The estimation of determinants of housing development patterns in international border towns is essential to overcome some of the challenges facing development in these areas. However, few studies have detailed physical factors and neighbourhood characteristics as determinants of housing formation in international settlements. It is in this respect that the researcher aimed at evaluating these factors as regard housing formation pattern in international areas. The study systematically obtained the opinion of selected 361 residents in three selected towns between Nigeria and Benin-Republic using questionnaire instrument. Also, the relationship between housing development pattern and the determinants was hypothesized based life-cycle model of neighbourhood change using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Both models of SEM – Measurement model and Structural model – adequately fit the study data. From the structural model findings, it was discovered that both physical (0.13) and neighbourhood factors (0.11) significantly have direct effects on housing development pattern in international towns. Housing physical factors such as road network, land features, dwelling accessibility and vegetation have indirect effect on housing pattern just like neighbourhood factors in the area of drainage system, level of infrastructural facilities, condition of space, and condition of foundation and land acquisition finance.
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE METROPOLIS, N...John1Lorcan
The development of infrastructure has long been recognized as critical to economic growth and
development as it facilitates economies of scale, reduces costs of trade, and is thus central to specialization
and the efficient production and consumption of goods and services. This informed efforts at provision of
infrastructure at both national and sub national levels. However, there are evidences to show that
infrastructure provisioning is often characterized by numerous obstacles. It is against this backdrop that
this paper examined these constraints within the context of Gombe Metropolis in North Eastern Nigeria
using both primary and secondary sources. The result showed that weak political will, corruption,
financial, institutional, and topographical constraints constitute some of the major challenges faced in
developing a viable infrastructure in Gombe. Nevertheless, the paper went further to demonstrate that
depoliticization of infrastructure projects, Alternative sources of infrastructure financing, government
diversification policy, new infrastructure policy and reforms constitute the prospect for developing a robust
infrastructure for sustainable economic development in Gombe and by implication, North Eastern Nigeria.
Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Ka...iosrjce
One of the natural factors to be considered in determining property rental values is flood. Year 2012
flood was noticeable in many countries due to its severance with Nigeria not left out most especially Kaduna
metropolis. This paper aims at assessing the effect of this year’s flood on residential property values. Data were
sourced through both primary and secondary means. Systematic random sampling was used as the affected
areas list was made available by Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project. Findings revealed low rental
values in both years 2012 and 2013 but rose again due to some militating measures taken by the government
and developers. In addition, the cause was traced to the rivers’ setback encroachment and dumping of refuse
into the rivers. Recommendations made include putting in place permanent measures to check flood’s
reoccurrence in the metropolis, availability of flood plain area map and data on flood occurrence to the public
and enforcement of development control on developers
AN IN-DEPTH LOOK INTO HOW BUILDING PRACTICES IN URBAN CITIES HINDER LOW-COST ...DamilareOG
It is widely agreed that the concept of housing is very important to everyone’s quality of life and health with considerable significance in economic, social, cultural and personal sections of life. Despite the seeming progress that has been achieved in urban cities of developing countries on building practices, provision of affordable housing is still a challenge.
This paper is aimed at deeply analysing these practices, like land-use policies, land-use regulations, high cost of land registration and titling, bureaucratic and drawn-out approval processes, architectural design styles and clients’ tastes, construction methods and seeing how they are barriers to the provision of low-cost housing in urban cities with Nigeria as a study area.
But to adequately address the hindrances these building practices pose in our urban cities, the study recommended the need for periodical reviews of various Nigerian Housing policies, creation of generally accessible and well-managed mortgaging and house financing schemes, call for accountability and integrity on the part of quantity surveyors and contractors, encouraging the use of locally found construction materials and funding research of finding cheaper alternative methods of construction and ultimately the need for architects to concentrate on cost-efficient and functional designs.
Solid Waste Disposal Attitude in Sango Ota, Ogun State: Implication for Susta...Premier Publishers
Solid waste disposal attitude is multidimensional and a complex issue that is prominent in urban areas. It is a global phenomenon confronting both developed and developing countries Sango Ota in Ogun State Nigeria has become an industrial region that attracts other activities and increases in population responsible for high volume of solid waste generation. In this paper, the current disposal means, waste collection method, resident attitude role of government in recent time will be achieved through the use of a questionnaire. Congestion, environmental pollution and health hazard was found to be the significant consequence of improper solid waste disposal with high Wald value and sig. value<0.05 level of significance. Majority of the respondents who chose burning, roadside dumping and flood/canal dumping were of the opinion that payment for either government/private waste collection in their area is expensive (51.1%) compared to other means of disposal. The implication of the findings for waste disposal attitude in achieving sustainable city development in Nigeria tackling solid waste problem in urban cities through public awareness, attitudinal change in achieving waste reduction, provision of collection point within neighbourhood and provision of accessibility to each dwelling with adequate drainage system.
CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE METROPOLIS, N...John1Lorcan
The development of infrastructure has long been recognized as critical to economic growth and
development as it facilitates economies of scale, reduces costs of trade, and is thus central to specialization
and the efficient production and consumption of goods and services. This informed efforts at provision of
infrastructure at both national and sub national levels. However, there are evidences to show that
infrastructure provisioning is often characterized by numerous obstacles. It is against this backdrop that
this paper examined these constraints within the context of Gombe Metropolis in North Eastern Nigeria
using both primary and secondary sources. The result showed that weak political will, corruption,
financial, institutional, and topographical constraints constitute some of the major challenges faced in
developing a viable infrastructure in Gombe. Nevertheless, the paper went further to demonstrate that
depoliticization of infrastructure projects, Alternative sources of infrastructure financing, government
diversification policy, new infrastructure policy and reforms constitute the prospect for developing a robust
infrastructure for sustainable economic development in Gombe and by implication, North Eastern Nigeria.
Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Ka...iosrjce
One of the natural factors to be considered in determining property rental values is flood. Year 2012
flood was noticeable in many countries due to its severance with Nigeria not left out most especially Kaduna
metropolis. This paper aims at assessing the effect of this year’s flood on residential property values. Data were
sourced through both primary and secondary means. Systematic random sampling was used as the affected
areas list was made available by Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project. Findings revealed low rental
values in both years 2012 and 2013 but rose again due to some militating measures taken by the government
and developers. In addition, the cause was traced to the rivers’ setback encroachment and dumping of refuse
into the rivers. Recommendations made include putting in place permanent measures to check flood’s
reoccurrence in the metropolis, availability of flood plain area map and data on flood occurrence to the public
and enforcement of development control on developers
AN IN-DEPTH LOOK INTO HOW BUILDING PRACTICES IN URBAN CITIES HINDER LOW-COST ...DamilareOG
It is widely agreed that the concept of housing is very important to everyone’s quality of life and health with considerable significance in economic, social, cultural and personal sections of life. Despite the seeming progress that has been achieved in urban cities of developing countries on building practices, provision of affordable housing is still a challenge.
