by taking move from different keywords in Bateson's vocabulary, from some quotations of Bateson's work, and from the story of how they came to know Bateson and his thought. We decided to write this multi-authored article most of all to document and share a nice interaction, one "thinking mind" triggered by the question about Bateson, teaching, and learning. We had the encounter with Bateson in common, but we never had the occasion before to talk in deep, being involved in different research fields although in the same Department. Bateson unites, Bateson divides, Bateson unites again: visions and ideas that have emerged here are not an absolute convergence. Bateson's thought itself would not allow that. Rather, here is a little "harmony of differences" in interpretations, perspectives, and meanings.
In the question about what more Bateson has to teach us, we chose to interpret the word "teach" in a non-transmissive, critical way: how does Bateson make us critical in the context where we work? What does he have to teach to us and to our research contexts?
Alessia Vitale takes move from the batesonian word "creature" to tell how Gregory Bateson's thought may be approached and understood only by considering man and his theory as part of the living world, so realizing one of Bateson's own messages, and moreover giving a lesson for our way of considering knowledge. Emanuele Serrelli discusses the relationship between map and territory, and the ambivalent oscillation between the two in all Bateson's work; in this movement Bateson teaches a scientific method, touching - according to Serrelli - on territories, not only maps. A different perspective is offered by Andrea Galimberti. Through the keyword "metaphor" he describes in another, maybe more "creatural" way the relationships between maps and territories, emphasizing the importance of hiding besides unveiling, where an excess of explanations ends up by killing any life history. Finally, Andrée Bella looks at knowing through the batesonian term "grace", which relates to ancient concepts like "art", and opposes the tendency of "conscious purpose" to separate and damage reality. So, together with Bateson, Bella invites to reconnect knowledge with the whole person, origin, and the vast ensemble of "the pattern which connects".
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
4. 4
. . .the “selves” of viruses, utterly depend on their
physical contact with bacterial or other living cells. If
not connected to a cell, a virus is as inert as a lump of
salt or a cube of sugar. The basic element of life, the
self, is the sensitive bacterial cell; but a virus, as a
courier and an integrator of genes into bacteria and
nucleated organisms (animals, plants, fungi and
proctotists), can be very important to specific
evolutionary trajectories.
(William Day, ch. 2, p. 17)
Selves
http://jonlieffmd.com/blog/are-viruses-alive-are-viruses-sentient-virus-intelligence
23. 22
For there is, after all, one true tree of life, the
unique pattern of evolutionary branchings that
actually happened. It exists. It is in principle
knowable. We don’t know it all yet. By 2050 we
should—or if we do not, we shall have been
defeated only at the terminal twigs, by the sheer
number of species. ... [H]undreds of separate
genes ... are found to corroborate each other’s
accounts of the one true tree of life (Dawkins
2003, p. 112; see also Eldredge 2005, p. 227).
25. SET - Serial Endosymbiosis Theory for the origin of
eukaryotic cells
24
http://img.scoop.co.nz/stories/images/0903/
a8de5c88b14851860daa.jpeg
Image courtesy of Lynn Margulis
31. 29
W. Ford Doolittle
1957
In the case of higher plants and animals, species can
be grouped into genera, families, and orders on the
basis of their evolutionary relationships, or phylogeny.
Such classifications are called natural classifications. In
the bacteria, however, only a few broad lines of
evolution are dimly perceivable, and the finer details of
phylogeny remain completely obscure. The existing
semiofficial classification of bacteria, Bergey’s Manual,
is thus an arbitrary one, and is useful only to the limited
extent that it serves as a ‘‘key’’ for identification.
(Steiner et al. 1957)
Phylogeny of bacteria
32. 30
W. Ford Doolittle
1957
Phylogeny of bacteria
Molecular phylogen.
phylogenies based on the sequences of ‘‘informational
macromolecules’’ are not only more unambiguously
quantifiable but closer to what it is that actually evolves
—genes and the genome.
...extend the universal Tree of Life downward to its
deepest roots among the prokaryotes
34. 32
W. Ford Doolittle
1957
Phylogeny of bacteria
Molecular phylogen.
SSU rRNA (Woese)
Lateral, Horizontal gene transfer at the prokaryotic level:
gene donations of bacteria: e.g. resistance of bacteria against
antibiotics
35. 32
W. Ford Doolittle
1957
Phylogeny of bacteria
Molecular phylogen.
SSU rRNA (Woese)
Lateral, Horizontal gene transfer at the prokaryotic level:
gene donations of bacteria: e.g. resistance of bacteria against
antibiotics
...microbiologists had uncovered a phenomenon that
might have given them cause to worry that the
evolution of genes might not always be tree-like, and
that gene trees might not always be species trees.
36. 33
W. Ford Doolittle
1957
Phylogeny of bacteria
Molecular phylogen.
