Fat embolism
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
5 likes•1,351 views
Fat embolism occurs when fat globules enter the bloodstream and become lodged in small blood vessels, potentially causing respiratory distress, neurological abnormalities, and a rash. It typically develops 1-3 days following long bone fractures or other trauma. The document discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation including respiratory changes, neurological features and petechial rash, diagnosis criteria, and management approaches such as immobilization, ventilation, fluid resuscitation, and in some cases prophylactic corticosteroids or ethanol administration.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Fat embolism
This document discusses fat embolism syndrome (FES), including its history, causes, mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- FES was first identified in 1862 and occurs when fat enters the bloodstream after long bone fractures or other trauma, causing respiratory, neurological and dermal symptoms.
- The exact mechanism is unknown but theories include fat globules entering blood mechanically from bone marrow or biochemically through free fatty acid release.
- Clinical diagnosis is based on respiratory issues, neurological abnormalities like confusion, and a petechial rash occurring 1-3 days post-injury. Treatment focuses on respiratory support.
Fat embolism syndrome
Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious complication that can occur after long bone fractures or other trauma involving bone marrow. Fat droplets released from the bone marrow can travel through the bloodstream and lodge in small blood vessels in the lungs, brain, and other organs. This can cause respiratory failure, neurological symptoms like confusion, and a characteristic rash. FES is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms occurring within 72 hours of injury. Treatment focuses on supportive care, oxygenation, and preventing further fat emboli through early stabilization of fractures. While mortality was historically high, most cases are now successfully managed with supportive care alone.
Fat embolism
Fat embolism syndrome is caused by fat globules entering the bloodstream after trauma like long bone fractures. It can cause respiratory failure, neurological symptoms, and a rash. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria like hypoxemia, thrombocytopenia, and petechial rash appearing 1-4 days after injury. Treatment focuses on respiratory support, fluid resuscitation, steroids to reduce lung inflammation, and early fracture fixation to prevent worsening.
Fat embolism
1. Fat embolism syndrome is a serious manifestation of fat embolism that can cause multi-system dysfunction, most commonly affecting the lungs and brain.
2. It occurs most often after long bone fractures, especially femur fractures, when fat droplets enter the bloodstream and lodge in the pulmonary capillaries or brain vasculature.
3. Clinical features include a triad of respiratory distress, neurological changes like confusion, and petechial rash. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and imaging may show changes in the lungs and brain. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, ventilation if needed, IV fluids and steroids. Prognosis is generally good if respiratory failure can be prevented.
Fat embolism
This document provides background information on fat embolism syndrome (FES). It discusses that FES has a high incidence in patients with major trauma and causes multi-organ inflammation if not diagnosed and treated swiftly. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, FES is thought to be triggered by the release of fat emboli from bone fractures that occlude blood vessels and cause pulmonary and systemic inflammation. The diagnosis is mainly clinical based on respiratory, skin and neurological symptoms following trauma. Supportive care is the primary treatment approach through oxygenation, ventilation and symptom management while efforts focus on prevention, early diagnosis and surgical stabilization of fractures.
Fat embolism syndrome
This document provides information on fat embolism syndrome and pulmonary embolism. It discusses the background, causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, investigations and treatment of fat embolism syndrome. It also covers the definition, risk factors and evaluation of pulmonary embolism. The key points are that fat embolism syndrome is a clinical diagnosis with non-specific tests, treatment is supportive, and prevention focuses on early fracture stabilization and adequate hydration and prophylaxis.
Compartment syndrome
A 55-year-old patient presented with right leg pain, abdominal pain, and head injury following a motor vehicle accident. Compartment syndrome is defined as elevated interstitial pressure within a closed muscle compartment, resulting in microvascular compromise. It is considered an orthopedic emergency. Compartment syndrome most commonly affects the lower leg, forearm, and thigh. It requires prompt diagnosis and fasciotomy to prevent permanent muscle and nerve damage.
BONE CEMENT BY DR. HARDIK PAWAR
The document discusses the history and development of bone cement. Some key points:
- Bone cement was first used in the 1870s to fix ivory knee prostheses. Modern cementing techniques using PMMA were developed in the 1950s-60s.
- Bone cement is composed of PMMA polymer powder mixed with MMA monomer liquid. The mixing process progresses through dough, working, and hardening phases.
- Bone cement is used to fix joint implants during arthroplasty of the hip, knee, and other joints. It can be applied via hand packing, syringe injection, or gun pressurization.
- Factors like temperature, mixing method, and additives can impact bone cement properties and
Recommended
Fat embolism
This document discusses fat embolism syndrome (FES), including its history, causes, mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- FES was first identified in 1862 and occurs when fat enters the bloodstream after long bone fractures or other trauma, causing respiratory, neurological and dermal symptoms.
- The exact mechanism is unknown but theories include fat globules entering blood mechanically from bone marrow or biochemically through free fatty acid release.
- Clinical diagnosis is based on respiratory issues, neurological abnormalities like confusion, and a petechial rash occurring 1-3 days post-injury. Treatment focuses on respiratory support.
Fat embolism syndrome
Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious complication that can occur after long bone fractures or other trauma involving bone marrow. Fat droplets released from the bone marrow can travel through the bloodstream and lodge in small blood vessels in the lungs, brain, and other organs. This can cause respiratory failure, neurological symptoms like confusion, and a characteristic rash. FES is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms occurring within 72 hours of injury. Treatment focuses on supportive care, oxygenation, and preventing further fat emboli through early stabilization of fractures. While mortality was historically high, most cases are now successfully managed with supportive care alone.
Fat embolism
Fat embolism syndrome is caused by fat globules entering the bloodstream after trauma like long bone fractures. It can cause respiratory failure, neurological symptoms, and a rash. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria like hypoxemia, thrombocytopenia, and petechial rash appearing 1-4 days after injury. Treatment focuses on respiratory support, fluid resuscitation, steroids to reduce lung inflammation, and early fracture fixation to prevent worsening.
Fat embolism
1. Fat embolism syndrome is a serious manifestation of fat embolism that can cause multi-system dysfunction, most commonly affecting the lungs and brain.
2. It occurs most often after long bone fractures, especially femur fractures, when fat droplets enter the bloodstream and lodge in the pulmonary capillaries or brain vasculature.