This paper is aimed at deeply analysing these practices, like land-use policies, land-use regulations, high cost of land registration and titling, bureaucratic and drawn-out approval processes, architectural design styles and clients’ tastes, construction methods and seeing how they are barriers to the provision of low-cost housing in urban cities with Nigeria as a study area.
But to adequately address the hindrances these building practices pose in our urban cities, the study recommended the need for periodical reviews of various Nigerian Housing policies, creation of generally accessible and well-managed mortgaging and house financing schemes, call for accountability and integrity on the part of quantity surveyors and contractors, encouraging the use of locally found construction materials and funding research of finding cheaper alternative methods of construction and ultimately the need for architects to concentrate on cost-efficient and functional designs.
Solid Waste Disposal Attitude in Sango Ota, Ogun State: Implication for Susta...Premier Publishers
Solid waste disposal attitude is multidimensional and a complex issue that is prominent in urban areas. It is a global phenomenon confronting both developed and developing countries Sango Ota in Ogun State Nigeria has become an industrial region that attracts other activities and increases in population responsible for high volume of solid waste generation. In this paper, the current disposal means, waste collection method, resident attitude role of government in recent time will be achieved through the use of a questionnaire. Congestion, environmental pollution and health hazard was found to be the significant consequence of improper solid waste disposal with high Wald value and sig. value<0.05 level of significance. Majority of the respondents who chose burning, roadside dumping and flood/canal dumping were of the opinion that payment for either government/private waste collection in their area is expensive (51.1%) compared to other means of disposal. The implication of the findings for waste disposal attitude in achieving sustainable city development in Nigeria tackling solid waste problem in urban cities through public awareness, attitudinal change in achieving waste reduction, provision of collection point within neighbourhood and provision of accessibility to each dwelling with adequate drainage system.
Property Development and Land Use Planning Regulations in NigeriaIJEAB
Several land use planning regulations have been enacted in Nigeria over the years to control property development so as to ensure sustainable human environment. Despite the existence of these regulations, property development is still being carried out in ways that constitute environmental challenges in cities. With samples drawn from Abia State, this study examined the level of compliance of property development with planning regulations in Nigeria. The study was based mainly on primary data which were collected through direct observation, questionnaires, and through measurement of geometric variables of the buildings and their immediate outdoor spaces. Cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used to proportionately select buildings and respondents that were surveyed. Data collected were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Specifically, the t - test for paired samples was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Findings show that the level of compliance of buildings to planning regulations is not significant, with mean compliance rate being less than 20%. It also reveals that there is significant difference in the level of compliance to planning regulations between buildings constructed in the urban areas (with mean compliance rate of 14.5%), and those constructed in suburban/ rural areas (with mean compliance rate of 42%). Certain factors were found to be responsible for the low level of compliance among which are low level of physical planning and inadequate funding for planning authorities. The researchers therefore recommend that government should embark on the preparation of up-to-date land use plans for various towns and villages; implement the autonomy of the town planning authorities; and create the enabling environment for effective development control across the country.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
UNEARTHING THE LINK BETWEEN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND WALLING MATERIAL SELECT...IAEME Publication
The walling material component constitutes a substantial part of the building
envelope with consequent implication on overall housing cost. This study examined
the impact of socio-economic status (SES) of respondents on walling material
selection preferences for affordable housing in southwest Nigeria. Data was collected
in a cross-sectional field survey through administration of structured questionnaires
on randomly selected respondents in four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of three
States in Southwest Nigeria. Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive and
inferential statistics with results presented in tables and figures. The result showed a
high aspiration for homeownership amongst respondents. The result also showed that
lesser cost implication of walling materials does not translate to acceptance and use.
Most importantly, the results showed high significant relationship between SES and
choice of walling material for affordable housing. The study recommends that
selection of walling should be responsive to the SES of households to make housing
affordable. Study is also useful for guiding formulation of affordable housing policy in
Nigeria that is responsive to the SES of households in the study area
Morphological and GIS-based land use Analysis: A Critical Exploration of a Rural Neighborhood
*Dr.OLUWAGBEMIGA PAUL AGBOOLA1,Dr.MOHDHISYAMRASIDI2,Dr.ISMAIL SAID3, MA. SAMSON OLUTAYO ABOGAN4,MA.ADEBAMBO STEPHEN ADEJUWON5
1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B.1011, Esa-Oke. Osun State. Nigeria.
2,3Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Postcode 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor. Malaysia.
4,5Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B. 1011, Esa-Oke. Osun-State. Nigeria.
1E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com , 2E mail:hisyamrasidi@gmail.com , 3E mail:ismailbinsaid@gmail.com , 4E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com
A B S T R A C T
The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio-economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria.
sustainability re thinking a tool for planning and design in nigeria built e...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The concept of sustainability has been introduced to combine concern for the well being of the planet with continued growth and development. This requires awareness of full short and long term consequences of any transformation of the environment. The paper investigates the principles underpinning tools and physical measures within the scope of planning and design in built environment. Working for sustainability demands an awareness of how everything works whether natural or man-made. The available range of tools for planning and design nesting with planning and design process is hereby discussed. The paper highlights that environment are met to change with inspiration and human creativity involving the concept of designing professionals within the concept of planning and design tools. Therefore, a more appropriate understanding of sustainability based on the critical activities of planning and design in the face of development and constructions are needed.