SSU rRNA (Woese)
Why few of us thought that LGT would
interfere seriously with universal tree
construction is an interesting question for
the historian and sociologist...
37. 34
W. Ford Doolittle
1957
Phylogeny of bacteria
Molecular phylogen.
SSU rRNA (Woese)
1987
In the extreme, interspecies
exchanges of genes could be
so rampant, so broadspread,
that a bacterium would not
actually have a history in its
own right; it would be an
evolutionary chimera, a
collection of genes (or gene
clusters), each with its own
history...
38. 35
W. Ford Doolittle
1957
Phylogeny of bacteria
Molecular phylogen.
SSU rRNA (Woese)
1987
Fortunately the matter is
experimentally decidable.
Were an organism an
evolutionary chimera, then its
various chronometers would
yield different, conflicting
phylogenies.
40. 37
W. Ford Doolittle
1957
Phylogeny of bacteria
Molecular phylogen.
SSU rRNA (Woese)
1987
1990s on
Assessing how many of a genomes’ genes
have been laterally transferred at some time in
its history will always be technically difficult and
fraught with definitional problems, although few
would now claim that the fraction is less than
one half, and many would accept that it is more
than 95%. It turns out to be simpler to ask how
many and which genes might possibly have
avoided LGT in the last four billion years.
48. 45
How many individuals ? How many kinds of
individuals?
19
We need better definitions of individuals
Courtesy of Fred Bouchhard, 2013
49. 46
Maureen
O’Malley
Centrality of Biological species and their tree
1957
Molecular phylogen.
SSU rRNA (Woese)
1987
1990s on
Ernst Mayr, the tree of life, and philosophy of biology
Maureen A. O’Malley
Published online: 8 May 2010
Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Abstract Ernst Mayr’s influence on philosophy of biology has given the field a
particular perspective on evolution, phylogeny and life in general. Using debates
about the tree of life as a guide, I show how Mayrian evolutionary biology excludes
numerous forms of life and many important evolutionary processes. Hybridization
and lateral gene transfer are two of these processes, and they occur frequently, with
important outcomes in all domains of life. Eukaryotes appear to have a more tree-
like history because successful lateral events tend to occur among more closely
related species, or at a lower frequency, than in prokaryotes, but this is a difference
of degree rather than kind. Although the tree of life is especially problematic as a
representation of the evolutionary history of prokaryotes, it can function more
generally as an illustration of the limitations of a standard evolutionary perspective.
Moreover, for philosophers, questions about the tree of life can be applied to the
Mayrian inheritance in philosophy of biology. These questions make clear that the
dichotomy of life Mayr suggested is based on too narrow a perspective. An alter-
native to this dichotomy is a multidimensional continuum in which different
strategies of genetic exchange bestow greater adaptiveness and evolvability on pro-
karyotes and eukaryotes.
Keywords Ernst Mayr Á Philosophy of biology Á Evolution Á Tree of life Á
Species Á Lateral gene transfer Á Hybridization
Introduction
Most philosophers of biology have in the back of their mind at least a vague image of
a tree of life that depicts bifurcating species lineages and represents the evolutionary
M. A. O’Malley (&)
Egenis, University of Exeter, St Germans Road, EX4 4PJ Exeter, UK
e-mail: M.A.O’Malley@ex.ac.uk
123
Biol Philos (2010) 25:529–552
DOI 10.1007/s10539-010-9214-6
50. 47
Maureen
O’Malley
Centrality of Biological species and their tree
1957
Molecular phylogen.
SSU rRNA (Woese)
1987
1990s on 2004
All so-called asexually reproducing
organisms do not have species.
The prokaryotes are difficult
enough [to deal with], but even
when you get into the low
eukaryotes, there is this group that
is a sort of a garbage can called
the protists. And there are authors
I’m told that recognize 80 phyla of
protists. God knows what there is
in these 80 phyla. And most of
them do not have species in the
normal sense. They don’t have a
proper process of speciation or
anything like that.
51. 48
But again, on the pragmatic grounds of removing the messier, more web-like
Fig. 1 Six eukaryote supergroups. Reprinted from Lane and Archibald (2008), with permission from
Elsevier
538 M. A. O’Malley
From Lane and Archibald (2008), in O’Malley 2010
Maureen
O’Malley
there is growing evidence of gene exchange in protists (Keeling and
Palmer 2008; Andersson 2009). Sequence analyses of several protist
genomes have detected bacterial genes in varying amounts, with as
much as 4% of rumen ciliate genomes being of foreign origin (Ricard et al.
