This document discusses various topics related to health and disease, including: - The dimensions of health (physical, mental, intellectual, spiritual, social) - The difference between disease and illness - Types of microorganisms that cause disease (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasitic worms) - The chain of infection and how diseases spread - Methods of disease transmission (direct, indirect) - Stages of infection (incubation, early symptoms, clinical, recovery) - Methods of prevention and control of infection (medical asepsis, standard precautions, universal precautions, body substance isolation)

2. Health
State of complete physical ,
mental, intellectual, spiritual
and social well-being and not
merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.

3. Were you be able to identify the
health dimensions being shown
in the picture?

5. Emotional Health
- the ability to express
emotions in
appropriate way.

7. Spiritual Health
- Refers to the
values, principles,
ways and beliefs of
an individual.

9. Physical Health
- The ability to
perform routine tasks
without physical
restriction.

11. Mental or Intellectual
Health
- the ability to learn
and think coherently

13. Social Health
- the ability to get
along with other
people.

15. Disease Vs. Illness

16. Disease
It is a pathological condition that
disrupt the normal functioning of
the body.It is objective,
characterized by an abnormality
in the structure or function of
body organs.

17. Objective- information
or analysis is factbased, measurable and
observable.

18. Illness
It is the human response
to disease. It is subjective
because it is based on the
experience of the patient.

19. Four Stages of Illness
• Experiencing signs and
symptoms
• Assuming the sick role or
validating the sickness
• Seeking medical care
• Assuming dependent role
while recovering

20. Subjective -information is
based on personal
opinions, interpretations,
points of view, emotions
and judgment.

21. Communicable Disease
Vs.
Non-Communicable
Disease

22. Communicable Disease
–disease which can be
transmitted from one
person to another

23. Non-Communicable
Disease
- Also known as chronic
disease. It is not passed
from one to anothet

24. Sign
Vs.
Symptoms

25. Sign
- is an objective physical
manifestation of illness,
injury or disease. Examples:
rapid pulse,
High temperature, low blood

26. Symptoms
-it is what the patience
experience about the
illness, injury or disease.
Examples: chills,
numbness, fatigue.

27. Endemic
Vs.
Sporadic

28. Endemic
-infectious disease that
occurs frequently and in
cycles in a specific
geographical area.
Influenza is an example.

29. Sporadic
-disease that occurs
singly, occasionally or in
irregular intervals.

30. Epedemic
Vs.
Pandemic

31. Epidemic
- refers to a contagious, or viral
illness that spreads to many
people in one geographic
region that occurs in excess of
number of cases that usually
be expected.

32. Pandemic
- contagious or viral illness
that spreads in many
areas across large region
or across the globe.

33. Fomite
Vs.
Vector

34. Vector
- is an infected
insect/animal or
insect/animal that
carries and transfers

35. Fomite
- is an inanimate (meaning
it can not move itself)
object which can possibly
harbor infectious agent.

36. The Causes of
Disease

37. Supernatural Belief
- Ancient times belief explained that
disease is caused by a
supernatural being ( a God or a
dead ancestor), or a person with
special powers ( a witch or a
sorcerer).

38. Poisonous Gas Belief
- Major beliefs during the 1800s.
explained that disease (such as
malaria) is caused by rotting
plants or bad vapour that came
from swamps.
Malaria- came from mala aria
meaning bad air.

39. Germ Belief
-Holds that microscopic
organisms are
responsible for infectious
diseases.

40. Agent-Host-Environment
Belief (Classic Agent)
- This belief explains disease as
a product of the complex
interaction among three factors
( agent, host and environment)

41. Agent-Host-Environment Triangle

43. Host- is an organism
usually a person or
an animal affected by
the disease.

44. Environment- is the
condition outside the
host that allows
disease to be
transmitted.

45. Agent- is the
organism that
cause disease.

46. Factors in the
Development of
Disease

47. Personal Factor
- referring to a practices
and etiquettes in
managing disease.

48. Economic Factor
- Relating to poverty that
leads to a lack of accurate
education and information
about nutrition, hygiene
and disease management.

49. Cultural Factor
-referring to beliefs that
provide false sense of
security and delaying
healthcare and appropriate
treatment.

50. Some superstitious beliefs.
• Taking a bath on Friday will
make one sick.
• Washing the eyes with the
first urine early in the
morningis an effctive cure for
sore eyes

51. • An amulet or anting-anting
protects the wearer from
diseases and helps counteract
witchery.
• Relapsed or binat is caused by
eating certain kinds of food or
by cutting the hair soon after
illness.

52. Environmental Factor
- Referring to unsanitary conditions,
presence of toxic chemicals,
hazardous pollutants, extreme
weather condition that makes
people weaken and vulnerable to a
lots of infection.

53. Political Factor
- Referring to political issues, such
as corruption that affect the
provision of health care services
and resources to the people. In
many cases people’s health is not
given utmost priority.