FACTORS AFFECTING SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION IN PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ...IAEME Publication
The construction industry in Jordan is considered one of the most important sectors to enhance the economic growth and it is responsible for offering jobs, employment and wealth. Construction industry in Jordan has rapidly developed in the last few years due to the huge public investments and infrastructure projects. These large projects utilize and consume vast amounts of resources in terms of materials, water, and energy. Also, they produce large amounts of products which are harmful to the environment and have long term impacts upon economy and society. As a result, there is an increase interest from public sector to address sustainability in public construction industry in Jordan due to several challenges which are facing its development. These challenges are namely, the lack of public funds, population growth, scarce of water resources, environmental issues, climate change, greenhouse gases which occurred from several sectors and especially from the construction industry. This paper presents factors affecting the integration of sustainability in public construction industry in Jordan which were identified from the content analysis approach. These factors were grouped into six categories. The study concluded that these factors need to be considered by set of governmental programs and best practices to become key factors to address sustainability issues in a regional changing environment
Perception of Urban Dwellers on Street Interlocking in Maiduguri, Borno State...Premier Publishers
In recent years the implementation of interlocking concrete pavement has gained significant popularity due to the advantages it offers to the urban environment. There is strong relationship existing between the urban dwellers and the urban landscape. The relationship is so strong as a result of increase awareness and understanding about the value and benefits of urban landscape. This article aims to assess the perception of urban dwellers concerning street interlocking. The study focused on four wards within the study area where 200 questionnaires were administered. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze information collected. From the study it was found that the respondents perceived street interlocking construction in the study area as a welcome idea because of it benefits to the environment. The street interlocking was not found lacking negative impacts on the environment.
Urbanisation started in the early days along the river valleys where civilisation was first experienced. The rate of urbanisation at this time was slow; however, the rate of urbanisation in developing countries is so fast at the moment where it generates many problems like pollution, inadequate housing and clean water, flooding, high rate of waste disposal and insecurity. Many towns do not have plans and policies to govern the establishment of the infrastructures. Planning ensures proper establishment of infrastructures and thus adequate provision of social amenities. One of the major problems in Rongo Town is inadequate housing which is caused by high rate of population growth. Similarly, the provision of other social amenities like education, health and electricity has been stressed as the local authorities and central governments lack the capacity to cope up with the population increase. There is great need to expand the capacity of these facilities in Rongo Town. The need to put in place policies that govern waste management and environmental conservation cannot be downplayed. The government and the local authorities should establish town boundaries to check the movement of towns into the neighbourhood and hence protect the resources in the neighbourhood for economic growth. In a nutshell, everybody including government, local authorities, engineers, planners, town and local residents should be involved in planning and policy formulation so as to improve the living standards of the residents of Rongo Town.
CHANGING URBAN LAND USE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD QUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM FEDERAL CAPI...IAEME Publication
Land use change in more recent times is becoming a natural phenomenon in cities
of developing countries. Its causes and consequences were investigated with respect to
FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. The responses of registered estate surveying firms (ESFs)
practicing in FCT Abuja on the pattern of land use dynamics were obtained and
analysed by descriptive statistics such as simple distribution frequency (SDF) and
mean weighted score (MWS). Four major findings were discovered. Firstly, the
predominantly changing land use were agrarian and residential, secondly the
direction of change in land use revolves around public land use, residential, retail and
office property with prevailing observations of new development and redevelopment
involving renovations/rehabilitations and modifications/alterations. Thirdly the major
determinants of land use change were identified as economic and spatial political
factors and lastly the noticeable consequences had been arbitrary land/rental value,
landscape distortion and pressure on urban infrastructure among others. The study
recommended that policymakers and private stakeholders should encourage and
adhere to land use control measures to strike a balance between economic
development and land administrative system to foster a sustainable urban cities.
Issues and Challenges of Urban Renewal in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeriaiosrjce
Urban renewal brings improvement to the physical and housing conditions and makes a city a
suitable place for living. The commitment of the Plateau State government to giving a face lift to the aesthetic
beauty of the capital city of Jos, through urban renewal, has been reiterated on several occasions. The city
witnessed series of crises almost throughout the last decade with the high density residential areas mostly
affected. The implementation of the proposed urban renewal programmes in the capital city, therefore, call for
caution and concern. This study, having investigated through questionnaires, interview and field observation,
the various socio-economic characteristics of three high density residential areas, namely, Ungwan Rogo,
Gangare and Dadinkowa, respectively sampled from the Northern, Central and Southern strata of the
metropolis, established that the areas are slums. Results of investigations revealed that over 75% of the total
landuse is residential and about 64% of the buildings possess no legal documents. The study further revealed
that away from lack of knowledge of the benefits of urban renewal programmes, fear of loss of property and
lack of trust in government for fear of poor compensation, are factors of non-acceptability of renewal
programmes. 65.8 % of the citizens are of the opinion that poorly managed urban renewal progammes can
regenerate crisis in the metropolis and as such streamlining the process of acquiring C of O, adequate
compensation, incessant pubic enlightenment and public participation, are recommended as key to successful
implementation of urban renewal activities in Jos.
Dimension of Land Use Conversion in Ado-Ekiti Metropolisijceronline
Over the years land use has ever been dynamics due to many factors such as economics, environmental, socio- political, legal among others. In Ado-Ekiti metropolis, due to urbanization the quantum of developable land available continue to decrease daily, hence the high rate of land use conversion. This paper examined land use pattern in Ado- Ekiti and then identified the direction of land use conversion in the study area. Primary data were collected with questionnaire administered on 76 individual property owners who have their properties converted. It was discovered that all the identified properties were originally meant for residential use. The results showed that land use conversion from residential-commercial (68%) was identified followed by residential-institutional (16%), residential-recreational (12%), while residential-others (4%). This study concluded that going by the rate at which residential properties are been converted to other uses in Ado-Ekiti metropolis in the recent time, may lead to serious housing shortage. The implication of this is that house rents will continue to rise to the extent that, low and even medium income earners may not be able to afford accommodation within the study area, unless urgent government intervention.
Property Development and Land Use Planning Regulations in NigeriaIJEAB
Several land use planning regulations have been enacted in Nigeria over the years to control property development so as to ensure sustainable human environment. Despite the existence of these regulations, property development is still being carried out in ways that constitute environmental challenges in cities. With samples drawn from Abia State, this study examined the level of compliance of property development with planning regulations in Nigeria. The study was based mainly on primary data which were collected through direct observation, questionnaires, and through measurement of geometric variables of the buildings and their immediate outdoor spaces. Cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used to proportionately select buildings and respondents that were surveyed. Data collected were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Specifically, the t - test for paired samples was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Findings show that the level of compliance of buildings to planning regulations is not significant, with mean compliance rate being less than 20%. It also reveals that there is significant difference in the level of compliance to planning regulations between buildings constructed in the urban areas (with mean compliance rate of 14.5%), and those constructed in suburban/ rural areas (with mean compliance rate of 42%). Certain factors were found to be responsible for the low level of compliance among which are low level of physical planning and inadequate funding for planning authorities. The researchers therefore recommend that government should embark on the preparation of up-to-date land use plans for various towns and villages; implement the autonomy of the town planning authorities; and create the enabling environment for effective development control across the country.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
UNEARTHING THE LINK BETWEEN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND WALLING MATERIAL SELECT...IAEME Publication
The walling material component constitutes a substantial part of the building
envelope with consequent implication on overall housing cost. This study examined
the impact of socio-economic status (SES) of respondents on walling material
selection preferences for affordable housing in southwest Nigeria. Data was collected
in a cross-sectional field survey through administration of structured questionnaires
on randomly selected respondents in four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of three
States in Southwest Nigeria. Data obtained was analyzed using descriptive and
inferential statistics with results presented in tables and figures. The result showed a
high aspiration for homeownership amongst respondents. The result also showed that
lesser cost implication of walling materials does not translate to acceptance and use.
