Mesoderm and notochord formation
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The epiblast and hypoblast migrate to form the primitive groove and ridges along the primitive streak. At the cephalic end, a thickening called Henson's node forms. Cells from Henson's node push into the midline to form the notochord beneath the ectoderm. Somites form from the dorsal mesoderm of Henson's node and organize bilaterally. The lateral plate mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm, forming the coelom cavity between them. By 25-26 hours, somites appear as compact cell masses lateral to the neural folds.
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Trilaminar germ disc (week 3 embryology)
summary of Trilaminar Germ disc (embryology) for health science students ...
By Abdoulwahab Mahdi Ali (Student)
Development of chick
The document summarizes the development of a chick from an egg. It begins by describing the structure of the freshly laid hen's egg, including the large yolk, oval shape, membranes, and shell. It then discusses fertilization and cleavage, including discoidal meroblastic cleavage where cleavage is limited to the blastodisc atop the yolk. Next, it covers gastrulation processes like formation of the primitive streak and groove, migration of cells through the streak to form mesoderm and endoderm, and regression of the primitive streak.
Alaqah 2
During the third week of development, the bilaminar germ disc differentiates into a trilaminar embryo through the process of gastrulation. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak along the midline of the epiblast. Cells from the epiblast migrate through the primitive streak and groove to form the mesoderm and endoderm germ layers. This results in the formation of the trilaminar embryo consisting of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm germ layers. Concurrently, structures like the notochord, allantois and intraembryonic coelom begin developing.
Third week of development.pdf
During the 3rd week of development, gastrulation occurs which involves the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This transforms the bilaminar embryo into a trilaminar embryo with distinct layers. Neurulation also occurs, forming the neural tube which will later become the central nervous system. By the end of the 3rd week, the foundation is laid for all major organ systems as each germ layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
Trilaminar germ disc
1. Gastrulation begins around day 14-15 with the formation of the primitive streak on the dorsal surface of the embryo, through which epiblast cells migrate inward to form the mesoderm and endoderm.
2. Cells invaginating the primitive pit move forward to form the notochordal process, which later forms the definitive notochord, a solid cord of cells.
3. By the end of the 4th week, the primitive streak begins to regress and disappear, and the embryonic disc becomes elongated with broad and narrow ends.
Embryonic development of chicken
Chicken embryonic development
The chicken (taxon -Gallus gallus) embryo develops and hatches in 20 to 21 days and has been extensively used in embryology studies. ... Fertilized eggs can be easily maintained in humidified incubators and during early stages of development, the embryo floats on to of the egg yolk that it is using for nutrition.
Embryonic & Fetal periods
This document discusses embryonic and fetal development from 3-8 weeks (embryonic period) and 9 weeks to birth (fetal period). During the embryonic period, the three germ layers give rise to specific tissues and organs as the main organ systems are established. Neurulation occurs as the neural tube forms from the neural plate. Neural crest cells migrate throughout the body. The mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into muscle, bone and skin tissues. Blood islands form and later hematopoietic stem cells arise. The endoderm forms the gastrointestinal tract. During the fetal period, organs mature and the fetus grows rapidly in the third, fourth and fifth months.
3. formation of notochord
The notochord serves as the basis for the axial skeleton. The formation of the notochord starts with the appearance of the prechordal plate between the tip of the notochord and the oropharyngeal membrane. Prenotochordal cells then form the notochordal process which extends between the prechordal plate and primitive pit. The amnion then invaginates through the primitive pit to form the notochordal canal. The floor of this canal then degenerates to form the neurenteric canal, temporarily connecting the amniotic and yolk sac cavities. The remaining roof forms the notochordal plate which detaches from the endoderm to form the definitive not
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Embryology Course II - 2nd and 3rd Weeks of Development
Embryology Course II - 2nd and 3rd Weeks of Development
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Mesoderm and notochord formation
The epiblast and hypoblast migrate to form the primitive groove along the length of the primitive streak. At the cephalic end of the primitive streak, a thickening called Henson's node forms. Cells from Henson's node push into the midline beneath the ectoderm to form the notochord. As the embryo develops further, somites form from the dorsal mesoderm at Henson's node and organize bilaterally. The lateral plate mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm layers with a space, known as the coelom, between them. Somites appear as compact cell masses lateral to the neural folds in embryos incubated for 25-26 hours.