54. Educational Factor
- Disease transmission can also
be due to misinformation or lack
of information thus education is
crucial in disease prevention
and control.

55. CHAIN OF INFECTION

57. INFECTIOUS AGENT/ CAUSATIVE
AGENT/ PATHOGENS
-disease-causing organisms.The greater
the organism's virulence (ability to grow
and multiply), invasiveness (ability to enter
tissue) and pathogenicity (ability to cause
disease), the greater the possibility that the
organism will cause an infection. Infectious
agents are bacteria, virus, fungi, and
parasites.

58. Microorganisms

59. Virus
• Small infectious agent that
replicates only inside the living
cells of other organisms.
• Infects all types of life forms.

60. • Requires intracellular
parasite (can’t survive
outside the host’s cell)
• On the borderline
between living and nonliving matter

61. • Can have varied shapes:
helical – like a coiled spring
icosahedrons – with 20 triangular
sides or a very complex shape.
• Attacks all kinds of biological agents,
even bacteria
• Consist of a bit of nucleic acid ( RNA
or DNA, but never both within a
protein coat)

62. Specific Disease Caused by a Virus
• AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
• Chickenpox
• Common cold
• Dengue fever
• Influenza
• Measles
• Poliomyelitis
• Rabies
• Warts

63. Influenza Virus

64. HIV Virus

65. Bacteria
• Single-celled
• No true nucleus
• Can be aerobic (needs
oxygen) and anaerobic
(does not need oxygen)

66. • Can be spherical (coccus),
rod-shaped (bacillus), or
spiral (spirillum)
• Can be in pairs (diplo-), in
clusters (staphylo-), or in
chains (strepto-)

67. • Majority comprise the
normal flora (live in the
human body)
• Majority are
good/friendly (probiotic)

68. • Can be opportunistic (friendly
bacteria turn harmful when the
immune system weakens)
• Causes disease by directly
attacking tissues or releasing
toxins
• Some can live in a dormant state
as spores

69. Specific Disease Caused by
Bacteria
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
anthrax
cholera
diptheria
gonorrhea
leprosy
Tetanus
tuberculosis

70. Bacillus Bacteria

71. Staphylococcus Bacteria

72. Streptococcus Bacteria

73. Protozoa
• Parasitic or free living
(can survive outside the
host)
• Has a variety of shapes
and sizes

74. • Various types; amoeba,
ciliates, flagellates or
sporozoans found most
often in stagnant water
or moist soil.

75. Specific Disease Caused by
Protozoa
• Malaria
• Amoebic dysentery

77. Fungus
• Thrive on dead or
decaying matter
• Multicellular (like
molds), or unicellular
(like yeasts)

78. • Spore-forming (this is the
reason why it’s sometimes
difficult to treat)
• Cause diseases of the
skin, mucous membranes
and lungs

79. Specific Disease Caused
by Fungus
• Tinea or ringworm (jock
itch, athlete’s foot)

80. Tinea Pedis Fungus (Athlete’s Foot)

82. Parasitic Worm
• Largest among the
pathogens
• Can either be flatworms
or roundworms

83. • Examples of flatworms are
tapeworms (can be
transmitted by eating raw
fish/pork/beef) and flukes
(example is schistosoma
japonicum/mansoni that
causes schistosomiasis

84. Tape Worm

85. Fluke

86. • Examples of
roundworms are
pinworms and
hookworms.

88. Hook Worm

89. Specific Disease Caused by
Parasitic Worm
•
•
•
•
•
Ascariasis
Elephantiasis
Enterobiasis
Schistosomiasis
Taeniasis

90. RESERVOIR
This is the place wherein the
infectious agent lives and
multiplies.This can be living
(animal, human, plant) or nonliving(air, water, food,
utensils/equipment).

91. Sick
Person

92. PORTAL OF EXIT
A route or a place of exit providing a
way for a microorganism to leave the
reservoir. The common most mode of exits
are break in the skin, nose, mouth or anus
and special body openings such as vagina,
penis, urethra, ears and eyes.
It may be through the bite of mosquito
or needle prick.

93. Coughing or Sneezing

94. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
Method of transfer by which
the organism moves or is
carried from reservoir to a
new host.

95. Direct Transmission
- Throug close contact
or direct person to
person contact

96. Shaking of Hands

97. Indirect Transmission
- Through an intermediate item or carrier .
Examples:
• Vector-borne transmission -bite of
mosquito
• Vehicle-borne transmission
-contaminated items (utensils),
contaminated water, air, and 3F’s ( food, flies
and fingers)

98. Mosquito Bite

99. PORTAL OF ENTRY
An opening allowing the
microorganism to enter the host.
Examples: mouth, nose skin and
urogenital organs.
The mode of entry is same as the
mode of exit.

100. Eating With Bare Hand

101. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
This is a person who is vulnerable
to disease due to weak immunity or
a prior infection. Children and
elderly are more prone to a lot of
infections. Immunization is one way
to strengthen one’s immunity to
disease.