Most importantly, the results showed high significant relationship between SES and
choice of walling material for affordable housing. The study recommends that
selection of walling should be responsive to the SES of households to make housing
affordable. Study is also useful for guiding formulation of affordable housing policy in
Nigeria that is responsive to the SES of households in the study area
Morphological and GIS-based land use Analysis: A Critical Exploration of a Rural Neighborhood
*Dr.OLUWAGBEMIGA PAUL AGBOOLA1,Dr.MOHDHISYAMRASIDI2,Dr.ISMAIL SAID3, MA. SAMSON OLUTAYO ABOGAN4,MA.ADEBAMBO STEPHEN ADEJUWON5
1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B.1011, Esa-Oke. Osun State. Nigeria.
2,3Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Postcode 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor. Malaysia.
4,5Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B. 1011, Esa-Oke. Osun-State. Nigeria.
1E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com , 2E mail:hisyamrasidi@gmail.com , 3E mail:ismailbinsaid@gmail.com , 4E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com
A B S T R A C T
The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio-economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria.
sustainability re thinking a tool for planning and design in nigeria built e...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The concept of sustainability has been introduced to combine concern for the well being of the planet with continued growth and development. This requires awareness of full short and long term consequences of any transformation of the environment. The paper investigates the principles underpinning tools and physical measures within the scope of planning and design in built environment. Working for sustainability demands an awareness of how everything works whether natural or man-made. The available range of tools for planning and design nesting with planning and design process is hereby discussed. The paper highlights that environment are met to change with inspiration and human creativity involving the concept of designing professionals within the concept of planning and design tools. Therefore, a more appropriate understanding of sustainability based on the critical activities of planning and design in the face of development and constructions are needed.
FACTORS AFFECTING SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION IN PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ...IAEME Publication
The construction industry in Jordan is considered one of the most important sectors to enhance the economic growth and it is responsible for offering jobs, employment and wealth. Construction industry in Jordan has rapidly developed in the last few years due to the huge public investments and infrastructure projects. These large projects utilize and consume vast amounts of resources in terms of materials, water, and energy. Also, they produce large amounts of products which are harmful to the environment and have long term impacts upon economy and society. As a result, there is an increase interest from public sector to address sustainability in public construction industry in Jordan due to several challenges which are facing its development. These challenges are namely, the lack of public funds, population growth, scarce of water resources, environmental issues, climate change, greenhouse gases which occurred from several sectors and especially from the construction industry. This paper presents factors affecting the integration of sustainability in public construction industry in Jordan which were identified from the content analysis approach. These factors were grouped into six categories. The study concluded that these factors need to be considered by set of governmental programs and best practices to become key factors to address sustainability issues in a regional changing environment
Perception of Urban Dwellers on Street Interlocking in Maiduguri, Borno State...Premier Publishers
In recent years the implementation of interlocking concrete pavement has gained significant popularity due to the advantages it offers to the urban environment. There is strong relationship existing between the urban dwellers and the urban landscape. The relationship is so strong as a result of increase awareness and understanding about the value and benefits of urban landscape. This article aims to assess the perception of urban dwellers concerning street interlocking. The study focused on four wards within the study area where 200 questionnaires were administered. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze information collected. From the study it was found that the respondents perceived street interlocking construction in the study area as a welcome idea because of it benefits to the environment. The street interlocking was not found lacking negative impacts on the environment.
Urbanisation started in the early days along the river valleys where civilisation was first experienced. The rate of urbanisation at this time was slow; however, the rate of urbanisation in developing countries is so fast at the moment where it generates many problems like pollution, inadequate housing and clean water, flooding, high rate of waste disposal and insecurity. Many towns do not have plans and policies to govern the establishment of the infrastructures. Planning ensures proper establishment of infrastructures and thus adequate provision of social amenities. One of the major problems in Rongo Town is inadequate housing which is caused by high rate of population growth. Similarly, the provision of other social amenities like education, health and electricity has been stressed as the local authorities and central governments lack the capacity to cope up with the population increase. There is great need to expand the capacity of these facilities in Rongo Town. The need to put in place policies that govern waste management and environmental conservation cannot be downplayed. The government and the local authorities should establish town boundaries to check the movement of towns into the neighbourhood and hence protect the resources in the neighbourhood for economic growth. In a nutshell, everybody including government, local authorities, engineers, planners, town and local residents should be involved in planning and policy formulation so as to improve the living standards of the residents of Rongo Town.
CHANGING URBAN LAND USE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD QUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM FEDERAL CAPI...IAEME Publication
Land use change in more recent times is becoming a natural phenomenon in cities
of developing countries. Its causes and consequences were investigated with respect to
FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. The responses of registered estate surveying firms (ESFs)
practicing in FCT Abuja on the pattern of land use dynamics were obtained and
analysed by descriptive statistics such as simple distribution frequency (SDF) and
mean weighted score (MWS). Four major findings were discovered. Firstly, the
predominantly changing land use were agrarian and residential, secondly the
direction of change in land use revolves around public land use, residential, retail and
office property with prevailing observations of new development and redevelopment
involving renovations/rehabilitations and modifications/alterations. Thirdly the major
determinants of land use change were identified as economic and spatial political
factors and lastly the noticeable consequences had been arbitrary land/rental value,
landscape distortion and pressure on urban infrastructure among others. The study
recommended that policymakers and private stakeholders should encourage and
adhere to land use control measures to strike a balance between economic
development and land administrative system to foster a sustainable urban cities.
