The menstrual cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus across approximately 28 days. In the first half, the pituitary gland releases FSH, stimulating egg maturation and estrogen production. Around day 14, LH triggers ovulation. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing the uterine lining to shed through menstruation and preparing the body for a new cycle. Precise hormonal interplay between the ovaries, pituitary gland, and uterus enables female reproduction.
Embryology-all basic definition,Stage wise development of fetus,development o...sonal patel
Embryology-all basic definition,Stage wise development of fetus,development of Zygote stage ,development of Embrionic Stage ,development of Fetus Stage all are according week development,Amnione,chorion,Fetal layer, Umbilical Cord developmentmade By sonal Patel
This presentation outlines the vocabulary associated with livestock reproduction, specifically during pregnancy. It also outlines a human's developmental milestones in the womb.
Embryology-all basic definition,Stage wise development of fetus,development o...sonal patel
Embryology-all basic definition,Stage wise development of fetus,development of Zygote stage ,development of Embrionic Stage ,development of Fetus Stage all are according week development,Amnione,chorion,Fetal layer, Umbilical Cord developmentmade By sonal Patel
This presentation outlines the vocabulary associated with livestock reproduction, specifically during pregnancy. It also outlines a human's developmental milestones in the womb.
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Introduction to female reproductive physiology
Formation of female gametes, ova
Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
Provision of suitable environments for fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa and development of the resultant fetus
Parturition (childbirth)
Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the baby in its early life
Onset of adult sexual life
Developing of female glands
Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples
Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
Greater development of thigh muscles behind the femur, rather than in front of it
Widening of hips
lower waist to hip ratio than adult males
Smaller hands and feet than men
Rounder face
Smaller waist than men
Changed distribution in weight and fat; more subcutaneous fat and fat deposits, mainly around the buttocks, thighs, and hips
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs
Enlargement of external genitalia due to fat deposition
Change of Vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified
Increased size of uterus after puberty
Proliferation of endometrial stroma
Effect of Estrogens on the Fallopian Tubes
Glandular tissue proliferation
Number of ciliated epithelial cells increase
Effect of Estrogens on the Breasts
development of the stromal tissues of the breasts
Growth of an extensive ductile system
Deposition of fat in the breasts.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skeleton
Estrogens inhibit osteoclastic activity in the bones stimulating bone growth
uniting of the epiphyses with the shafts of the long bones
Osteoporosis of the Bones Caused by Estrogen deficiency in Old Age
increased osteoclastic activity in the bones
decreased bone matrix
decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate
Effect of Estrogens on Protein Deposition
Slight increase in total body protein
BMR increased only1/3rd as compared to testosterone
Increased deposition of fate in:
Subcutaneous tissue
Breasts, buttocks and thighs
Effect of Estrogens on Hair Distribution
No effect
Effect of Estrogens on the Skin
Makes skin soft and smooth
Increased skin vascularity
Effect of Estrogens on Electrolyte Balance
Slight sodium and water reabsorption
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Introduction to female reproductive physiology
Formation of female gametes, ova
Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
Provision of suitable environments for fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa and development of the resultant fetus
Parturition (childbirth)
Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the baby in its early life
Onset of adult sexual life
Developing of female glands
Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples
Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
Greater development of thigh muscles behind the femur, rather than in front of it
Widening of hips
lower waist to hip ratio than adult males
Smaller hands and feet than men
Rounder face
Smaller waist than men
Changed distribution in weight and fat; more subcutaneous fat and fat deposits, mainly around the buttocks, thighs, and hips
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs
Enlargement of external genitalia due to fat deposition
Change of Vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified
Increased size of uterus after puberty
Proliferation of endometrial stroma
Effect of Estrogens on the Fallopian Tubes
Glandular tissue proliferation
Number of ciliated epithelial cells increase
Effect of Estrogens on the Breasts
development of the stromal tissues of the breasts
Growth of an extensive ductile system
Deposition of fat in the breasts.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skeleton
Estrogens inhibit osteoclastic activity in the bones stimulating bone growth
uniting of the epiphyses with the shafts of the long bones
Osteoporosis of the Bones Caused by Estrogen deficiency in Old Age
increased osteoclastic activity in the bones
decreased bone matrix
decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate
Effect of Estrogens on Protein Deposition
Slight increase in total body protein
BMR increased only1/3rd as compared to testosterone
Increased deposition of fate in:
Subcutaneous tissue
Breasts, buttocks and thighs
Effect of Estrogens on Hair Distribution
No effect
Effect of Estrogens on the Skin
Makes skin soft and smooth
Increased skin vascularity
Effect of Estrogens on Electrolyte Balance
Slight sodium and water reabsorption
The topic discussed here is the Anatomy of Female Reproductive system in Human Female, Process of Oogenesis (Gametogenesis). Menstrual Cycle, hormones and its function in Oogenesis. Structure of Ovum, & Oestrous cycle in detail
Menstrual cycle is a cyclic event that takes place in rhythmic fashion during reproductive period in women's life.