3. Clinical features include a triad of respiratory distress, neurological changes like confusion, and petechial rash. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and imaging may show changes in the lungs and brain. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, ventilation if needed, IV fluids and steroids. Prognosis is generally good if respiratory failure can be prevented.
Fat embolism
This document provides background information on fat embolism syndrome (FES). It discusses that FES has a high incidence in patients with major trauma and causes multi-organ inflammation if not diagnosed and treated swiftly. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, FES is thought to be triggered by the release of fat emboli from bone fractures that occlude blood vessels and cause pulmonary and systemic inflammation. The diagnosis is mainly clinical based on respiratory, skin and neurological symptoms following trauma. Supportive care is the primary treatment approach through oxygenation, ventilation and symptom management while efforts focus on prevention, early diagnosis and surgical stabilization of fractures.
Fat embolism syndrome
This document provides information on fat embolism syndrome and pulmonary embolism. It discusses the background, causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, investigations and treatment of fat embolism syndrome. It also covers the definition, risk factors and evaluation of pulmonary embolism. The key points are that fat embolism syndrome is a clinical diagnosis with non-specific tests, treatment is supportive, and prevention focuses on early fracture stabilization and adequate hydration and prophylaxis.
Compartment syndrome
A 55-year-old patient presented with right leg pain, abdominal pain, and head injury following a motor vehicle accident. Compartment syndrome is defined as elevated interstitial pressure within a closed muscle compartment, resulting in microvascular compromise. It is considered an orthopedic emergency. Compartment syndrome most commonly affects the lower leg, forearm, and thigh. It requires prompt diagnosis and fasciotomy to prevent permanent muscle and nerve damage.
BONE CEMENT BY DR. HARDIK PAWAR
The document discusses the history and development of bone cement. Some key points:
- Bone cement was first used in the 1870s to fix ivory knee prostheses. Modern cementing techniques using PMMA were developed in the 1950s-60s.
- Bone cement is composed of PMMA polymer powder mixed with MMA monomer liquid. The mixing process progresses through dough, working, and hardening phases.
- Bone cement is used to fix joint implants during arthroplasty of the hip, knee, and other joints. It can be applied via hand packing, syringe injection, or gun pressurization.
- Factors like temperature, mixing method, and additives can impact bone cement properties and
Limb salvage vs amputation final
The document discusses the decision between limb salvage and amputation for severely injured extremities. It outlines factors to consider like injury classification, soft tissue damage, vascular and nerve injury. Scoring systems like MESS, LSI and PSI are mentioned but have limitations. With advances in wound care, fixation and reconstruction, more limbs can now be salvaged that would have previously required amputation. The optimal decision involves a multidisciplinary team at an experienced trauma center tailored to each patient's injuries and prognosis.
VACUUM ASSISTED WOUND THERAPY
This document provides an overview of wound healing and vacuum assisted closure (VAC) therapy. It discusses the standard process of wound healing, novel wound dressing concepts, and how VAC therapy works by applying negative pressure to wounds to promote granulation tissue formation, blood flow, and wound contraction. The document outlines the methodology for VAC application and reviews its uses for different wound types as well as advantages like reduced dressing changes and bacteria. It also discusses future developments and concludes that VAC is a new and improved tool to help convert complicated wounds into simpler wounds.
Splints and Tractions
Splints are devices that immobilize and protect injured limbs. They are used for fractures, sprains, dislocations and other injuries. Common splinting materials include plaster, fiberglass, pre-fabricated splints and air splints. Traction involves applying a pulling force to the skeletal system using weights, ropes and pulleys. The objectives are to reduce fractures and dislocations, relieve pain, and prevent deformities. Common types are skin traction, which applies force through the skin, and skeletal traction, which attaches directly to bone. Complications can include infection, pressure sores, and effects of prolonged immobilization.
Crush syndrome PPT
Crush syndrome is caused by prolonged pressure on muscle tissue, leading to rhabdomyolysis. It causes systemic effects like kidney failure due to the release of toxins from damaged muscle into the bloodstream. Signs include dark urine, fever, arrhythmias and respiratory failure. Treatment involves aggressive fluid resuscitation, dialysis, antibiotics, surgical debridement of damaged tissue, and fasciotomy to release pressure in compartments. Early fluid resuscitation within 6 hours is key to preventing kidney damage from crush syndrome.
Fat embolism and Fat Embolism Syndrome
Fat embolism syndrome is a serious complication of long bone fractures and other trauma involving bone marrow. Fat droplets released from the bone marrow can cause pulmonary and neurological dysfunction. While diagnosis is clinical, imaging may show a "snowstorm" pattern on chest x-ray or fat globules in blood viewed through a Swan-Ganz catheter. Treatment is supportive, focusing on oxygenation, ventilation, and prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Outcomes are often good if respiratory failure can be managed, though fulminant cases can be fatal. Prevention prioritizes early fracture stabilization to reduce intramedullary pressure.
Bone cement
This document discusses bone cement, providing its history, composition, polymerization process, and techniques for use. Bone cement is composed of PMMA powder and methyl methacrylate liquid that undergo radical polymerization to form polymers. Proper bone cementing techniques like pulsatile lavage, vacuum mixing, and pressurization improve cement quality and fixation. Additives like antibiotics and opacifiers are used but can affect cement properties. Occupational and patient hazards like cement implantation syndrome require prevention through management of vapor exposure and embolic risks.
Fat emboli syndrome
Umesh Yadav presented on fat embolism syndrome. Key points include:
1) Fat embolism syndrome is a serious complication of long bone fractures that can cause multi-system organ dysfunction, most commonly involving the lungs and brain.
2) The pathophysiology involves fat globules entering the bloodstream from broken bone marrow and lodging in the pulmonary vasculature and brain. This can lead to hypoxemia, neurological changes, and petechial rashes.
3) Diagnosis is clinical based on criteria like Gurd's that require respiratory symptoms plus findings in two other organ systems. Treatment focuses on fracture stabilization, ventilation, volume resuscitation and sometimes
Endpoints of Resuscitation
* Fluid resuscitation is mandatory in shock from traumatic haemorrhage * Massive use of resuscitative fluids following injury is now being disputed * Adequate resuscitation is no longer judged by presence of normal vital signs * Normalcy of organ and tissue specific measured values are to be achieved * Search for a single endpoint that works for all trauma patients, is unrealistic * Resuscitate with appropriate fluid, in appropriate amount, at appropriate time
Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Emergency Management
Thank you for the thorough management plan. Let me know if you need any other feedback!
