The document summarizes and compares the key design elements of four different types of factual writing: an instruction manual, museum leaflet, newspaper article, and how-to guide. It discusses the illustrations, diagrams, images, logos, fonts, and writing styles used in each to clearly communicate information in an appropriate tone and format for the intended purpose and audience. Functional elements like concise text, instructional verbs, and numbered steps are called out for instructions, while images, maps, and quotes are used to promote interest in the leaflet.

1. Factual Writing
Alice Rose

2. Instruction Manual
Illustrations and
diagrams:
The diagrams are clear
and concise, they help
the reader understand
the text in a visual way.
This diagram is not
intended for artistic
merit as it is meant to
represent the product
you get with the
instruction manual and
there is also no mention
of the person who
designed it. There is
also no colour as these
instruction manuals are
mass-produced on a
large scale so need to
be as cheap as possible.
Typography:
The headings are in bold to draw attention to
them as they are the things you first read on the
page. The numbers are also dropped and in bold
to clearly split the different instructions up and
make it more readable.
They have used a sans-serif font as this creates a
clean and intuitive reading process.
Communication:
To avoid ambiguity, they use instructional verbs
such as “press” to directly tell the reader what
to do which makes the text clearer. They also
write as if they are talking directly to the reader
to make it easier for them to process. They use
as few words as possible by cutting out
prepositions. For example, “As back wheels
rotate “Flame” also rotates.” This is to be as
concise as possible. This therefore creates a
formal register.

3. Leaflet
Illustrations and
diagrams:
The images they have
chosen for the front page
of the leaflet are to
illustrate parts of the
museum and help show
the reader what to expect
when they visit.
The designers also use
their logo twice on the
leaflet, on the front and
on the inside to show
strong branding and so
that logo hopefully sticks
in the readers mind.
The diagram of where the
museum is located has a
functional purpose as it is
a map and therefore is
simplified rather than an
accurate aerial view of the
city, as that would make it
harder for the reader to
interpret the map.
Typography:
The headings are in a serif
font to make the font suit
the purpose; this is a leaflet
for a museum and
therefore will have an
older style. The ‘and’ also
has a stylised look which
used to feature on old
signs.
In contrast, the main body
of text is in a sans-serif font
to make it easier to read,
the headings are in a
different colour and in bold
to help split up the text.
The quote which is
featured on the front page
is written in a serif font to
make it look like it has
been written, it adds an
authentic look.

4. Leaflet
Communication:
There is only a couple of
lines maximum under
each heading to keep the
text concise. To avoid
ambiguity, they have
included information
about all the services they
offer, with the
opportunity to get in
touch for more info if
needed. This text is also
written in a formal
register.
Bias:
Arguably this leaflet will
be slightly biased as its
purpose is to promote the
museum and make you
want to go to it. However,
it is expected from this
type of media and is also
needed to be able to
achieve this.

5. Factual Journalism
Illustrations and diagrams:
There are none shown in this
article as it is not typical of a
newspaper article to include
these.
Pictures:
The image that is shown is used
to help illustrate the text and
also shock the audience as the
image is full of things that are
meant to scare people on
Halloween.
Typography:
The heading uses a serif font to
add a formal tone to the piece,
the font is used throughout the
text to show continuity and key
words are labelled in blue to
make them stand out. This font
is associated with the ABC1
audience as it looks more
intelligent than other fonts.
Communication:
They keep a formal register
throughout as the audience it is
aimed at would expect this topic to
be reported in a serious manner.
The facts must be clear and easily
understood to avoid ambiguity as
this would be important for this
type of newspaper (the Guardian)
as they would prefer to be seen as
unbiased in this article, especially
as it represents no political views.
The sources must be backed up in
factual writing and when
referencing other cases, it is
hyperlinked to another article,
therefore making this viable. There
isn’t any evidence of argument
because the aim of this article is
not to

6. How To Guide
Illustrations and
diagrams:
The diagrams are
representative of the
things needed to
achieve this to be as
clear as possible to
explain the text. They
have used a real image
for the last step to
show what the end
result looks like as a
diagram would not
show the full extent of
what the product looks
like.
Typography:
The font is a sans serif font
to make it easy and simple
to read and it is kept in
black and white for the
same reason. The numbers
are larger to make it clear
which instruction to follow
next.
Communication:
They keep a formal
register and use as little
words as possible to be
concise and also use
instructional verbs such
as “add” to tell the
reader what to do.