This content will suffice students of first and third year physiotherapy. I hope this helps you clearing your exams. Thank you in spending your precious time in referring the same.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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2. GROSS ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
The ovaries are solid,
ovoid structures, about
2 cm in length and 1
cm in width.
Like the testes, they
develop from
embryonic tissue.
Accessory organs
include the uterine
tubes, uterus, and
vagina.
3. 3
UTERINE
TUBES(FALLOPIAN TUBES)
Receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for
fertilization
Empty into the uterus via the isthmus
Expand distally around the ovary forming the ampulla
The ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated
infundibulum containing fingerlike projections called
fimbriae
4. 4
UTERINE TUBES (FALLOPIAN
TUBES)
Function: events occurring in the uterine tube
●Fimbriae sweep oocyte into tube, cilia &
peristalsis move it along, sperm
reaches oocyte in ampulla,
fertilization occurs within 24 hours after
ovulation & zygote reaches uterus
about 7 days after ovulation
6. 6
UTERUS
● Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis
anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the
bladder
● Body: Major portion of the uterus
● Fundus: Rounded region superior to the entrance of
the uterine tubes
● Isthmus: Narrowed region between the body and
cervix
10. ENDOMETRIUM
● Proliferative phase:
glands and blood vessels
scattered throughout the
functional zone with little
or no branching.
● New glands form and
endometrium thickens.
● Secretory phase:
glands are enlarged and
have branches.
Preparing the
endometrium for
implantation
● If no implantation then
endometrium breaks
down and menstruation
begins.
12. 12
CERVIX
Narrow lower neck of
the uterus which projects
into the vagina inferiorly
Cervical canal – cavity of
the cervix that communicates
with:
The vagina via the external os
The uterine body via the internal os
Cervical glands secrete mucus
that covers the external os and
blocks sperm entry except
during midcycle
13. 13
VAGINA
● Thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the
rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the
body
● Wall consists of three coats: fibroelastic adventitia,
smooth muscle muscularis, and a stratified squamous
mucosa
● Mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms an incomplete
partition called the hymen
● Vaginal fornix: upper end of the vagina surrounding
the cervix
14. 14
FEMALE EXTERNAL
GENITALIA
Mons pubis: fatty pad over the pubic symphysis
Labia majora & minora: folds of skin encircling vestibule
where find urethral and vaginal openings
Clitoris: small mass of erectile tissue
Bulb of vestibule: masses of erectile tissue just deep to
the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice
Perineum: Area between the vagina and anus
15. 15
OVARIES
Each follicle consists of an immature egg called an
oocyte
Cells around the oocyte are called:
● Follicle cells (one cell layer thick)
● Stimulated to mature by FSH from the pituitary gland
● Granulosa cells (when more than one layer is present)
● Thecal cells: Cells in the ovarian stroma
Thecal & granulosa cells work together to produce
estrogen
A protective layer of glycoprotein forms around the
egg called the zona pellucida
20. CORPUS LUTEUM
● After ovulation, the
remains of the follicle
are transformed into a
structure called the
corpus luteum.
● If a pregnancy occurs,
it produces
progesterone to
maintain the wall of the
uterus during the early
period of development.
21. CORPUS ALBICANS
● If fertilization does not
occur, the corpus
luteum will begin to
break down about 2
weeks after ovulation.
● Degeneration occurs
when fibroblasts enter
the corpus luteum and
a clump of scar tissue
forms called the
corpus albicans.
22. FEMALE
REPRODUCTION
Unlike males, who are
able to produce sperm
cells throughout their
reproductive lives,
females produce a
finite number of egg
cells.
During early fetal
development germ
cells migrate into the
ovaries and
differentiate into
oogonia.
25. Menstrual cycle:-
The cyclic changes that occur in the
reproductive organs of primate
females(monkeys, apes , human beings
, constitute the menstrual cycle).
The cycle of events starts from one
menstruation till the onset of the next
and lasts for about 28 or 29 days(a
mensem, means a month).