Acute Compartment syndrome
The document discusses compartment syndrome, which occurs when increased pressure within a confined body space, such as the leg or forearm, leads to ischemia and potential tissue death without intervention. It defines compartment syndrome and outlines its epidemiology, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis via compartment pressure measurement, and management through fasciotomy to decompress the pressure and prevent limb loss or death. Early diagnosis and treatment within 6-12 hours of injury results in the best prognosis and recovery.
Fat embolism
This document discusses fat embolism syndrome, which occurs when fat globules enter the bloodstream and lungs after long bone fractures or other major trauma. It presents most commonly 24-72 hours after injury. The classic triad of symptoms includes respiratory distress, neurological abnormalities, and a petechial rash. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and supportive investigations. Treatment is supportive, focusing on oxygenation, ventilation, and prevention of complications. Prognosis is good with proper care, though mortality can be 5-15% in severe cases.
Approach to patients with polytrauma
1) The document discusses the approach to managing polytrauma patients, beginning with the primary survey (ABCDEs) and simultaneous resuscitation to address life-threatening injuries first.
2) It outlines the assessment of airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure/environment, as well as triage considerations for multiple casualties.
3) Initial fluid resuscitation, hemorrhage control including blood replacement, and management of injuries like tension pneumothorax are covered.
compartment syndrome
Compartment syndrome occurs when increased pressure within a closed muscle compartment reduces blood flow, potentially causing tissue death. It is caused by factors that increase swelling such as fractures. Symptoms include pain disproportionate to the injury that worsens with stretching of muscles. Diagnosis involves measuring compartment pressure. Early fasciotomy, in which fascia is cut to release pressure, can prevent complications if performed within 6-8 hours of onset. Later surgery risks muscle death and contractures.
POLYTRAUMA
1) Polytrauma refers to multiple injuries that affect multiple body systems and can lead to organ dysfunction or failure. It requires management by a team of surgeons and physicians, including an orthopedic surgeon.
2) The priorities in managing polytrauma are life salvage, limb salvage, and salvaging total function if possible. This involves controlling hemorrhage, treating life-threatening injuries, and splinting fractures while avoiding further injury.
3) Damage control orthopedics focuses on rapidly stabilizing fractures to control bleeding and prevent further tissue injury, while delaying more definitive fixation to avoid exacerbating the body's inflammatory response in critically injured patients.
Lower limb amputation
different type of lower limb amputation with indication, peri-operative care, surgical steps, post op care complication and different type of prosthesis
Hand infections
The document discusses various hand infections including paronychia, felon, pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis, and deep space infections. Paronychia typically involves the nail fold and is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus, while a felon is a deep pulp space abscess of the finger that requires surgical drainage. Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is a surgical emergency that infects the closed flexor tendon sheath and can lead to tendon necrosis if not promptly drained.
Principles of external fixator
External fixation is used for definitive or temporary treatment of fractures. It has advantages of being minimally invasive and flexible, but disadvantages include potential pin site infections, inadequate immobilization, and soft tissue complications. Key components are pins, clamps, and connecting rods or rings. Pins must be carefully placed to avoid neurovascular injury and ensure stability. Frame construction and pin placement principles maximize stability and load sharing to promote fracture healing. Conversion to internal fixation is generally safe if done within 2-3 weeks to prevent pin track infections from compromising outcomes.
tourniquet in orthopedics
This document discusses the use of tourniquets in orthopaedics. It defines a tourniquet and outlines their history, from their original use in the 18th century to modern pneumatic devices. Tourniquets are commonly used in orthopaedic surgery to provide a bloodless surgical field. Complications can include nerve palsies, muscle injury, and pain. Proper application and monitoring of pressure levels can help reduce risks. Tourniquets remain a useful tool but require careful use to minimize complications.
Damage control resuscitation
Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR) is a systematic approach for managing major trauma patients at risk of exsanguinating hemorrhage. It incorporates permissive hypotension to minimize blood loss while hemorrhage is uncontrolled, haemostatic resuscitation using blood products instead of crystalloids to prevent coagulopathy, and early hemorrhage control through surgery. DCR aims to decrease mortality and morbidity by recognizing patients at risk of hemorrhagic shock, providing adequate tissue oxygenation through hypotensive resuscitation while limiting further blood loss and clot disruption, and preventing the triad of hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy through haemostatic resuscitation and blood product administration according to a
Neuropathic (Charcots) joints
Jean-Martin Charcot first described neuropathic arthropathy in 1868. It is a progressive joint condition characterized by dislocations, fractures, and deformities that results from sensory or autonomic neuropathy from various conditions like diabetes, MS, alcoholism, etc. The pathophysiology involves both repetitive microtrauma from loss of sensation and an inflammatory process induced by neurovascular changes. It commonly affects the foot, knee, and hip. Diagnosis is made clinically and radiographically, showing features like joint destruction and deformity. Treatment involves casting, bracing, and surgery like fusion for advanced cases.
Fat embolism f
Fat emboli syndrome was first diagnosed in 1873 and involves the blockage of small blood vessels by fat globules, typically occurring 1-3 days after long bone fractures or pelvic fractures. It is characterized by a triad of hypoxemia, neurological abnormalities, and petechial rash. Treatment is supportive, with mechanical ventilation sometimes needed for respiratory failure and steroids proposed but controversial to prevent the inflammatory response. Prognosis is generally good with most neurological deficits being transient or reversible.
Fes
1. Fat embolism syndrome is a serious condition caused by fat emboli obstructing blood vessels, most commonly after long bone or pelvic fractures. It typically manifests 1-3 days after injury.
2. Patients present with a classic triad of hypoxemia, neurological abnormalities, and petechial rash. The most severe cases can involve respiratory distress, restlessness, and coma.
3. Diagnosis requires signs from both major criteria like hypoxemia and petechiae, as well as four minor criteria. Treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygenation, ventilation, hemodynamics, and early stabilization of fractures to prevent further emboli.
