The document provides a comprehensive overview of information and communication technology (ICT), detailing its components such as hardware, software, data, people, and procedures. It explains the flow of information through different means including electrical signals, optical fibers, and radio waves, along with examples of telecommunication devices like telephones, fax machines, and the internet. Additionally, it covers various types of data storage devices and their principles of operation.

2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

3. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY

4. PROCESS DATA INTO INFORMATION
• Calculate
• Compare
• Sort
• Classify
• Summarize
This data is transmitted into distant places in the
form of sound, picture and computerized data.

5. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
• ICT is basically an electronic based system of information
transmission, reception, processing an retrieval.
• ICT is a blend of two fields: Information technology and
telecommunication.
• Information technology is a scientific method used to store
information, to arrange it for proper use and to
communicate it to others.
• Telecommunication is the method used to communicate
information to far off places instantly.

6. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER BASED
INFORMATION SYSTEM

7. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER BASED
INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. Software
2. Hardware
3. Data
4. People
5. Procedures

8. HARDWARE
• Hardwares are computer Equipment. Such as:
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. CPU
4. Monitor
5. Speakers etc

9. SOFTWARE
• Softwares are computer Programs and the manuals that support them.
• There are two types of software
i. System software
ii. Application software
i. SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
It is used to run your system or we can say that if perform system activities.
Examples: Operating system, utility programs.
ii. APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
It fulfills the requirement of user.
Examples: Word processing, web browsers etc

10. DATA
• Data are facts and figures that are used by programs to
produce useful information
• Data is in machine readable form.
• Data ca be text, graphics or figures.

11. PROCEDURES
• Strategies, policies, methods, and rules for
using a CBIS.
• Procedures are to people what software is to
hardware

12. PEOPLE
• From the front-line help-desk workers, to systems analysts, to
programmers, the people involved with information systems are an
essential element that must not be overlooked.
• Who design and operate the software and hardware
• People determine whether or not an information system is going
to succeed or fail.

13. FLOW OF INFORMATION
• Flow of information means transfer of information from one place to another
through different electronic and optical equipment.
• In telephone information is sent through wires in the form of electrical
signals .
• In radio, television and cell phone information is sent either through space in
the form of electromagnetic waves or through optical fibre in the form of
light.

15. ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Communication system has three essential elements
1. Transmitter
2. Transmission channel
3. Receiver

16. TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
THROUGH WIRES
• Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 made a simple telephone model to send
voice in the form of electrical signal from one place to another.
• It consists of a metal reed, an electrical coil and a vibrating diaphragm.
• Modern telephone also uses diaphragms to turn voices into electrical
signal that are transmitted over phone lines. Telephone system has two
parts: the mouthpiece and the earpiece
• The mouthpiece and receiver contain carbon granules and a thin metal
diaphragm.
• When we speak into the mouthpiece, the sound vibrations also vibrate
the diaphragm. A slight vibration of the diaphragm compresses the
carbon and thus an electrical current can flow through the wire.

17. TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
THROUGH WIRES IN ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
PHONE
• The first telephone had two parts: a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter
comprised three parts—a drumlike device (a cylinder with a covered end), a needle,
and a battery. The covered end of the drumlike device was attached to the needle.
The needle was connected by wire to the battery, and the battery was connected by
wire to a receiver. When Bell spoke into the open end of the drumlike device, his
voice made the paper and needle vibrate. The vibrations were then converted into
an electric current which traveled along the wire to the receiver.

19. TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT SIGNALS
THROUGH OPTICAL FIBRES
• Light wave have much higher frequency than radio waves.
• Rate of sending information through light beam is larger than that of radio wave or
microwave.
• Optical fibre is bundle of glass fiber.
• Its central part is called core.
• Outer cover has low refractive index.

20. TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT SIGNALS
THROUGH OPTICAL FIBRES
• The information is converted into electric voltage signals. This varying voltage is
used to produce light.
• Two different type of light source are used in fibre optic system: LED and ILD.
• LED is less costly.

23. TRANSMISSION OF RADIO WAVES THROUGH
SPACE
• In order to send information over a long distance, it has to be superimposed on
electromagnetic waves.
• Sound waves produced are changed
into electrical signals through microphone
• Sound signals are imposed on
electromagnetic waves and then amplified.
• These signals are then fed into the antenna.
• The charges on antenna move when the
Signal strike it. Finally the signal is Transmitted.
Modulation is the process of converting data into
radio waves.
EMW are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field

24. TRANSMISSION OF RADIO WAVES THROUGH
SPACE
• The antenna at the receiver end
will receive these waves.
• The waves are amplified.
• Demodulation is extracting the
original information-bearing
signal from a carrier wave.