Chick embryo development
The document summarizes key stages in chick embryo development:
1) Fertilization occurs internally in the oviduct and the egg acquires protective coverings as it passes through the reproductive tract.
2) For development to continue, the egg must be incubated at temperatures between 36-38 degrees Celsius, either by the mother or in an artificial incubator.
3) After fertilization, rapid cell division (cleavage) occurs, forming a disc of cells (blastoderm) on the yolk's surface that will develop into the embryo.
4) Cleavage results in a spherical cluster of cells (morula) that then forms a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel) to become a blast
Neurulation in Chick Development
The document describes the process of neurulation in an embryo. It begins with the presence of presumptive neural ectoderm forming a band on the dorsal surface of the gastrula. This band thickens to form the neural plate. By 18 hours, the neural plate is visible as a flat, thickened area. Between 21-22 hours, longitudinal folding occurs to establish the neural groove. By 24 hours, the folding of the neural plate is clearly visible and the embryo is termed a neurula. The neural groove sinks and the neural folds fuse to form the neural tube, enclosing the neurocoel and establishing the central nervous system.
Role of CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS IN DEVELOPMENT
1. The document discusses the role of cytoplasm and nucleus in development.
2. Cytoplasm contains determinants that are responsible for cell differentiation and are present in blastomeres. Different colored cytoplasm in Ascidian eggs gives rise to different cell types.
3. An experiment by Haemmerling showed that the nucleus, not the cytoplasm, controls morphology. When he exchanged just the cytoplasm between two algae species, the shape was determined by the nucleus.
Growth and development in Plants and Animals
1) Apical dominance is a phenomenon where the main stem or branch of a plant dominates and grows more strongly than side stems due to auxin produced by the shoot apex.
2) Experiments showed that removing the apical bud releases lateral buds from dominance, indicating the shoot apex controls lateral bud growth through auxin.
3) Auxin from the apical bud inhibits growth of lateral buds, demonstrating its inhibitory effect, while removal of the apex allows compensatory growth of lateral buds.
Variety of life, Binomial Nomenclature
The document discusses taxonomy and biological classification. It defines key terms used in taxonomy like domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. It explains that organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationships and ability to interbreed. It introduces binomial nomenclature as the standardized international system for naming organisms scientifically using Latinized names, which was developed by Carolus Linnaeus to avoid confusion from various common names used for organisms.
Chromosome and Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic Cell
The nuclear membrane separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm. It is a double membrane with nuclear pores that allow mRNA to pass into the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is not surrounded by a membrane. It functions to produce ribosomal RNA and ribosomes. Chromosomes within the nucleus are made of DNA and protein. They contain genes and become visible as thread-like structures during cell division. Chromosomes are composed of two identical chromatids held together at the centromere.
Chloroplast, nucleus, nuclear membrane
Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and facilitate photosynthesis. They have an outer envelope and internal membranes called thylakoids that are stacked to form grana, where light reactions take place. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight and drives photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates like glucose. The nucleus is found in eukaryotic cells and contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA packaged into chromosomes. It is surrounded by a double membrane and contains nucleoplasm and one or more nucleoli. The nucleus controls all activities of the cell by regulating gene expression.
Test tube babies and Sexually transmitted Diseases
Test tube babies are created when a male sperm and female egg are fused in vitro in a laboratory test tube, as some parents are unable to naturally fertilize an egg. Sexually transmitted diseases can result from unhealthy lifestyles and are discussed. Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria and affects the urogenital tract. Syphilis is caused by a spirochete bacteria and can damage reproductive organs, eyes, bones, joints, nerves, heart, and skin. Genital herpes is caused by a virus and transmitted sexually, causing genital sores and ulcers, and potentially damaging an infant's eyes or nervous system during birth. AIDS is transmitted sexually and damages immune cells, leaving the body vulnerable to infection
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Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia. The ovaries produce eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If an egg is fertilized by sperm in the fallopian tubes or uterus, it can implant in the lining of the uterus and develop into a fetus, receiving nutrients from the placenta. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina, which leads to the external genitalia and urethra.