More Related Content
What's hot
Limb salvage vs amputation final
The document discusses the decision between limb salvage and amputation for severely injured extremities. It outlines factors to consider like injury classification, soft tissue damage, vascular and nerve injury. Scoring systems like MESS, LSI and PSI are mentioned but have limitations. With advances in wound care, fixation and reconstruction, more limbs can now be salvaged that would have previously required amputation. The optimal decision involves a multidisciplinary team at an experienced trauma center tailored to each patient's injuries and prognosis.
VACUUM ASSISTED WOUND THERAPY
This document provides an overview of wound healing and vacuum assisted closure (VAC) therapy. It discusses the standard process of wound healing, novel wound dressing concepts, and how VAC therapy works by applying negative pressure to wounds to promote granulation tissue formation, blood flow, and wound contraction. The document outlines the methodology for VAC application and reviews its uses for different wound types as well as advantages like reduced dressing changes and bacteria. It also discusses future developments and concludes that VAC is a new and improved tool to help convert complicated wounds into simpler wounds.
Splints and Tractions
Splints are devices that immobilize and protect injured limbs. They are used for fractures, sprains, dislocations and other injuries. Common splinting materials include plaster, fiberglass, pre-fabricated splints and air splints. Traction involves applying a pulling force to the skeletal system using weights, ropes and pulleys. The objectives are to reduce fractures and dislocations, relieve pain, and prevent deformities. Common types are skin traction, which applies force through the skin, and skeletal traction, which attaches directly to bone. Complications can include infection, pressure sores, and effects of prolonged immobilization.
Crush syndrome PPT
Crush syndrome is caused by prolonged pressure on muscle tissue, leading to rhabdomyolysis. It causes systemic effects like kidney failure due to the release of toxins from damaged muscle into the bloodstream. Signs include dark urine, fever, arrhythmias and respiratory failure. Treatment involves aggressive fluid resuscitation, dialysis, antibiotics, surgical debridement of damaged tissue, and fasciotomy to release pressure in compartments. Early fluid resuscitation within 6 hours is key to preventing kidney damage from crush syndrome.
Fat embolism and Fat Embolism Syndrome
Fat embolism syndrome is a serious complication of long bone fractures and other trauma involving bone marrow. Fat droplets released from the bone marrow can cause pulmonary and neurological dysfunction. While diagnosis is clinical, imaging may show a "snowstorm" pattern on chest x-ray or fat globules in blood viewed through a Swan-Ganz catheter. Treatment is supportive, focusing on oxygenation, ventilation, and prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Outcomes are often good if respiratory failure can be managed, though fulminant cases can be fatal. Prevention prioritizes early fracture stabilization to reduce intramedullary pressure.
Bone cement
This document discusses bone cement, providing its history, composition, polymerization process, and techniques for use. Bone cement is composed of PMMA powder and methyl methacrylate liquid that undergo radical polymerization to form polymers. Proper bone cementing techniques like pulsatile lavage, vacuum mixing, and pressurization improve cement quality and fixation. Additives like antibiotics and opacifiers are used but can affect cement properties. Occupational and patient hazards like cement implantation syndrome require prevention through management of vapor exposure and embolic risks.
Fat emboli syndrome
Umesh Yadav presented on fat embolism syndrome. Key points include:
1) Fat embolism syndrome is a serious complication of long bone fractures that can cause multi-system organ dysfunction, most commonly involving the lungs and brain.
2) The pathophysiology involves fat globules entering the bloodstream from broken bone marrow and lodging in the pulmonary vasculature and brain. This can lead to hypoxemia, neurological changes, and petechial rashes.
3) Diagnosis is clinical based on criteria like Gurd's that require respiratory symptoms plus findings in two other organ systems. Treatment focuses on fracture stabilization, ventilation, volume resuscitation and sometimes
Endpoints of Resuscitation
* Fluid resuscitation is mandatory in shock from traumatic haemorrhage * Massive use of resuscitative fluids following injury is now being disputed * Adequate resuscitation is no longer judged by presence of normal vital signs * Normalcy of organ and tissue specific measured values are to be achieved * Search for a single endpoint that works for all trauma patients, is unrealistic * Resuscitate with appropriate fluid, in appropriate amount, at appropriate time
Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Emergency Management
Thank you for the thorough management plan. Let me know if you need any other feedback!
Acute Compartment syndrome
The document discusses compartment syndrome, which occurs when increased pressure within a confined body space, such as the leg or forearm, leads to ischemia and potential tissue death without intervention. It defines compartment syndrome and outlines its epidemiology, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis via compartment pressure measurement, and management through fasciotomy to decompress the pressure and prevent limb loss or death. Early diagnosis and treatment within 6-12 hours of injury results in the best prognosis and recovery.
Fat embolism
This document discusses fat embolism syndrome, which occurs when fat globules enter the bloodstream and lungs after long bone fractures or other major trauma. It presents most commonly 24-72 hours after injury. The classic triad of symptoms includes respiratory distress, neurological abnormalities, and a petechial rash. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and supportive investigations. Treatment is supportive, focusing on oxygenation, ventilation, and prevention of complications. Prognosis is good with proper care, though mortality can be 5-15% in severe cases.
Approach to patients with polytrauma
1) The document discusses the approach to managing polytrauma patients, beginning with the primary survey (ABCDEs) and simultaneous resuscitation to address life-threatening injuries first.
2) It outlines the assessment of airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure/environment, as well as triage considerations for multiple casualties.
3) Initial fluid resuscitation, hemorrhage control including blood replacement, and management of injuries like tension pneumothorax are covered.
compartment syndrome
Compartment syndrome occurs when increased pressure within a closed muscle compartment reduces blood flow, potentially causing tissue death. It is caused by factors that increase swelling such as fractures. Symptoms include pain disproportionate to the injury that worsens with stretching of muscles. Diagnosis involves measuring compartment pressure. Early fasciotomy, in which fascia is cut to release pressure, can prevent complications if performed within 6-8 hours of onset. Later surgery risks muscle death and contractures.
POLYTRAUMA
1) Polytrauma refers to multiple injuries that affect multiple body systems and can lead to organ dysfunction or failure. It requires management by a team of surgeons and physicians, including an orthopedic surgeon.
