Carlos Calad

The Role of Technology in CCS-
Schlumberger Carbon Services
Institute of the Americas – Buenos Aires Round Table

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Carlos Calad S.
VP Marketing Oilfield Services Latin America

Facts
2

Emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG) will increase the average global temperature
by 1.1 to 6.4 ºC by the end of the 21st century, according to the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

A global warming of more than 2 ºC increase in global average temperature will lead to

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serious consequences, and IPCC have therefore stated that global GHG emissions
should be reduced by 50 to 80 percent by 2050.

CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas, and anthropogenic CO2 emissions are
mainly a consequence of fossil fuels being the most important global energy sources.

Enhanced energy efficiency and increased renewable energy production will reduce
CO2 emissions, but according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), energy
efficiency and renewable energy do not have the potential to reduce global CO2
emissions as much as IPCC’s target, i.e. 50 to 80 percent by 2050.


Domination of Fosil Fuels
3

• Demand rises by 13.6 mb/d between 2006 and
2015 compared to 11 mb/d between 2001 and
2010

• Assuming no change in modeled rate, 23.9

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mb/d will be lost to decline between 2006 and
2015

• Planned OPEC and non –OPEC additions total
25 mb/d over the same period – 12.5 mb/d need
to be found.

• These figures are very sensitive to future
declines rates

Source: IEA reference scenario


Global Oil Resources
4

Cumulative demand at 2050
80
Cumulative demand at 2030
70
Economic price 2005, US$

60

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Arctic
50
EOR Oil shales
40 Deep water

30 Heavy oil
Bitumen
20 Other
conventional
Already OPEC ME oil
10 produced Super deep

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Available oil in billion barrels

Source: IEA 2005


The Challenge
5

Global CO2 Emissions
Emissions
IEA 2003 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion MTCO2/yr %

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Public electricity & heat production 8236 35%
Other energy industries 1228 5%
Manufacturing & construction 5257 22%
Transport 5656 24%
Other sectors 3307 14%
2003 emissions 23684
CO2 emission growth rate = 1.8%/yr
38000 160%
2030 emissions
Increases come from
Power generation 6400 43%
Transport 3300 23%
Industry 2100 15%

Source: IEA


CO2 Capture and Storage System in a Nutshell
6

Fuels

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Processes

Storage options


Geological Storage Applications 7

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Global Storage Capacity Estimates
8

• Plants = 600 GTCO2 ; Soil = 1,600 GTCO2
• Underground Storage Capacity approximately 11,000GTCO2
• USA=3900GT
• Russia=2100GT
• Canada=1300GT

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• Australia=700GT
• Middle East=460GT
• Africa=430GT
• China=390GT
• India=380GT
• South America=310GT
• Western Europe=260GT
• Japan/Korea=2GT
• Maximum demand < than 2200GT within 100 years
• 8100 large point sources (>100,000 tons/yr) worldwide
Source: IPCC


Carbon Capture and Storage Cost Chain
9

Injection for
Power & Industrial CO2 export terminal
Geological
processes with CO2 and pipeline
storage in
capture and transportation or
producing or
conditioning shipment

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depleted oil and
gas fields &
aquifers

Monitoring:
$0.1-1/t

Cos $30 – 50 /t $1 - 5/t* $2 - 10/t*= $ 33 – 65/t **
t
* Cost principally distance dependant ($2M per Mile)
** Variability is key

Storage Fundamentals
10

• Capacity: (match to source & estimate plume shape)
• bulk volume (seismic) X porosity (logs) X “storage factor”
• Injectivity (how many wells)
• permeability from core, log & well test
• Containment (caprock integrity, fractures, wellbore integrity, faults)

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Caprock

?
CO2

Post injection
Saline Formation


Risk of Storage
11

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Storage Program Lifecycle
12

Operational Monitoring
• CO2 injection control
• Cap rock integrity

Verification Monitoring
• CO2 location and tracking

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• Cap rock integrity
• Well Integrity

Environment Monitoring
• Aquifers Westbay
• Surface
• Atmosphere


What Capabilities are Needed?
13

People + Technology
People
CO2 Technology
All Seismic Services
Geology Geophysics
Wellbore Integrity Evaluation