2006). In the genome of the miniscule green alga, Ostreococcus tauri, the
smallest free-living eukaryote, a whole chromosome appears to have
been acquired, although its source is not obvious (Derelle et al. 2006). The
pathogens Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Entamoeba
histolytica have ‘borrowed’ large numbers of virulence and metabolism
genes from bacteria (Andersson et al. 2006; Loftus et al. 2005). Transfers
between protists, and from other eukaryotes to protists, have also been
found in increasing numbers, and the data for such acquisitions increase
with every genome sequence deposited in GenBank or other databases
(Andersson 2009). The more lateral gene transfer in protists is studied, in
fact, the more that is learned about interdomain exchange as an ongoing
evolutionary mechanism of genetic diversity (Andersson et al. 2006).
52. 48
But again, on the pragmatic grounds of removing the messier, more web-like
Fig. 1 Six eukaryote supergroups. Reprinted from Lane and Archibald (2008), with permission from
Elsevier
538 M. A. O’Malley
From Lane and Archibald (2008), in O’Malley 2010
Maureen
O’Malley
53. 49
But again, on the pragmatic grounds of removing the messier, more web-like
Fig. 1 Six eukaryote supergroups. Reprinted from Lane and Archibald (2008), with permission from
Elsevier
538 M. A. O’Malley
From Lane and Archibald (2008), in O’Malley 2010
Maureen
O’Malley
In fungi, there is a growing list of what seem to be fungal hybrids (Schardl
and Craven 2003; Novo et al. 2009). Moreover, there appears to be a
great deal of LGT occurring between prokaryotes and fungi, between
fungal lineages, and between fungi and other multicellular eukaryotes (e.g.
Schardl and Craven 2003; Friesen et al. 2006; Richards et al. 2006,
2009). Numerous phylogenetically discordant plasmids, transposons and
gene clusters have been detected in a range of fungal lineages, and even
some whole chromosome transfers between filamentous fungi (Walton
2000). In addition, there is good experimental evidence of
transformation (uptake of environmental DNA) in a few fungi (Rosewich
and Kistler 2000). Whether novel DNA is acquired by hybridization or by
LGT, it has either to be excluded from phylogenetic analysis or depicted
as a reticulate event.
54. 50
But again, on the pragmatic grounds of removing the messier, more web-like
Fig. 1 Six eukaryote supergroups. Reprinted from Lane and Archibald (2008), with permission from
Elsevier
538 M. A. O’Malley
From Lane and Archibald (2008), in O’Malley 2010
Maureen
O’Malley
They can combine sexual and asexual reproduction (with sexual
reproduction being the ancient state, since lost in many lineages), and it is
still sometimes unclear how particular fungi reproduce (Petersen and
Hughes 1999; Schardl and Craven 2003; Zeyl 2009). One reproductive
peculiarity of fungi involves hyphal fusion, in which fungal filaments
anastomose parasexually, through somatic recombination rather than
germ cell recombination. Large numbers of nuclei (sometimes thousands)
from the different hyphae share the same enlarged cell compartment. In
many lineages, interspecific matings are vegetatively incompatible, which
means that the non-self recognition of introduced genetic systems results
in the destruction of the newly merged hyphal cells (Glass and Dementhon
2006; Glass and Kaneko 2003; Giraud et al. 2008). Even when this does
not happen, the heterokaryon products of hyphal fusion (cells with
different genotypes) may be unstable and produce only homokaryotic
offspring. But this is not always the case, and nor does incompatibility
recognition happen for all hyphal fungi.
55. 51
But again, on the pragmatic grounds of removing the messier, more web-like
Fig. 1 Six eukaryote supergroups. Reprinted from Lane and Archibald (2008), with permission from
Elsevier
538 M. A. O’Malley
From Lane and Archibald (2008), in O’Malley 2010
Maureen
O’Malley
study after study has documented the adaptiveness and proliferation
of plant hybrids (Heiser 1973; Arnold 2006; Arnold et al. 1999; Soltis and
Soltis 2009). Much known hybridization involves genome doubling
(allopolyploidy), which has played a major role in plant evolution (Adams
and Wendel 2005). Other hybridization events involve genome
recombination (homoploidy). An example of the latter, which is more
difficult to detect, is provided by the sunflowers Helianthus annuus and H.
petiolaris. These parental species have three hybrid offspring (H.
anomalus, H. deserticola, and H. paradoxus) that evolved between
60,000 and 200,000 years ago. While the parent plants favour temperate
climates, the hybrid offspring inhabit and flourish in extreme environments,
such as harsh desert conditions and salt marshes (Rieseberg 1997;
Rieseberg et al. 2003). It is frequently the case that hybrid offspring have
hardier characteristics than their parents, due to new gene combinations
that allow the hybrids to colonize new ecological niches (Rieseberg and
Willis 2007).