Issues and Challenges of Urban Renewal in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeriaiosrjce
Urban renewal brings improvement to the physical and housing conditions and makes a city a
suitable place for living. The commitment of the Plateau State government to giving a face lift to the aesthetic
beauty of the capital city of Jos, through urban renewal, has been reiterated on several occasions. The city
witnessed series of crises almost throughout the last decade with the high density residential areas mostly
affected. The implementation of the proposed urban renewal programmes in the capital city, therefore, call for
caution and concern. This study, having investigated through questionnaires, interview and field observation,
the various socio-economic characteristics of three high density residential areas, namely, Ungwan Rogo,
Gangare and Dadinkowa, respectively sampled from the Northern, Central and Southern strata of the
metropolis, established that the areas are slums. Results of investigations revealed that over 75% of the total
landuse is residential and about 64% of the buildings possess no legal documents. The study further revealed
that away from lack of knowledge of the benefits of urban renewal programmes, fear of loss of property and
lack of trust in government for fear of poor compensation, are factors of non-acceptability of renewal
programmes. 65.8 % of the citizens are of the opinion that poorly managed urban renewal progammes can
regenerate crisis in the metropolis and as such streamlining the process of acquiring C of O, adequate
compensation, incessant pubic enlightenment and public participation, are recommended as key to successful
implementation of urban renewal activities in Jos.
Dimension of Land Use Conversion in Ado-Ekiti Metropolisijceronline
Over the years land use has ever been dynamics due to many factors such as economics, environmental, socio- political, legal among others. In Ado-Ekiti metropolis, due to urbanization the quantum of developable land available continue to decrease daily, hence the high rate of land use conversion. This paper examined land use pattern in Ado- Ekiti and then identified the direction of land use conversion in the study area. Primary data were collected with questionnaire administered on 76 individual property owners who have their properties converted. It was discovered that all the identified properties were originally meant for residential use. The results showed that land use conversion from residential-commercial (68%) was identified followed by residential-institutional (16%), residential-recreational (12%), while residential-others (4%). This study concluded that going by the rate at which residential properties are been converted to other uses in Ado-Ekiti metropolis in the recent time, may lead to serious housing shortage. The implication of this is that house rents will continue to rise to the extent that, low and even medium income earners may not be able to afford accommodation within the study area, unless urgent government intervention.
Problematic Infrastructure Factors Affecting Development in the 21st Century ...Premier Publishers
Good infrastructure is linked to economic growth and development, without deny. The study explores five problematic infrastructure factors affecting development in Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwean nation has been struggling to recover from economic crisis, which has bedeviled the economy for quite a long time. The study identified and discussed five problematic infrastructure factors that hinders development. Addressing of the factors will place the country on a better position for recovery using a better recovery pace. The study utilized the Network Theory to support its argument. The identified factors are power cuts and shortages, poor road infrastructure, inefficient rail network within the country, water shortages and poor transport infrastructure for access to ports. The study employed the Relative Importance Index to enable the ranking of identified factors. Policies that target improvement of the identified problems will aid both short term and long-term development of the economy.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The growth and development of any nation is highly dependent on the level of infrastructure. Infrastructural decay has taken a big toll on the economic development of most Sub- Saharan African nations. This paper investigated the effect infrastructural decay on the growth of the manufacturing sector in Sub- Saharan Africa with particular reference to the Nigerian situation. The data necessary for this study were obtained from secondary sources. The results of unit root suggest that all the variables in the model are stationary. The ordinary least square regression with a coefficient of 0.92 revealed a strong positive relationship between the variables of interest. A co-integration test was performed on these variables to determine the long-run relationship between the variables. The results of causality tests suggest that electricity supply, transport infrastructure and inflation rate (the explanatory variables) jointly explain changes in the manufacturing sector performance. The result also reveals a one-way causation running from interest rate to manufacturing sector performance. The Johansen cointegration result reveals the existence of a common trend among the variables of interest. Electricity decay was found to have the greatest negative impact on the manufacturing sector’s financial performance and output followed by inflation and transportation. The government is therefore enjoined to continue the reform programmes across the infrastructural segments of the economy.
Flood Vulnerability Study in Parts of Oyo Township Using GIS and Remote Sensingpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.
Rural Infrastructure and Sustainable Development in Nigeriaijtsrd
This study examined rural infrastructure and sustainable development in Nigeria. From the result of the OLS, the study revealed that poverty alleviation, basic education, rural electrification, primary healthcare, and road network have a positive impact on sustainable development in Nigeria. With the exception of road networking that was not statistically insignificant, all the other variables of the study were statistically significant in explaining sustainable development in Nigeria. The study recommends that The federal government should increase its monetary budget on education for the purpose of procuring educational materials, equipments, conducive environment for both staffs and students and also provide skill acquisition equipment for human capital development which will also lead to self employment. The government at all levels should formulate policies that aims at eliminating those negative externalities that are responsible for natural resource depletion and environmental degradation which undermines sustainable development in Nigeria. Government should also step up a well supervised expenditure on basic infrastructures, poverty alleviation, basic education, rural electrification, fight against corruption, primary healthcare, and road networking. This is because they have been found to influence productivity of the rural dwellers and also affect sustainable development. Okoli, Ikechukwu Moses | Okonkwo Somtochukwu Mary | Michael, Maureen Chinenye "Rural Infrastructure and Sustainable Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30943.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/30943/rural-infrastructure-and-sustainable-development-in-nigeria/okoli-ikechukwu-moses
Experts profiling on a healthier built environment: Lowering the threat of cl...AgboolaPaul3
There are indications that climate change and its
consequences are already creating threats to the built environment in Nigeria. These
environmental threats have negative implications for healthy, well-being, and urban
sustainability. This empirical study aim to identify how climate change has influenced the
built environment in Nigeria’s South-Western region, considering the following objectives:
to explore the reasons for climate change in South-western, Nigeria, to determine the
consequences of environmental issues on inhabitant health in South-western, Nigeria; and
to critically determine the key measures of climate change mitigation and adaptation to
enhance the environmental sustainability of the Southwestern region of Nigeria.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Categorisation of Rural Development Stakeholders in Bui Division, North West ...PriyankaKilaniya
Rural development is a complex process involving multiple stakeholders with diverse interests and roles. The question of categorising these stakeholders which is missing in current literature is an urgent matter. This study aims to categorise the rural development stakeholders and examine their spatial geographical coverage in Bui Division of Cameroon. To do this, data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through field observations, personal interviews with RD institutions and administration of 360 questionnaire to the rural population of Kumbo, Oku and Noni Sub-Divisions within Bui Division. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and cartographic techniques with the help of figures, percentages, tables and a map. The findings revealed internal and external stakeholders in the rural development process, who are unevenly distributed within the division (40.9% in Kumbo, 30% in Oku and 29.1% in Noni). The study concludes that a critical foundation to formulate strategies for strengthening RD planning and implementation via stakeholder categorization in the area is in dire need. By providing a novel stakeholder categorisation approach, the study recommends that the internal and external stakeholder groups should each delineate their own set of priorities and requirements in streamlining sustainable future RD in the area. Also, the state should ensure balanced distribution of RD stakeholders by increasing their numbers in the less developed sub-divisions such as Noni and Oku in order to ensure that all sub-divisions equitably benefit from RD initiatives.