&

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Reservoir Engineer Drilling Engineer Drilling & Completion
Cementing
Petrophysics Completion Engineer
Logging, Testing & Sampling
Lab Analysis
Geomechanics Geochemistry
Data Processing
Hydrogeology Economics Modeling & Plume Prediction
Data Management
HSE Injection
Operational Monitoring
Verification Monitoring
Project Management
Environmental Monitoring
Tools for Team Integration – Petrel Shared Earth Model
Focused Organization

Site Characterization
14

Data Collection & QC
Data Collection & QC
–Geophysics / Geology
–Geophysics / Geology
–Petrophysics / / Mineralogy
–Petrophysics Mineralogy
–Geomechanics
–Geomechanics
–Fluid Properties
–Fluid Properties

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–Well Integrity
–Well Integrity

Modeling
Modeling

Injectivity Capacity Containment

• Reservoir quality • 3D Cellular Geomechanics Well integrity Hydrodynamics
• Geometry Geological Model • Fault Stability • Zonal • Formation
• Connectivity • Pore Volume • Sustainable isolation water flow
• Connectivity fluid pressure systems


Modeling a CO2 Storage
15
Surface imaging
Mapping Log interpretation
EM survey interpretation Well correlation
Data input
Surface identification
Information management
Surface/subsurface interaction
GIS database
Data analysis
Facies modelling
Calibration Fault modelling
History match

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Fracture modelling
Post processing Hydrodynamic test
Presentation analysis

Eclipse

3D flow simulation
Geochemistry
Geomechanics Uncertainty analysis 3D Geological model
Upscaling processes 3D Property model of the
Reservoir and Aquifer property population
Reservoir and the Overburden


Seismic for Characterization
16

Conventional 3-D Seismic Hi-Resolution Q Seismic

Data Quality

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Resolution

8-40 Hz 6-80 Hz

Formation
Characteristics


Cap Rock Integrity - Microseismicity
g y y 17

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CO2 Location & Tracking
g 18

4D Seismic

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Cross-Well
RST Log


Schlumberger Participation in CO2 Sequestration
19

Consortiums
NACCSA (US) CO2ReMoVe (EU)
Stanford GCEP (US) DYNAMIS (EU)
MIT CSI (US) MovEcbm (EU)
GCCC (US) CO2SINK (EU)
CoalSeq (US) CO2CRC (Australia)

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Weyburn II (Canada) DOE RPP (US)

Internal CO2 Research

Field Demonstration Activity

Current locations of geological storage 20

Project Country Injection start Daily injection Total planned Reservoir
name (tCO2/day) storage (tCO2) type

Weyburn Canada 2000 3,000 - 5,000 20,000,000 EOR

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In Salah Algeria 2004 3,000 - 4,000 17,000,000 Gas field

Sleipner Norway 1996 3,000 20,000,000 Saline
formation

K12B Netherlands 2004 100 8,000,000 EGR

Frio United States 2004 177 1,600 Saline
formation


Large-scale CO2 sequestration Example
21

Sleipner North Sea Project (Statoil)

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CO2 is pulled from
the production
stream and
reinjected into a
saline aquifer

Sleipner North Sea Project
22

200 m thick Utsira Formation: Miocene
27% porosity Saline Reservoir
high permeability
between 15-36 oC – within critical range
minimum depth 800-1200 m below mudline

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Currently monitoring CO2
migration with seismic

Conclusions
23

• CCS presents the only existing technology that can complement
renewable and efficiency gains to achieve 50% emissions reduction by
2050.

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• The Skills and Technologies needed for successful CCS can be easily
exported from the E&P Industry
• Barriers to CCS projects are mainly regulatory and public awareness;
• Technological advances are needed to reduce costs of capture.


24

Trusted End to End CO2 Storage

• QHSE management
• Performance & risk management

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• Site screening & selection
• Detailed site characterization
• Site design
• Site construction
• Site operations
• Measurement, Monitoring & Verification (MMV)

http://www.slb.com/content/services/additional/carbon/index.asp?


Carlos Calad

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Carlos Calad