2) The priorities in managing polytrauma are life salvage, limb salvage, and salvaging total function if possible. This involves controlling hemorrhage, treating life-threatening injuries, and splinting fractures while avoiding further injury.
3) Damage control orthopedics focuses on rapidly stabilizing fractures to control bleeding and prevent further tissue injury, while delaying more definitive fixation to avoid exacerbating the body's inflammatory response in critically injured patients.
Lower limb amputation
different type of lower limb amputation with indication, peri-operative care, surgical steps, post op care complication and different type of prosthesis
Hand infections
The document discusses various hand infections including paronychia, felon, pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis, and deep space infections. Paronychia typically involves the nail fold and is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus, while a felon is a deep pulp space abscess of the finger that requires surgical drainage. Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is a surgical emergency that infects the closed flexor tendon sheath and can lead to tendon necrosis if not promptly drained.
Principles of external fixator
External fixation is used for definitive or temporary treatment of fractures. It has advantages of being minimally invasive and flexible, but disadvantages include potential pin site infections, inadequate immobilization, and soft tissue complications. Key components are pins, clamps, and connecting rods or rings. Pins must be carefully placed to avoid neurovascular injury and ensure stability. Frame construction and pin placement principles maximize stability and load sharing to promote fracture healing. Conversion to internal fixation is generally safe if done within 2-3 weeks to prevent pin track infections from compromising outcomes.
tourniquet in orthopedics
This document discusses the use of tourniquets in orthopaedics. It defines a tourniquet and outlines their history, from their original use in the 18th century to modern pneumatic devices. Tourniquets are commonly used in orthopaedic surgery to provide a bloodless surgical field. Complications can include nerve palsies, muscle injury, and pain. Proper application and monitoring of pressure levels can help reduce risks. Tourniquets remain a useful tool but require careful use to minimize complications.
Damage control resuscitation
Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR) is a systematic approach for managing major trauma patients at risk of exsanguinating hemorrhage. It incorporates permissive hypotension to minimize blood loss while hemorrhage is uncontrolled, haemostatic resuscitation using blood products instead of crystalloids to prevent coagulopathy, and early hemorrhage control through surgery. DCR aims to decrease mortality and morbidity by recognizing patients at risk of hemorrhagic shock, providing adequate tissue oxygenation through hypotensive resuscitation while limiting further blood loss and clot disruption, and preventing the triad of hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy through haemostatic resuscitation and blood product administration according to a
Neuropathic (Charcots) joints
Jean-Martin Charcot first described neuropathic arthropathy in 1868. It is a progressive joint condition characterized by dislocations, fractures, and deformities that results from sensory or autonomic neuropathy from various conditions like diabetes, MS, alcoholism, etc. The pathophysiology involves both repetitive microtrauma from loss of sensation and an inflammatory process induced by neurovascular changes. It commonly affects the foot, knee, and hip. Diagnosis is made clinically and radiographically, showing features like joint destruction and deformity. Treatment involves casting, bracing, and surgery like fusion for advanced cases.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Fat embolism f
Fat emboli syndrome was first diagnosed in 1873 and involves the blockage of small blood vessels by fat globules, typically occurring 1-3 days after long bone fractures or pelvic fractures. It is characterized by a triad of hypoxemia, neurological abnormalities, and petechial rash. Treatment is supportive, with mechanical ventilation sometimes needed for respiratory failure and steroids proposed but controversial to prevent the inflammatory response. Prognosis is generally good with most neurological deficits being transient or reversible.
Fes
1. Fat embolism syndrome is a serious condition caused by fat emboli obstructing blood vessels, most commonly after long bone or pelvic fractures. It typically manifests 1-3 days after injury.
2. Patients present with a classic triad of hypoxemia, neurological abnormalities, and petechial rash. The most severe cases can involve respiratory distress, restlessness, and coma.
3. Diagnosis requires signs from both major criteria like hypoxemia and petechiae, as well as four minor criteria. Treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygenation, ventilation, hemodynamics, and early stabilization of fractures to prevent further emboli.
Fat embolism
1. Fat embolism syndrome is a serious complication that can occur after long bone fractures, where fat particles travel through the blood and lodge in organs.
2. Symptoms usually develop within 24-72 hours and include respiratory issues, neurological changes, and a rash.
3. Treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygen supplementation, ventilation if needed, and intravenous fluids to maintain stability. Prevention emphasizes quick surgical fixation of fractures.
Fat embolism syndrome
Fat embolism syndrome is a condition where fat particles travel through the bloodstream and lodge in blood vessels, potentially causing organ dysfunction. It most commonly occurs after long bone fractures or pelvic fractures. While fat emboli occur in most patients with these injuries, less than 10% exhibit clinical symptoms. Symptoms usually begin 1-3 days after injury and involve the lungs, brain, and skin. Diagnosis is clinical and treatment is supportive, focusing on oxygenation, ventilation, circulation, and early surgical fixation of fractures when possible. Prognosis is generally good, though neurological deficits can occasionally persist long-term.
Fat embolism DR. FARAN MAHMOOD
Fat embolism syndrome is a complication that can occur after long bone fractures, with onset of symptoms between 12-72 hours. It involves the blockage of small blood vessels in the lungs and other organs by fat globules, and can lead to respiratory distress, hypoxemia, neurological symptoms and petechial rash. Diagnosis is clinical and supported by criteria involving respiratory, neurological and skin findings. Treatment focuses on prevention through early surgical fixation of fractures, as well as supportive care of respiratory, cardiac and neurological complications. Outcomes vary from complete resolution to long-term deficits.
Embolism
1. Embolism occurs when a detached mass such as a blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule travels through the blood vessels and blocks circulation.
2. There are several types of embolism including pulmonary (lung), systemic, fat, marrow, air, and amniotic embolism.
3. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery often caused by deep vein thrombosis, and it can lead to conditions like saddle embolism, paradoxical embolism, or cor pulmonale if left untreated.
Fat embolism syndrome
3 de 11
26/11/13 13:43
Fat embolism syndrome
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665122/?repor...