102. Weak
Person

103. The Spread of
Infection

104. Patient Situation: 1
An elderly patient, hospitalized with a gastrointestinal
disorder, was on bed rest and required assistance for
activities of daily living. The patient had frequent
uncontrolled diarrhea stools and the nurse provided
excellent care to maintain cleanliness and comfort.
Following one episode of cleaning the patient and
changing the bed linen, the nurse immediately went to a
second patient to provide care. The nurse's hands were
not washed before assisting the second patient.

105. Infectious agent: Escherichia coli
Reservoir: Large intestine
E. coli, bacteria in the large intestine of humans forms the greater part of the normal
intestinal flora.
Portal of Exit : E. coli exited the body in feces.
Mode of Transmission: The nurse removed the contaminated linen from the bed. The E. coli
organism contaminated the hands of the nurse who then provided morning care to another
patient.
Portal of Entry: The second patient receiving care had a Foley catheter. The nurse
manipulated the tubing attached to the catheter. The E. coli organism on the nurse's hands
contaminated the catheter tubing and ascended to the patient's meatus and then into the
urinary bladder.
Susceptible Host: The second patient with a Foley catheter. This patient was elderly and
had a chronic illness necessitating complete bed rest. The Foley catheter contaminated by
the E. coli organism provided a direct route into the urinary bladder.

106. Breaking of the
Chain

107. Patient Situation: 2
A patient assigned for morning care has an open wound on her left lower leg. The wound is
draining and when last cultured, the microorganism MRSA was identified.
In preparation for bedmaking, hands of the nurse were washed. Clean linen and a bag for
soiled linen were gathered from the linen room and placed on the patient's clean bedside
stand.
To remove the soiled linen from the bed, the following procedure was followed:
Hands washed
Gloves worn
Each side of the soiled linen ends folded towards the middle of the bed
Soiled linen held away from the nurse's clean uniform
Soiled linen placed in the linen bag for later discard
Protective gloves removed
Hands washed

108. Infectious Agent: MRSA (Methicillin-resistant organism)
Reservoir: Patient's infected wound
Portal of Exit: Draining from the open wound
BREAK IN THE CHAIN = Nurse used proper hand
washing techniques, wore protective gloves and
properly handled the linen.
Mode of Transmission: MRSA commonly transferred on hands of the nurse by indirect contact
BREAK IN THE CHAIN =Proper hand washing, gloving and handling of linen
Portla of Entry: The nurse manipulated the tubing attached to the catheter.
BREAK IN THE CHAIN=Organisms isolated with use of medical asepsis and body substance
isolation
Susceptible Host:
PROTECTED

109. STAGES OF INFECTION

110. Incubation Stage
- This is the time from the entry
of germ to the appearance of
the first sign of symptom.This
can last from several hours to
several months or even years.

111. Early Symptom Stage
- This is when the general signs and
symptoms of the disease appear such
as fever, nasal discharge, and rashes. It
is the early stage of the battle between
the germs and the body.During this time
, the disease is higly contagious and
diagnosis is difficult at this stage.

112. Clinical Stage
- This is the height of the disease
when the infection is very severe.
During this period one is obviously
sick as characteristic signs and
symptoms of the disease appear.

113. Recovery Stage
- During this stage, there is a
gradual return to health as signs
and symptoms begin to
disappear.The body is now on its
way to recovery. However when the
body is unable to recover, disability
or death may result.

114. There are times when a person
experienced a relapsed or binat. It
happens when a sick person
partially recovers but goes back to
clinical stage.Recovery takes much
longer after a relapse because the
body defenses are still weak from a
previous infection.

115. PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF INFECTION

116. Medical Asepsis
-helps to contain infectious organisms and
to maintain an environment free from
contamination. Include hand washing,
gowning and wearing facial masks when
appropriate, as well as separating clean
from contaminated or potentially
contaminated materials and providing
information to patients about basic hygienic
practices.

117. Standard Precautions
-combine the major features of universal
precautions and body substance isolation.
These standard precautions alert the health
care worker to patient situations that require
special barrier techniques. These barrier
techniques are used when working with any
patient where potential or actualized contact
with blood or body fluid exists.

118. Universal Precautions
-help control contamination from
bloodborne viruses such as human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis
viruses. When in contact with a patient's
blood or any body secretion that may be
contaminated with blood, protective
measures such as wearing gloves, gown,
facial mask, and/or goggles must be.

119. Body Substance Isolation
-protects against bacterial organisms that may exist in
body substances. Body substance isolation applies in
all patient encounters regardless of the diagnosis.
The application of gloves for contact with moist body
surfaces and areas of nonintact skin, gowns when in
contact with body secretions, and facial mask when in
danger of contact with respiratory droplet secretions,
prevents the contamination of both health care worker
and patient.