Similar to FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS IN INTERNATIONAL BORDER TOWNS IN OGUNSTATE, NIGERIA (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
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2. Oladimeji Olusola Ojo, OPOKO Akunnaya Pearl, OLUWATAYO Adedapo Adewunmi and
OLOTUAH Abiodun Olukayode
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 27 editor@iaeme.com
cognizance of these important factors when formulating or developing her housing
development plan.
Keywords: Housing, Development, Physical Factors, Neighbourhood Factors,
Structural Equation Modeling
Cite this Article: Oladimeji Olusola Ojo, OPOKO Akunnaya Pearl, OLUWATAYO
Adedapo Adewunmi and OLOTUAH Abiodun Olukayode, Factors Influencing
Housing Development Patterns in International Border Towns in Ogunstate, Nigeria,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 2019, pp.
26-40.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Human activities on earth keep on increasing in line with daily needs, individual needs are
unlimited and the pressure to balance recent population in term of provision of basic needs
leads to environmental degradation, naturally or through human activities. Poverty in border
towns create problem for environmental functionality. Landuse compatibility is the adequate
measure in ensuring good and healthy environment. Therefore, it requires sustainable
development control instrument in balancing various landuse. Environmental degradation is
one of the problems experiencing all over the world and a threat to human development and
well-being. The major attributes of environmental degradation are land distortion,
pollution, overpopulation and deforestation due to rapid growth in population. Therefore,
there is a need for expansion which affects natural resources and results in climate change,
also natural disasters such as earthquake, storms and flooding Donohoe, (2003) [1]. All have
an effect on socio economic physical environment and health of residents.
Ogboru & Anga (2015) [2] investigated the impact of environmental degradation on the
Nigerian environment, that includes plant and animal, social impact that poses threat to the
well-being of people in urban areas and increases social vices. Yaro, Okon & Ukpali (2015)
[3], observed that environmental degradation such as building collapse, destruction of farm
land, roads and other facilities that affect the standard of living. ―The most important factor
that limits progress in improving housing and living conditions of low-income groups in
informal settlements and slums is the lack of genuine political will to address the issue in a
fundamentally structured, sustainable and large-scale manner [4].
Impacts of urbanization on an environment are observed in the aspect of increase in
population, industrial activities and expansion of the area [5]. Uncontrolled development can
lead to environmental degradation that can cause land insecurity, pollution, low quality of
water and problem of waste disposal and management. The responses of a policy maker to the
impact of environmental degradation on border settlement is low, the consequences of poverty
on housing have a significance impact on health status of both young and old of the residents
[6]. Inequality and segregation are common challenges of borders settlement; the causes of
these challenges are location and accessibility to each town.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A settlement is not an isolated house. It is the form in which a group of people of variable
number live in close proximity [7]. Settlement locations are affected by topography factors
[8]. The physical element of the border environment goes far to fortifying or decreasing the
view of contrast that appeared in the outskirt [9]. Munyoro & Nyamushamba (2016) [10]
studied the impact of illegal settlements on economic development in Chirundu border town,
Zimbabwe. Their findings revealed that inadequate serviced land by the government,
3. Factors Influencing Housing Development Patterns in International Border Towns in Ogunstate,
Nigeria
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 28 editor@iaeme.com
insufficient affordable housing units, increase in existing population, which impacted on
health, crime, land degradation and economic development were major issues confronting the
development of the borders.
2.1. Housing Types and Units
Housing units in a neighbourhood constitute a framework for assessing design and
development patterns in a particular area. The basic housing units in border towns of Ogun
State basically comprises of mud-walled, corrugated iron sheets, face-to-face, tenement
building, usually with external kitchens and toilets. Despite the formulation of various
housing policies and programmes in Nigeria to secure habitable dwellings for individuals, the
housing situation in the country suffers setbacks, like increasing housing densities and poor
condition of available ones [11].
Housing types around border towns are of different categories. The core areas mixed with
newly housing types but retain old characteristics of traditional settlements. The establishment
of border points and activities of government that increase commercial activities have led to
increase in population. Therefore, types of housing development in the past tend to be low in
quality and condition [12]: [13]. The rapid urbanisation of international border towns led to
demand for housing and expansion to various villages for further accommodation [13]. The
development has significant effect on suitability and sustainability of the environment. More
so, border towns are associated with unplanned and lack of development control required for
housing satisfaction.
2.2. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
PATTERNS
2.2.1. Land Use Pattern in Border Settlements
Thuo (2013) [14] studied appropriate theoretical framework suitable for border settlements
and discovered that there is no theory of land use that adequately explained land formation in
fringe areas. Ballabh, Pillay & Hariram (2014) [15] and UN Habitat (2012) [16] described
conditions of the physical environment as a factor that distinguishes human settlements and
other related land uses in a particular area. Malikova et al., (2015) [17] concluded that borders
accommodate different stages of economic development and integration as a result of the
increase in regional disparities. After a century of living in certain area or community,
inhabitants had an opportunity to redefine spatial activities that would suit his or her own
desires [18]. Human beings have become increasingly conscious of their ability to induce
change and this self-knowledge has been applied more and more systematically [19].
Settlements undergo changes due to unpredicted growth and with time, they are incorporated
into the ever-growing urban centre [20].
Anabestani (2014) [21] revealed that, housing patterns in Binalood County had 35.4 per
cent of the housing patterns variation; in respect of social factors affecting the area include
ethnicity, type of houses, family structure, migration, social stratification, security, religious
beliefs, and traditions. Iranmanesh & Imantalab (2014) [22] argued that, the main effective
factors in determine housing in particular area can be summarized in four items: morphology
of land, livelihoods-based economy, climatic factors and socio-cultural status of people.
