Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
General Biology Lesson 10 Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals_Reproduction and Development_PLANTS.pdf
1. GENERAL BIOLOGY: LESSON 10
Compare and
Contrast Process in
Plants and Animals:
Reproduction and
Development
(PLANTS)
Prepared By: Sir Cee Jae Q. Darunday
Biology
2
2. Objectives:
• enumerate the different types of
reproductive cycles;
• illustrate the life cycles of moss, fern, and
flowering plant;
• describe double fertilization in flowering
plants; and
• explain processes in plant development.
5. Biology
2
GENERALIZED LIFE CYCLE
OF PLANTS
The mature, multicellular organism is a
diploid sporophyte. Later, some cells undergo
meiosis to produce haploid gametes which
are then released. Gametes fuse and form the
zygote which develops by mitosis to become
the multicellular diploid sporophyte.
6. Biology
2
GENERALIZED LIFE CYCLE
OF PLANTS
In some plants, the dominant part of the life
cycle is a multicellular, haploid gametophyte (
all cells have a haploid chromosome number).
Mitosis releases individual cells that can act
like gametes (gamete are produced by
mitosis).
8. Biology
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I. Haplontic life cycle
Chara is a multicellular green alga related to
higher plants because it has both chlorophyll
a and b and produce plant starch.
Its dominant stage is a multicellular haploid
stage which produces gametes that
eventually fuse to form unicellular zygotes.
Each zygote then undergoes meiosis to
become haploid, after which it undergoes
mitosis to become the multicellular organism.
9. Biology
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LIFE CYCLE OF THE GREEN ALGA CHARA, DEPICTING A HAPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE WHERE
THE DOMINANT STAGE IS A MULTICELLULAR HAPLOID ORGANISM (GAMETOPHYTE) AND
THE ONLY DIPLOID STAGE IS THE ZYGOTE WHICH UNDERGOES MEIOSIS
10. Biology
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II. Haplodiplontic life cycle
A moss has a multicellular haploid
(gametophyte) stage that produces gametes.
These gametes fuse to produce a zygote that
undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular
sporophyte.
Within a part of the sporophyte called the
capsule, cells undergo meiosis to produce
meiospores.
These spores are eventually released and
germinate by dividing mitotically to become a
multicellular gametophyte.
11. Biology
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LIFE CYCLE OF A MOSS, DEPICTING A HAPLODIPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE WHERE BOTH THE
DIPLOID (SPOROPHYTE) AND HAPLOID (GAMETOPHYTE) STAGES ARE MULTICELLULAR.
THE MOSS PLANT PROPER IS A GAMETOPHYTE.
12. Biology
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III. Diplontic life cycle
Type of life cycle found in flowering plants
(and in most animals).
The organism is in the diploid stage ( all cells
are diploid in chromosome number) except
for mature, haploid sex cells which are called
gametes.
14. Biology
2
A. Reproductive parts of a
flower
The stamen and pistil are the reproductive
parts of the flower.
Stamen is the male reproductive part. It
produces pollen grains in the anther which
contains the male germ cell (male gamete).
Pistil is the female reproductive part. It
produces ovules in the ovary which contain
the female germ cell (female gamete).
16. Biology
2
B. Pollination
•The transfer of pollen grains from the anther
to the stigma of a flower is called pollination.
It takes place by wind, water or insects.
If the pollen grains are transferred from the
anther to the stigma of the same flower it is
self pollination and if it is transferred from
the anther of one flower to the stigma of
another flower it is cross pollination.
Pollination takes place by insects, wind, water
etc.
19. Biology
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C. Fertilization
After the pollen grain is transferred to the
stigma it produces a pollen tube which passes
through the style and enters the ovary and
ovule. In the ovule the male germ cell (male
gamete) fuses with the female germ cell
(female gamete) to form a zygote. This
process is called fertilization.
After fertilization the zygote divides several
times and forms the embryo which then
develops into the seed and the ovary
develops into the fruit.
21. Biology
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Plant types based on the
presence of reproductive
structures:
Monoecious or
Dioecious Development
in flowering plants
22. Biology
2
I. Gametophyte
Development through gametogenesis
A. Male gametophyte - The microsporangium
in the anther contains numerous
microsporocytes.
Each microsporocyte will undergo meiosis to
produce four haploid microspores each
microspore develops into a pollen grain
(containing two sperm nuclei and one tube
nucleus)
24. Biology
2
I. Gametophyte
Development through gametogenesis
B. Female gametophyte - The
megasporangium in the ovule contains
megasporocytes.
One megasporocyte will undergo meiosis to
produce four haploid megaspores three
megaspores degenerate remaining megaspore
divides mitotically three times, an embryo sac
with eight haploid nuclei membranes
partition to make the embryo sac
multicellular
26. Biology
2
III. Double fertilization
Inside a pollen grain there is a tube cell and
generative cell. Generative cell divides to
produce two sperm cells while the tube cell
becomes pollen tube. Pollen tube elongates
along the style and penetrates the ovule in
the ovary via the micropyle (an opening)
pollen tube discharges the sperm cells into
the embryo sac inside the ovule one sperm
unites with the egg to form the zygote while
the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to
become the endosperm, which serves as food
of the early embryo
28. Biology
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IV. Embryo development
(embryogenesis)
Zygote divides mitotically to produce the
proembryo and suspensor, which anchors the
proembryo and transfers nutrients from the
parent plant to it cotyledons appear on the
proembryo (monocots have only one
cotyledon whereas dicots have two)
proembryo elongates into an embryo.
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V. Maturation of ovary and
ovule
Ovary matures into fruit while the ovule
becomes the seed.
The seed may become dormant for some
time.
31. Biology
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VI. Seed germination
A. Transformation of seed to seedling
B. Seed undergoes imbibition to break
dormancy. Nutrients stored in the endosperm
or cotyledons are digested and transferred to
the growing regions of the embryo to primary
meristems (protoderm, ground meristem,
procambium) develop to radicle emerges to
plumule breaks through the soil surface
32. Biology
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VI. Seed germination
Types of Germination
i. Epigeal germination occurs when the
cotyledon emerges above ground, thereby
exposing the hypocotyl of the plumule.
ii. Hypogeal germination occurs when the
cotyledon remains below ground, thereby
concealing the hypocotyl.
36. Task #1
EXERCISE ON PLANT
REPRODUCTION
Materials:
1. Gumamela flower
2. Scalpel blade or sharp pencil
3. Optional: other available flowers
Refer to the given activity Sheets.