25. TELECOMMUNICATION DEVICES

26. CELL PHONE
• It’s a two way communication technology.
• It send and receive the message in the form of radio
waves.
• Cell phone network consists of Base station and Mobile
Switching Center.
• BS is a wireless communication station set up at a
particular geographical location.
• The geographical area covered by a single BS is known as
cell.
• The group of cells form a cluster. All the BSs within a
cluster are connected to MSC.

27. CELL PHONE
• The MSC stores information about the subscribers located within the cluster
and is responsible for directing calls to them.
• When a transmitter send a signal, are converted into radio waves.
• A particular frequency is allot to these signals.
• This signal is then sent to the base station of the receiver through MSC.

29. COMPUTER
• Computer is an electronic device used for storing and processing data in
binary form according to the instruction.
• Used for calculation.
• Computer works through an interaction of hardware and software.
• Hardware are the physical components of computer.
• The most important piece of hardware is the CPU that contains
microprocessor.
• It is the brain of computer. It translates instructions and perform calculation.

30. COMPUTER
• Software are programs or set of
instructions that tells the computer what
to do.
• There are system and application
software.

31. FAX MACHINE
• When you enter a document into the fax
machine, the scanner turns it into a digital
signal that is transferred over the phone
line.
• The recipient fax machine receives the
signal, which then decodes it to reproduce
the original document before printing it.

32. PHOTO PHONE
• It is a telecommunication device.
• On 3rd June 1880, four years after Graham Bell
patented the telephone, he transmitted the first
wireless telephone message on his newly
invented “Photo phone.” All he needed in the
19th century were four years to go from wired
voice communications to wireless voice
communications.
• The photo phone was in fact, the World’s first
device for wireless communications, and it was
invented jointly by Alexander Graham Bell and
his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter.

33. INTERNET AND EMAIL
• Internet is world wide system of computer networks.
• It is a network of networks.
• Email is a method of exchanging message between people using
electronic devices.
• Email operates across computer networks.
• Email is free tool.
• it is quick.
• It is simple.
• It allows for easy referencing.
• It is accessible from everywhere.
• It is paperless therefore beneficial for the planet.

34. INFORMATION STORAGE DEVICES
• Data storage is the recording (storing) of information (data) in a
storage medium.
• Storage device is used to store information in computer.
• Storage devices work on different principles using electronics,
magnetism and laser technology.
Primary Memory
• Primary memory, also known as the main memory, is the area in a
computer which stores data and information for fast access.
• It consists of two parts; ROM and RAM.

35. INFORMATION STORAGE DEVICES
• ROM contains the programming that allows
a computer to start up or regenerate each
time it is turned on.
• RAM is volatile memory . That means data is
retained in RAM as long as the computer is
on, but it is lost when the computer is
turned off. When the computer is rebooted,
the OS and other files are reloaded into
RAM, usually from an HDD or SSD.

36. INFORMATION STORAGE DEVICES
• Secondary storage devices:
• Secondary storage is a memory that
is stored external to the computer.
• It is mainly used for the permanent
and long-term storage of programs
and data.
• Hard Disk, CD, DVD, Pen/Flash drive,
SSD, etc, are examples of secondary
storage.

37. AUDIO AND VIDEO CASSETTES
• These devices are based on magnetism.
• At first, the tapes were wound in wheel- like
reels, but then cassettes and cartridge came
along, which offered more protection for the
tape inside.
• Data on the tape is written and read sequentially.
• Finding a specific record takes time, because the
machine has to read every record.
• It can store music and sounds.

38. FLOPPY DISK
• Floppy disk is a magnetic storage device.
• It was used with late 20th century computers.
• Floppy disks were popular from 1970 to 1990.

39. HARD DISK
• Hard disk is magnetic disc
• Data on magnetic disc can be recorded and
erased several times.
• It is located within a drive unit and
sometimes external.
• It is non-volatile storage.
• It contains platters and magnetic disks
rotating at high speed.
• Data is written on platters using a magnetic
head inside and air-sealed casing.

40. FLASH DRIVE
• USB flash drive is a portable storage device
• It is compact ,fast and store large amount of data in a
small space
• They are removable and rewriteable
• Also known as pen drive.