Changes in neighbourhood particularly, the agrarian area towards the periphery is offering an
approach to other land use patterns [23]. Williams (2007) [24] emphasised that, both safe
housing and monetary needs ought to be catered for in settlement arrangement and usage. The
settlement procedure likewise shapes a chain of exercises from arrangement, legitimate
connection through land issues, planning, to execution. Social variables, specifically, seem to
4. Oladimeji Olusola Ojo, OPOKO Akunnaya Pearl, OLUWATAYO Adedapo Adewunmi and
OLOTUAH Abiodun Olukayode
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 29 editor@iaeme.com
drive settlement designs in spaces where people settle in clustered regions notwithstanding
abundant accessible environment [25].
Adams and Okoampa (2011) [26] examined the relationship between settlements
formation and economic development in the context of six communities in the central area of
Ghana. The study indicates that the indigene-settler needs to understand challenges to
promote economic development. Zhao, Lu & De Roo (2010) [27] agreed that, comprehensive
development management be introduced to mitigate the negative impact of transportation
caused by fragmented approaches to land use, housing, and transport development as a
driving example in the city periphery of Beijing because movement determines land use
pattern. Ballabh, Pillay & Hariram (2014) [15] argued that the distribution of settlements is
very much affected by the morphometric attributes and physical environment in the region of
Lesser Himalayas. There is higher diversity in the type of landscapes found across the regions
compared to the pre-war era since the differences in natural landscapes are echoed by the
differences in land use and settlement patterns [28]. Therefore, illegal and informal land
subdivision is not limited land on the urban fringes but the process of raising densities in low-
and medium-density [4].
2.2.2. Poverty
The relationship between housing and poverty is the inability of housing supply to meet
demand in terms of quality, location, affordability, and security. Poverty is living below
standard. There is no international consensus in determining poverty, but absolute poverty
thresholds are determined by measuring survival needs related to food and shelter. Therefore,
UNESCO described poverty in either relative or absolute terms. Absolute poverty measures
poverty in relation to the money available to meet the basic needs such as food, clothing, and
shelter while relative poverty is measured by prevailing standard set aside as a
yardstick. Therefore, a person falling below or lacking all mentioned above is considered to
be living in absolute poverty. The international standard in measuring extreme poverty is
when the person falls below one dollar per day. The United Nation addresses poverty as a
multidimensional that includes housing poverty which has effects on human life.
Chandrasekhar & Montgomery (2010) [29], discovered that, poverty lines in India focus on
basic nutritional needs of the residents while ignoring basic needs for housing. Meanwhile,
both food and housing play very important roles in poverty reduction.
2.3. Land Tenure System in Border Settlements
Land is a critical element in the border. A borderland can be considered as peripheral because
its location is related to social, historical, political, legal and economic factors experienced
within the areas [30]. The process of addressing land issues is complex, time-consuming and
highly expensive [31]. Housing and land demands in suburbs should meet the innovative and
vision of governance frameworks. Land tenure is the mode of land holding together with the
terms and conditions of occupancy [32].
Siakilo (2014) [33] studied the characteristics and state of land ownership tenure in
Nairobi Kenya. He found that, lack of systematic dissemination of land information and
updated land information contributed to uncoordinated land issues, therefore undermining the
efficiency of environmental planning and lack of back up on registration of the land
document. A planned settlement has a legal land tenure system, with adequate provision of
infrastructure while unplanned settlements accommodate a large number of people closer to
employment opportunities with insufficient services [34]. Land rights are crucial to housing
development and a sustainable tool for future physical planning [35]. Security of tenure is a
critical factor contributing toward people's housing development processes [36].
5. Factors Influencing Housing Development Patterns in International Border Towns in Ogunstate,
Nigeria
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 30 editor@iaeme.com
Agunbiade, Rajabifard & Bennett (2011) [37] in their study identified land, as a major
factor in production and crucial for adequate housing production and adequate housing
production, needs efficient land tenure system, land use map and land development analysis.
Bizimana, Mugiraneza, Twarabamenye & Mukeshimana (2012) [38] examined land tenure
security in Kigali city and revealed that, in Muhima, there was uncertainty of tenure security
that may affect housing production. Therefore, they recommended that land management unit
should exercise much effort in land matters. Current policies, institutions
framework, laws and regulations govern access to land must not be overlooked [39].
Informality in land tenure system is a key factor in the development of informal settlement.
Informal housing is associated with land tenure procedures. Land tenure security means
the owner will continue to occupy the land and benefit from the resources without threat and
eviction [33, 38, 40]. The unsatisfactory land tenure system is caused by an individual by not
able to have access to loan services in Kenya, where about 60% live in informal settlements
due to financial problem to purchase suitable land, it also affects livelihood [41].
Payne & Durand-Lasserve, 2012 [42] and Csatari et al., (2013) [43] suggested that land
tenure should be viewed as a social entity embedded with rules and regulations that determine
how land is acquired and utilized. The rights to land relied on the understanding between the
owner and occupants. Land transfer from one person to another and inheritance are
traditionally overseen in Nigeria by community or family rules and regulations, it can lead to
informal housing planning. The procedures for accessing land undermine the efficiency of
normal land use allocation, ownership and redistribution mechanisms [44]. From the
perspective of environmental protection and site preservation, each unique and creative form
of land ownership has its advantages and disadvantages [45].
Owusu & Asamoah (2005) [45] investigated overhauling land for housing improvement in
peri-urban zones of Kumasi, Ghana, four measures were suggested: funding for infrastructure
provision by landowners, collaboration between traditional authority and public sectors
agencies/departments, enforcement of planning and development regulation and adoption of
site and services approach should be adopted. In sub-Saharan Africa, customary landowners
are the major providers of land for housing, their right to the land is not recognized by the
state but play a major role [4]. Adam (2014) [47] concluded that land document is mainly
obtained by trust without any legal written documents for a formalization of the agreement
and dispute were settled by traditional ruler when matter arise.
Tukahirwa (2002) [22] observed that security of tenure is a prerequisite for land utilization
either by individual or collective ownership which can also be affected by exogenous factors
like migration. Kyessi (2010) [48] study on enhancing the security of land tenure in Hanna
Nassif settlement, Dares Salaam, Tanzania, revealed that, the degree at which security of land
tenure can reduce poverty is one of the objectives of formalization of property rights. He
observed also that the nature and extent of the use of security of tenure to access finance are
not well documented in Tanzania. Access to land and security for residential purposes
and improvement are basically government effort for every fringe
settlement. Spatial arrangement must be in conjunction with physical planning unit to oversee
land subdivisions of the area and new patterns of land use [49].
3. METHODOLOGY
The study employed Structural Equation Modelling to evaluate how physical and
neighbourhood characteristics influence housing formation pattern. Although SEM is a single
technique it is a family of related procedures, with a number of important characteristics in
common [50]. Purposively, SEM can be used to solve complex issues simultaneously [51].