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Fruit set, fruit ripening, reproduction in Animals
This document summarizes various topics related to reproduction including fruit set, fruit ripening, asexual reproduction, and sexual reproduction in animals. It discusses that fruit set occurs after pollination when auxin stimulates the development of the ovary into fruit. Fruit ripening is triggered by several hormones and involves the conversion of the fruit into an edible form. The document also describes different types of asexual reproduction like binary fission and budding as well as parthenogenesis in various species including bees, aphids, and plants. Sexual reproduction is defined as involving gametes from two parents fusing to form a diploid zygote, and the document provides examples of oviparous, viviparous, and
Human birth
The document summarizes key aspects of human birth, including:
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- Around 12 weeks, most organs have developed and the fetus grows for the rest of gestation inside the amniotic sac filled with fluid that protects and cushions the baby.
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Peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, vacuole, cytoskeleton,
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Ribosomes, golgi apparatus, lysosomes
Ribosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes are all cellular organelles with specialized functions. Ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum and are responsible for protein synthesis. The Golgi apparatus packages and transports proteins and lipids and modifies them by adding carbohydrates. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and function in phagocytosis, autophagy, and breaking down stored components in the cell. Abnormalities in lysosome development or function can lead to storage diseases.
Female Reproductive Cycle
The female reproductive cycle occurs over approximately 28 days and involves changes in the ovaries and uterus controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland. Each cycle typically produces one egg and results in menstruation if fertilization does not occur. The four main phases are: 1) follicle development stimulated by FSH; 2) estrogen production under FSH influence; 3) LH surge causing ovulation; and 4) corpus luteum formation after ovulation producing progesterone to prepare the uterus if pregnancy occurs.
Cell wall and endoplasmic reticulum golgi body
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Reproduction in man MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The male reproductive system includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles. The testes produce sperm and testosterone within the scrotum. During ejaculation, seminal fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and other glands carry the sperm through the urethra. Spermatogenesis occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes, where spermatogonia develop into mature sperm cells through meiosis.
Microbiology of domestic and sewage water
This document discusses the microbiology of domestic and sewage water. It begins by explaining that domestic water sources are often contaminated with industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. It then discusses various water purification methods like sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination used in municipal water treatment plants. It also discusses biological contaminants in water and describes Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria as indicators of water quality. The document provides details on standard testing methods and concludes by discussing wastewater treatment methods like primary and secondary treatment to remove pathogens before water is safely discharged or reused.
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Mesoderm and notochord formation
- 2. •The epiblast and hypoblast continue to migrate and form a groove along the length of primitive streak called primitive groove. It has thick margins which are named as called as Primitive Ridges. •At cephalic end (Cephalic refers to the head of the embryo, while caudal refers to the tail) of primitive streak a thick pack of cells form a local thickening called as Henson’s Node.
- 4. •NOTOCHORD FORMATION: • After primitive streak and endoderm is well established, cells began to push in from the region of Henson’s node to form the rod like NOTOCHORD in the midline beneath the ectoderm. • An embryo incubated for 18-20 hours, it is seen that ectoderm has spread and become organized into a coherent layers of cells merging peripherally with the Yolk and the marginal areas where the expanding germ layers merge with the underlying yolk is known as Germ Wall and the cavity b/w the yolk and the endoderm which has been called Gastro-coel is now termed as Primitive Gut.
- 5. •From Henson’s Node, dorsal mesoderm is formed and is organized into SOMITES (The somites are outdated term: primitive segments) are a set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in the embryonic stage of somitogenesis, along the head-to-tail axis in segmented animals) •The lateral plate mesoderm is splitted into two sheets like layers viz Somatic mesoderm and Splanchic Mesoderm, with a space b/w them. •The cavity formed b/w somatic and splanchic mesoderm is Coelom. •Somites are seen in 25-26hr embryo, these are compact cell masses lying immediately lateral to neural folds.