56. 52
But again, on the pragmatic grounds of removing the messier, more web-like
Fig. 1 Six eukaryote supergroups. Reprinted from Lane and Archibald (2008), with permission from
Elsevier
538 M. A. O’Malley
From Lane and Archibald (2008), in O’Malley 2010
Maureen
O’Malley
One classic study that did not quite fit Mayr’s expectations was carried out by
Lewontin and L. C. Birch (1966). They argued that hybridization was a source of
variation for adaptation to new environments in particular groups of Queensland fruit
flies (then Dacus, now Bactrocera tryoni and B. neohumeralis)...
...because hybridization is usually investigated in relation to visibly distinguishable
taxa, it has probably been systematically underestimated in duller, more uniform types
of organisms such as little brown birds or butterflies (Mallet 2005; Dowling and Secor
1997). Some classic examples include ducks (much collected during hunting
seasons, and therefore well observed), birds of paradise, cichlids and butterflies
(see Mallet et al. 2007). Cichlids and other freshwater fish are well known for their
hybridization capacities, partly because of the very divergent morphologies and colour
patterns produced by introgression (Koblmüller et al. 2007). In representing these
introgressions phylogenetically, many branches have to be reticulated to make sense
of incongruent gene phylogenies.
Although there may be low levels of fertility in the first generation of hybrids, later
generations frequently stabilize, often with fitness advantages in new or expanded
environments (Anderson 1948; Arnold 2006). And although rates of hybridization may
be low, they can have major evolutionary consequences (Seehausen 2004; Dowling
and Secor 1997).
58. 53
Virolution at the pro- and eukaryotic level
Villarreal & Ryan
Much of the known LGT in animals involves acquisitions from prokaryotes, such as
genes for cellulose biosynthesis in marine invertebrates, and glyoxylate-cycle
enzymes in a number of animals (Nakashima et al. 2004; Kondrashov et al. 2006).
The genomes of Wolbachia-infected insects can carry large fragments of
Wolbachia DNA— nearly a whole Wolbachia genome in one case (Hotopp et al.
2007).
An even more intriguing example of animal LGT is that of bdelloid rotifers (a
microscopic multicellular aquatic animal), the genomes of which show evidence of
recent and ancient acquisitions of bacterial, fungal, and plant genes (Gladyshev et al.
2008). Rotifers have a life cycle that can include dessication, and as the dessicated
body revives in the presence of water, environmental DNA seems to be integrated into
the rotifer’s genome through a combination of membrane damage and DNA repair
mechanisms, and then inherited in the absence of sexual recombination. Most of the
intact foreign genes code for simple enzymatic functions such as carbohydrate
decomposition (rather than multi- component biochemical pathways)...
Some plant-parasitic nematodes have acquired bacterial genes that enable the
nematodes to modify plant cell walls, thereby damaging the plant but nourishing the
nematode (Scholl et al. 2003).
62. 57
Animal (and plant)
evolution
Representative
Well represented
by tree
Impact on TOL
Mayr Yes Yes -
Doolittle No Yes Circumscribe
Margulis No No Replace
O’Malley No No
Multidimensional
space
Hybrid. studies N/A (yes) Yes
Speciation and
adaptation mech.
63. 58
Animal (and plant)
evolution
Representative
Well represented
by tree
Impact on TOL
Mayr Yes Yes -
Doolittle No Yes Circumscribe
Margulis No No Replace
O’Malley No No
Multidimensional
space
Hybrid. studies N/A (yes) Yes
Speciation and
adaptation mech.
58
evolution of multicellular
animals and plants can still be
well understood as a branching
process (albeit with some
fuzziness)
prokaryotic evolution may be better
modeled as a reticulated web. This is
because prokaryotes (bacteria and
archaea) much more readily exchange
genes ‘‘across species lines’’, by several
genetic mechanisms collectively known
as lateral gene transfer (LGT). Since
prokaryotes comprise the majority of
living things, and since the first two-
thirds of Life’s history is exclusively
prokaryotic, the TOL is of limited
explanatory scope.
64. 59
Animal (and plant)
evolution
Representative
Well represented
by tree
Impact on TOL
Mayr Yes Yes -
Doolittle No Yes Circumscribe
Margulis No No Replace
O’Malley No No
Multidimensional
space
Hybrid. studies N/A (yes) Yes
Speciation and
adaptation mech.
A key residual question from the
discussion above is whether evolutionary
biology and its philosophy should follow
Mayr and split evolution into two types: the
processes and outcomes that occur with
‘good’ speciators, and those that occur
with ‘bad’ speciators...
a continuum perspective is the only
remaining option
multiple intersecting continua: asexual-
sexual, much-less-exchange, uni-
multicellular...
an approach along these lines would be more informative than a
focus on which organisms have evolved in tree-like patterns. A
multidimensional approach by no means rejects the importance of
such patterns, nor of the processes that gave rise to them, but it
sees them as just one possible focus and not always the most
valuable one.
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