26. The peculiar feature of this cycle is the
periodic vaginal bleeding called
menstruation which lasts for about
3-5 days.
The menstruation in human female
begins at puberty and is called
menarche.
In females successive cycles may vary
in length by 1-2 days.
It is absent during pregnancy, may be
suppressed during lactation and
permanantely stops at menopause
27. What is the menstrual cycle?
The process in which females ripen or
release one mature egg.
The average menstrual cycle will repeat
itself about every 28 days, but normal
menstrual cycles can range from 21 to 40
days.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural
change that occurs in the female
reproductive system (specifically the
uterus and ovaries).
The cycle is required for the production of
ovocytes,and for the preparation of the
uterus for pregnancy.
28. Up to 80% of woman report having
some symptoms during the one to two
weeks prior to menstruation.
Common symptoms include ace, tender
breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability
and mood changes. These symptoms
interfere in normal life.
The first period usually begins between
twelve and fifteen years of age, a point
of time known as menarche.
They may occasionally start as early as
eight, and this onset may still be
normal.
29. Next period may occur in 21-45 days in
young women and 21-35 days in adults.
The menstrual cycle is governed by
hormonal changes.
This changes can be altered by using
hormonal birth control to prevent
pregnancy.
Each cycle can be divided into three
phases based on events in the ovary or
in the uterus.
30. The ovarian cycle consists of the
follicular phase, ovulation and luteal
phase.
The uterine cycle is divided into
menstruation, proliferative phase, and
secretory phase.
31.
32.
33. Changes in Pituitary
Hormones Days 1-14:
During the first half of the cycle (Days 1-
14) the pituitary produces FSH, which
stimulates egg production.
This hormone also triggers the release
of estrogen from the ovaries.
34. Changes in Pituitary Hormones
Days 14-28:
On the 14th day the pituitary begins releasing
LH causing ovulation.
LH also directs the production of
progesterone which maintains the growth of
the endometrium.
If the egg is not fertilized upon arrival in the
uterus progesterone levels drop causing
estrogen levels to drop leading to
menstruation.
36. Changes in the Ovaries:
Stage 1 - ovum
begins to develop.
Stage 2 - egg continues
to ripen; follicle growth
Stage 3 - Ovulation
fully mature egg
bursts out of follicle.
Stage 4 - Egg enters fallopian tube follicle
remains and forms the corpus luteum.
37. Changes in the Ovaries:
Stage 1 - An egg is beginning to mature
within a cluster of cells called a follicle
Stage 2 - Rapid follicle and egg growth
Stage 3 - Ovulation occurs; fully mature egg
bursts out of the follicle (fertile) empty follicle
transforms into the corpus luteum
Stage 4 - Egg travels through fallopian tube
(7 days) if not fertilized upon arrival in uterus
the corpus luteum shrinks triggering
menstruation and ripening of new egg.
38. Changes in Ovarian
Hormones:
Estrogen -gradually increases during days
1-14; signals body to thicken the lining of the
uterus. Levels drop sharply after ovulation.
Progesterone -Levels remain low during the
first half of the cycle and then increase
sharplyduring the second half of the cycle.
Maintaining the growth of the endometrium
lining.
39. Changes in the Uterus:
Stage 1- Day 1-5
menstruation
Stage 2 Day 5- 13
pre-ovulatory stage Stage 3 Day 14
Ovulation
Stage 4 Day 15-28
post-ovulatory
stage
41. Changes in the Uterus:
Stage 1- Menstruation- Endometrium
breaks down and blood, mucus, tissue,
and the egg are shed through the
vagina.
Stage 2- Menstrual flow stops &
endometrium begins to thicken.
Stage 3- Endometrium continues to
thicken.
Stage 4- The endometrium is at it’s
thickest point.
43. Days 1-14
T r i g g e r s u t e r i n e l i n i n g t h i c k e n i n g
P r o d u c e s
E s t r o g e n & O v u m
T r i g g e r s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
F o l l i c l e
W i t h i n t h e o v a r y
P r o d u c e s
F S H
F o l l i c l e S t i m u la t i n g H o r m o n e
P i t u i t a r y
G l a n d
44. Days 14 - 28
C o n t i n u e s u t e r i n e l i n i n g t h i c k e n i n g
P r o d u c e s
P r o g e s t e r o n e
T r i g g e r s O v u l a t i o n
a n d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
C o r p u s L u t i u m
W i t h i n t h e o v a r y
P r o d u c e s
L H
L u t i n i z i n g H o r m o n e
P i t u i t a r y
G l a n d