Fat embolism syndrome is caused by fat particles entering the bloodstream and blocking small blood vessels following trauma. It most commonly occurs after orthopedic injuries like long bone fractures. Symptoms can range from mild respiratory issues to respiratory failure and involve multiple organ systems. There is no definitive test and diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. Treatment focuses on supportive care, and early surgical fixation of fractures may decrease risk.
fat embolisation syndrome
This document discusses fat embolism syndrome, which occurs in 0.5-2% of patients following a long bone fracture. It is caused by the toxic effects of free fatty acids released into circulation from bone marrow. The syndrome is diagnosed clinically based on respiratory, cerebral and dermal manifestations appearing 12-72 hours after injury. Treatment is supportive to maintain respiratory function, as the condition is usually self-limiting. Risk is highest with multiple long bone fractures, and the pathophysiology involves mechanical obstruction of fat globules, biochemical toxicity of free fatty acids, and activation of coagulation pathways.
Pulmonary embolism
The document describes a neural network system for diagnosing pulmonary embolism using ventilation-perfusion scans and chest x-rays. The system uses a committee machine of multiple neural networks to classify scans as normal, very low, low, intermediate, or high probability of pulmonary embolism. It was trained on data using the Modified PIOPED diagnostic criteria. The system integrates image processing, a graphical user interface for inputting scan findings, and a confidence integrator to provide probability assessments. It aims to offer an accurate diagnosis when an expert radiologist is unavailable. Future work may include full automation, improved diagnostic capabilities, and integrating other artificial intelligence methods.
脂肪塞栓
This document discusses fat embolism syndrome (FES), which can occur in 0.3-1.3% of hospitalized trauma patients with fractures requiring admission. FES most often develops within 72 hours of injury and is characterized by progressive respiratory failure, altered mental status, and petechial rashes. The mortality rate is high, between 7-29%. While FES commonly occurs after long bone fractures and polytrauma, there are reports of it developing after total hip or knee replacement surgery, decompression sickness, third degree burns, bone marrow transplantation, and other conditions. Risk is higher in patients with multiple fractures compared to isolated fractures. Men also have a higher risk than women.
Pulmonary embolism
This document provides information on pulmonary embolism including its definition, incidence, types, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, complications, management, nursing management, prevention, health education, and nursing diagnoses. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the lungs caused by a blood clot that travels from the legs or pelvis and obstructs a pulmonary artery. It can be life-threatening and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Thromboembolism,pulmonary embolism,general pathology
This document discusses different types of thromboembolism including pulmonary embolism, fat embolism, air embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism. It provides details on the definition, causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of pulmonary embolism, which is the most common type of thromboembolism. The document also discusses the pathophysiology and mechanisms of the different embolism types.
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs, usually originating from deep vein thrombosis. Symptoms range from sudden shortness of breath to chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like CT scans, V/Q scans, echocardiograms and blood tests. Treatment consists of oxygen, anticoagulant drugs, and sometimes fibrinolytics for massive clots. Long term prevention focuses on continued anticoagulation and devices like IVC filters for recurrent embolisms despite treatment.
Embolism
This document defines and describes different types of embolism. It states that an embolism is a detached solid, liquid, or gas mass carried by the bloodstream to a distant site. It then lists and provides details on various types of embolisms including venous (pulmonary), arterial, paradoxical, fat, amniotic fluid, air, and septic embolisms. For pulmonary embolisms, it notes they most commonly arise from deep vein thromboses in the legs and can cause further recurrent embolic episodes. It also provides information on symptoms and causes of fat, air, and amniotic fluid embolisms.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis occurs when an imbalance in the blood coagulation system causes a blood clot or thrombus to form, blocking blood flow through a vein or artery and posing health risks. A thrombus can detach and lodge in the lungs, causing a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. The normal response that prevents significant blood loss after an injury is called hemostasis, involving platelets, cells, and activation of coagulation factors to form a blood clot.
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or its branches by material such as blood clots that originate elsewhere. It is caused by alterations in blood flow, vessel wall factors, or hypercoagulable blood. Clinically, it presents with chest pain, shortness of breath, and hypoxia. Diagnosis involves tests such as D-dimer, CT angiogram, and V/Q scan. Treatment consists of anticoagulation with heparin or warfarin as well as thrombolysis for massive cases. Complications include right heart strain, pulmonary hypertension, and death.
Thrombosis, Embolism & Infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot or thrombus inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood. Embolism occurs when a thrombus breaks off and is carried by the bloodstream to plug another vessel. Infarction refers to tissue damage or death caused by obstruction of the blood supply to that tissue, such as when an embolism blocks a vessel and causes a heart attack or stroke.
2. thrombosis, embolism, infarction dr. sinhasan- mdzah
Virchow's triad describes the three factors required for thrombosis: endothelial injury, stasis or turbulence of blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Damage to blood vessels exposes collagen which triggers clot formation. Conditions like hypertension, smoking, and genetic mutations can all increase risk by promoting one or more aspects of Virchow's triad. Embolisms occur when a clot or other material breaks off and is carried by the bloodstream, potentially blocking vessels in other organs and causing tissue damage.
Thrombosis and Embolism
The document discusses various types of embolism and thrombosis. It describes the Virschow triad of factors that can lead to thrombosis - endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. It then examines different causes and outcomes of thrombosis and embolism in various parts of the body, such as pulmonary embolism from deep vein thrombosis, systemic embolism from cardiac sources, and amniotic fluid embolism during childbirth.
Viewers also liked (20)
Thromboembolism,pulmonary embolism,general pathology
Thromboembolism,pulmonary embolism,general pathology
2. thrombosis, embolism, infarction dr. sinhasan- mdzah
2. thrombosis, embolism, infarction dr. sinhasan- mdzah
Similar to Fat embolism
Fatembolism synfrome 2
- Fat embolism syndrome is a serious complication that can occur after major trauma like long bone fractures, where fat globules enter the bloodstream and become lodged in the lungs and other organs. It typically presents 1-3 days after injury with respiratory issues, neurological abnormalities, and a petechial rash.
- Diagnosis is based on meeting criteria involving the clinical presentation as well as imaging and lab findings. Treatment is supportive in nature, focusing on oxygenation, ventilation, hemodynamic stability and early stabilization of fractures to prevent further fat embolization. Corticosteroids and colloids may help reduce inflammation and expand plasma volume. Prognosis can be poor, with fatality rates up to 15
fat embolism syndrome orthopaedics slides
Fat embolism occurs when fat particles enter the bloodstream after long bone fractures or other orthopedic injuries and procedures. This can lead to fat embolism syndrome (FES), a condition with respiratory, neurological, and dermatological symptoms. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria like Gurd and Wilson's criteria. Treatment focuses on oxygenation, hydration, and preventing further emboli through early fracture stabilization. Outcomes are generally good, with most neurological deficits resolving.
