Fax is a process that converts optical images into electrical signals for transmission over communication systems. It has four main parts: an image scanner, modem, printer, and phone line. The scanner converts a physical document into a digital image, the modem sends the image data over phone lines, and the printer produces a copy at the receiving end. A fax machine works by using a rotating drum and photo sensor to scan documents, convert them to electrical signals, and transmit them to another fax machine for printing.

1. Research about Fax
Mahmoud Abdullah Farghally
Eng/ismail
Office Automation System
2013030084

2. WHAT IS FAX?
Fax
Refers to “make copy”-is a process of converting optical images into
electrical signals for transmission over communication systems
(phone line, internet etc).

3. Principal:
• Image convert into electrical signals by a mechanical
phenomena.
• Signal convert to a hard copy by a mechanical phenomena.

4. History:
• In 1850, a London inventor named F. C.
Blakewell received a patent what he called a
"copying telegraph".
• By 1926, RCA invented the Radiophoto that
faxed by using radio broadcasting technology.
• In 1947, Alexander Muirhead invented a very
successful fax machine.
• On March 4, 1955, the first radio fax
transmission was sent across the continent.

5. Overview:
Parts:
A "fax machine" usually consists of the following parts;
• Image Scanner
• Modem
• Printer
• Phone Line.

6. 1-Image Scanner:
The scanner converts the content
printed on a physical document
into a digital image. Image and
text capture (optical character
recognition or OCR) allow you to
save information.
2-Modem:
The modem sends the image
data over a phone line to
another device.

7. 3-Printer:
The printer at the far end produces a copy of the transmitted
document.
4-PhoneLine:
The phone receive and sends
signals of documents into
digital forms.

8. Basic Idea Behind Fax
Machines:• Rotating Drums:
Attaching the paper with drums. And
paper move with rotating arms of drums.

9. PHOTO SENSOR:
Photo sensor able to focus in and look at a very small spot on
the piece of paper. And also sense white and colored parts of
the sending document paper.

10. Alternatives:
•Internet fax.
•Wireless fax.

11. Internet Fax:

12. Wireless Fax:

13. Characteristics of A Fax Machine:
• A good fax machine should have following characteristic;
• It should communicate to other fax machines.
• It has a horizontal resolution of 203 pixels per inch (8
pixels/mm).

14. It has three different vertical resolutions;
Standard: 98 lines per inch (3.85 lines/mm)
Fine: 196 lines per inch (7.7 lines/mm)
Super fine (not officially a Group 3 standard,
but fairly common): 391 lines per inch (15.4
lines/mm)
 It can transmit at a maximum data rate of
14,400 bits per second (bps) to minimum
range of 2,400 bps if there is a lot of noise
on the line.

15. Sending of a Fax:
• Turn ON.
• Obtain the number of the destination
• Gather documents you want to send.
• A cover sheet with following instructions
Recipient’s name & fax NO.
Sender’s name & phone NO.

16. How to Receive A Fax?
• Fax machine has enough ink in its toner cartridge.
• Enough printer paper loaded in paper tray.
• Then phone will ring. Don’t pick up.
• Wait for the Handshake tones.
• It automatically begin to print each page.
• Check the cover sheet.

17. Advantages:
• Faxes have a distinct advantage over postal mail in that the
delivery is nearly instantaneous.
• Can be delivered at any time.
• No need to give commands of printing separately on receiving
the fax document.

18. Disadvantages:
• Need a separate space for the machine.
• Needs a telephone line.
• Needs power/electricity
• Requires paper for receiving and sending faxes
• Aging of papers could lead to difficulties in managing records.