SHOCK - Copy.pptx
This document discusses shock, including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, and severity. Shock is defined as a state of inadequate tissue perfusion resulting from reduced cardiac output, blood loss, or vascular dysfunction. The main types are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. The pathophysiology involves cellular hypoxia, inflammation, microvascular dysfunction, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. More severe shock is characterized by worsening metabolic acidosis, hypotension, oliguria, and loss of consciousness. Early recognition and treatment of compensated shock is important to prevent multi-organ failure.
Fat Embolisum Syndrome
This presentation is about Fat Embolism Syndrome in orthopedics. I would like to thank Dr hemanth sir and Dr Prateek sir who guided me.
Shock and it's classification
Shock Classification,Pathogenesis,Investigation By Dr. Shahed Iqbal Chattagram Maa -O- Shishu Hospital
Hemodialysis catastrope
The document discusses several common acute complications that can occur during hemodialysis treatments. It notes that hypotension occurs in 25-55% of patients and is the most frequent complication. Other common complications include muscle cramps (5-20% of patients), nausea/vomiting (5-15%), chest pain (2-5%), and back pain (2-5%). The document provides details on the causes, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of these complications, particularly hypotension and muscle cramps. It also discusses less common but potentially life-threatening issues like dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, air embolism, and seizures.
fatembolismsyndrome-150804111012-lva1-app6892.pdf
Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a serious complication that can occur after long bone fractures or other trauma involving bone marrow. Fat droplets released from the bone marrow can travel through the bloodstream and lodge in small blood vessels in the lungs, brain, and other organs. This can cause respiratory failure, neurological symptoms like confusion, and a characteristic rash. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria involving these organ system dysfunctions. Treatment focuses on supportive care, oxygenation, ventilation if needed, and hemodynamic support. Outcomes depend on severity but mortality is typically under 10%. Prophylactic measures like early fracture fixation and steroids in high risk patients may help reduce risk of FES in trauma patients.
Fat Embolism Syndrome
Fat embolism syndrome is a complication that can occur after long bone fractures or other trauma involving bone marrow. Fat droplets released from the bone marrow can travel through the bloodstream and lodge in the lungs and other organs. The classic triad of symptoms includes hypoxemia, neurological abnormalities, and petechial rash. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and there is no confirmatory lab test. Treatment is supportive and focuses on oxygenation, ventilation, hemodynamic stability, and occasionally corticosteroids are used for prevention. Prognosis depends on severity but most cases resolve without long term effects.
Thyroid Storms Emergency and Myxedema Crisis
A 27-year-old female master's student presented with back and flank pain, nausea, vomiting and palpitations. She had a history of Graves' disease and was non-compliant with medications. Examination found a temperature of 40°C, heart rate of 132, enlarged thyroid with bruit. Laboratory results showed hyperthyroidism and a UTI. Her Burch-Wartofsky score was 75, highly suggestive of thyroid storm precipitated by the UTI given her non-compliance with anti-thyroid medications. She required critical care management in hospital.
shock-types-141009102815-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
Shock is a condition where circulation fails to meet the metabolic needs of tissues due to inadequate oxygen delivery. There are several types of shock based on etiology, including hypovolemic from blood/fluid loss, cardiogenic from heart failure, obstructive from pulmonary embolism, and septic from infection. Signs of shock range from mild with pale skin to severe with unconsciousness. Treatment focuses on restoring tissue perfusion through fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and inotropes while also treating the underlying cause. The goals of resuscitation are to increase oxygen delivery and decrease oxygen demand through stabilization of vital signs and tissue perfusion markers.
Shock - Pathophysiology / Types & Management
This PPT on Shock is typically based on the Topic given in Bailey & Love. It will be useful to MBBS students - Final year.
Approach to paediatric shock dr jason
1. Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion to meet metabolic demand and can be caused by hypovolemia, cardiac dysfunction, obstruction of blood flow, or inappropriate blood vessel dilation.
2. Clinical signs of shock include tachycardia, abnormal capillary refill time, weak pulses, hypotension, and altered mental status.
3. Management of shock involves optimizing oxygen delivery through fluid resuscitation, antibiotics, vasopressors, ventilation, and treating the underlying cause to increase blood pressure and tissue perfusion.
Manifestations of mof
This document discusses multi-organ failure (MOF), including:
1. Clinical manifestations of MOF typically involve dysfunction of multiple organs in a predictable sequence, beginning with lung dysfunction and progressing to involve the heart, liver, and kidneys over subsequent days on average.
2. The progression of MOF is influenced by host factors like age, comorbidities, and genetics as well as the nature and severity of the initial physiologic insult.
3. Early MOF usually manifests within 72 hours of the insult through signs of organ dysfunction, need for organ support, or development of a distinct clinical syndrome like acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Fat embolism syndrome
This document discusses fat embolism syndrome, which refers to a clinical syndrome following an insult that releases fat into the circulation, causing pulmonary and systemic symptoms. It presents 24-72 hours after injury and has a mortality rate of 10-20%. Risk factors include long bone fractures from blunt trauma. Pathophysiology involves fat globules lodged in the pulmonary vasculature and brain. The clinical triad includes pulmonary dysfunction, neurological signs, and dermatological petechiae. Diagnosis relies on criteria from Gurd or Schonfeld. Treatment focuses on supportive care, oxygenation, hemodynamics, and occasionally steroids.
FAT EMBOLISM.pptx
Fat embolism syndrome is a clinical diagnosis characterized by a triad of hypoxemia, neurological abnormalities, and petechial rash that develops within 24-72 hours of long bone fractures or other trauma. Fat particles released from the bone marrow can cause pulmonary and systemic complications by lodging in the lungs and other organs. While supportive care focuses on oxygenation, ventilation, and hemodynamic stability, the most effective prevention method is early surgical fixation of fractures within 24 hours to reduce risk. Outcomes range from full recovery to respiratory failure and death, depending on severity.
Shock today
Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion due to hemodynamic disturbances and organ dysfunction. There are several classifications of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock. The clinical presentation of shock can include hypotension, altered mental status, oliguria, and cool skin among other signs. Treatment involves managing the emergency through airway control, IV fluids, blood transfusion if needed, and pressors to restore perfusion while determining the underlying cause in order to provide definitive treatment.
thyroiddisorders-140505124709-phpapp02.pdf
The document discusses the thyroid gland and thyroid disorders. It provides details on:
- The anatomy and blood supply of the thyroid gland.
- Thyroid follicles which are the functional units that secrete thyroid hormones like T4 and T3.
- The two main thyroid disorders - hypothyroidism which is an underactive thyroid, and hyperthyroidism which is an overactive thyroid.
- The most common causes of hypothyroidism including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the signs, symptoms, and treatment which involves thyroid hormone replacement.
- Graves' disease as the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, along with its autoimmune pathogenesis and associated signs and
Thyroid disorders
The document discusses the thyroid gland and thyroid disorders. It provides details on:
- The anatomy and blood supply of the thyroid gland.
- Thyroid follicles which are the functional units that secrete thyroid hormones like T4 and T3.
- The two main thyroid disorders - hypothyroidism which is an underactive thyroid, and hyperthyroidism which is an overactive thyroid.
- The most common causes of hypothyroidism including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the signs, symptoms, and treatment which involves thyroid hormone replacement.
- Graves' disease as the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, along with its autoimmune pathogenesis and associated signs and
L2..ccf
This document discusses congestive heart failure (CHF), including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. CHF is characterized by inadequate systemic perfusion due to cardiac abnormalities. The most common cause is left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, edema, fatigue, and reduced exercise tolerance. Diagnosis involves imaging, labs, and assessing symptoms according to the NYHA classification system. Management focuses on controlling congestion with diuretics, enhancing contractility with drugs like digoxin, preventing worsening with ACE inhibitors and beta blockers, and treating the underlying cause.
SHOCK.ppt
This document provides information on shock, including its definition, physiology, pathophysiology, types, symptoms, signs, management, and treatment. It defines shock as inadequate perfusion leading to inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues. The stages of shock are described as initial, compensatory, progressive, and irreversible. Types of shock include cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and obstructive shock. Signs and symptoms result from cellular hypoperfusion and include restlessness, tachycardia, decreased consciousness, nausea, and decreased urine output. Management involves treating the underlying cause, giving oxygen, intravenous fluids, and vasopressors if needed. The goal of treatment is
Similar to Fat embolism (20)
shock-types-141009102815-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
shock-types-141009102815-conversion-gate01 (1).pdf
Recently uploaded
vonoprazan A novel drug for GERD presentation
Vonoprazan, a new potassium acid channel blocker used in the conditions of GERD and gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer ....
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Acute Gout Care & Urate Lowering Therapy .pdf
In this document , the management of acute gout attacks and a description of urate lowering therapy is mentioned.
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS)
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS). Parc Taulí. Sabadell
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
une 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Do you have abnormal smell after periods? It may be vaginitis. Do not worry, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can help you get a cure.
Recently uploaded (20)
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Fat embolism
- 1. Fat Embolism Gladson M. Robin
- 2. Definition Fat embolism indicates the often asymptomatic presence of fat globules in the lung parenchyma and peripheral circulation. Symptomatic – Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)
- 4. Pathophysiology 2 major theories Drawback: Does not explain the delay in onset (24-72 hrs)
- 5. Pathophysiology Etiology Hydrolysis/Degradation Free fatty acids/ Other chemical mediators Lung injury / Agglutination of fat globules... Clinical Manifestations
- 6. Presents within 24 – 72 hrs Rarely <12 hrs or >2 weeks Classical triad: Respiratory changes Neurological abnormalities Petechial rash Paradoxical embolism
- 7. Respiratory changes First clinical feature Frequent findings: Dyspnoea, Tachypnoea, Hypoxaemia Syndrome indistinguishable from ARDS may develop due to alveolar hemorrhage 50% require mechanical ventilation Clinical Presentation…
- 8. Neurological features 86% of them with cerebral emboli manifest neurological signs after respiratory distress Mild confusion and drowsiness severe seizures Common clinical state: Acute confusional state All neurological symptoms are transient and fully reversible Clinical Presentation…
- 9. Petechial rash 60% of cases Due to embolization of small dermal capillaries Extravasation of erythrocytes Conjunctiva, Oral mucosa, Skin folds of upper body Platelets Normal Rash appears within 36 hrs, disappears within 7 days (self limiting) Clinical Presentation…
- 10. Petechial rash 60% of cases Due to embolization of small dermal capillaries Extravasation of erythrocytes Conjunctiva, Oral mucosa, Skin folds of upper body Platelets Normal Rash appears within 36 hrs, disappears within 7 days (self limiting) Clinical Presentation…
- 11. Minor features due to release of toxic mediators Pyrexia Tachycardia Myocardial depression ECG changes due to right heart strain Soft fluffy retinal exudates with macular edema scotomata Coagulation abnormalities Renal Changes (Oliguria, Lipiduria, Proteinuria, Hematuria) Clinical Presentation…
- 12. Diagnosis Diagnosis usually by clinical finings Biochemical values may be helpful Criteria for diagnosis: Gurd’s criteria (commonly used) Lindeque’s criteria Schonfeld’s criteria Gurd’s criteria: Atleast 1 major + 4 minor criteria FES
- 13. Unexplained Anaemia (70%) Unexplained Thrombocytopenia (<1,50,000 in 50%) Hypocalcaemia due to binding of calcium with free fatty acids Radiology – No significant help for diagnosis. Can be used as support Diagnosis
- 14. Management Mortality: 10% - !5% Immobilization of fracture site Early definitive reduction of fracture (Open or Closed) Maintain intravascular volume to maintain cardiovascular stability (hypovolemic shock resuscitation), may use colloids (albumin) as it can expand fluid and bind FFA. Mechanical ventilation with PEEP Corticosteroid as prophylactic (controversial) IV Ethanol as prophylactic in Russia, Europe & some American countries “A raised level of alcohol in the blood was associated with a lower incidence of fat embolism” - J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Oct;59(7):878-80 Corticosteroids and Ethanol is of no use after onset of FES