Life-Cycle Model of Neighbourhood Change theory implies that neighbourhoods pass
6. Oladimeji Olusola Ojo, OPOKO Akunnaya Pearl, OLUWATAYO Adedapo Adewunmi and
OLOTUAH Abiodun Olukayode
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 31 editor@iaeme.com
through invasion or succession life stage developments processes and as such the
development processes are complex in nature. This is because the stages initialize from
transitional development to finally advancements of neighbourhoods both in urban areas and
suburbs. Thus, the method suits the complex issues surrounding housing development
patterns at international border areas. In addition, SEM consists of both measurement model
and structural model [52]. In measurement model, the relationship that suggests how
observed variables represent a factor variable is specified. On the other hand, structural
model specifies relationship that exists among the factor variables through recursive and
non-recursive process [50].
The linear model equation formula can be stated mathematically as thus:
βPHYSI βNEIGH
Where
PATTN = Development Pattern;
PHYSI = Physical Factors;
NEIGH = Neighbourhood Factors;
In this study, housing physical factors are measured by layout design (layde); physical
features of areas (phyfe); road network (roane); housing quality (housq); land features (lanfe);
accessibility to dwelling houses (acces); vegetation (veget); and land topography (topog).
Similarly, neighbourhood characteristics were captured by level of drainage system (drain);
level of infrastructural facilities (infpr); tenure status (testa); land acquisition status (laacq);
means of land acquisition finance (lacfn); condition of space (bucos); condition of foundation
(bucof); and materials for roofing (bumar).
The study was conducted in Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. That share boundary with
Republic of Benin, the choice of the state was predicated on the fact that the State has large
border areas with moderate growth rates [53] and it has followed the national trends of
increasing border population, [54]. The study results should, therefore, be fairly representative
of large Nigerian border towns. Specifically, three towns were purposively selected for the
study. These towns were selected given their high population densities and presence of
government activities along the border within their jurisdictions. They are Idi-iroko in Ipokia
Local Government Areas (25,415) Ilara in Imeko Afon Local Government Areas (11,905) and
Ohunbe in Yewa North Local Government Areas (2,935) [54]. The study used existing base
map of the settlements generated through google website to identify total number of buildings
in the three selected towns. The results indicate 4,111 buildings in Idi-Iroko town; 1,905 in
Ilara town; and 1,331 buildings in Ohunbe town. However, a pilot survey was conducted to
identify habitable residential buildings and to pre-test the study schedule in order to validate
the process and research instruments. In addition, pilot survey as a preliminary study was also
used to re-examine study variables as stated by [55, 56]. Therefore, the available habitable
buildings were identified in the process. Through this process, the habitable residential
buildings as follows: Idi Iroko town- 3,802; Ilara town - 1,480; and Ohunbe town- 821
respectively. Hence, the population of the study comprised of 6,103 habitable residential
buildings in the three selected towns for the current study.
For sampling selection procedures, the two-way statistical approaches established by
Cochran (1977) [57] for finite population was adopted. In other words, the study effective
sample size was calculated via two stages. Firstly, formula for calculating sample size when
the population was applied and illustrated below as;
7. Factors Influencing Housing Development Patterns in International Border Towns in Ogunstate,
Nigeria
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 32 editor@iaeme.com
n0 = (1)
Where, no is the sample size, z is the selected critical value of desired confidence level, p
is the estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population, q = 1 - p and e is
the desired level of precision [57].
The study assumes the maximum variability to be 50% (p =0.5) and taking 95%
confidence level with ±5% precision, the calculation for required sample size will be as
follows;
p = 0.5 and hence q =1-0.5 = 0.5; e = 0.05; z =1.96
So,
n0 =
( ) ( )( )
( )
n0 = 384
Given the fact that no derived is greater than 5% of the population size (6,103). This, thus,
brings the need to use correction formula to calculate the final sample size. The theorist,
Cochran, points out that if the population is finite, then the sample size can be reduced
slightly. This is predicated on the fact that a very large population provides proportionally
more information than that of a smaller population [57]. He proposed a correction formula to
calculate the final sample size which is given below as;
n = ( ) (2)
Here, no = 384 is the sample size derived from equation (1) and N = 6,103 is the
population size.
By interpolation, equation (2) becomes;
n = ( )
n = 361
Therefore, in this case the representative sample size for the study is 361. This represents
the number of habitableresidential buildings sampled through questionnaire from a sampling
frame of 45 communities (being 20 from Idi-Iroko; 15 from Ilara; and 10 from Ohumbe
respectively) by the residents; with household head as unit of analysis. Accordingly, the study
employed proportional allocation method originally proposed by Bowley (1926) [58] to
determine sample size for each of the three towns under study.
The formula is given as
ni = n
Where n represents sample size (361), Ni represents population size of the ith
town (3,802
buildings in Idi-Iroko; 1,480 in Ilara; and 821 buildings in Ohunbe) and N represents the
population size (6,103). Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the
respondents (household heads) of the study with first observation randomly selected and
afterward every fifth housing unit. This method ensures efficient sampling process and
representation [59, 60]. The summary of sample size of residents by towns is shown in Table
1.
8. Oladimeji Olusola Ojo, OPOKO Akunnaya Pearl, OLUWATAYO Adedapo Adewunmi and
OLOTUAH Abiodun Olukayode
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 33 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Summary of Sample size of Residents by Towns
S/N
Local Govt.
Area
Settlements/
Towns
Population of
buildings
Sample Size of
Residents
1 Ipokia Idi-Iroko 3,802 224
2 Imeko-Afon Ilara 1,480
87
3 Yewa-North Ohunbe 821
50
TOTAL 6,103 361
4. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
4.1. Constructs preliminary test
Initial analysis of the study focused on preliminary test for all the constructs. The tests
covered in this aspect include stability, internal consistency, mean, standard deviation, shared
variance, and correlation analyses. A measurement model for the three constructs via SEM
was estimated to this effect. Information revealed in Table 2 indicates that all the constructs
internal consistency reliabilities were greater than 0.7. Thus, the constructs possess high
reliability and as such acceptable. On stability of the parameter, a retrieval of 274 sampled
opinions indicates sufficient and adequate data for the study given the number of proposed
estimated parameters. Fourteen (14) respondents or participants were removed from the data
set due to missing information on key variables. This gives a final sample size of 260
participants. The Cook’s distance in STATA 12 was employed to evaluate the supposition of
multivariate normality and linearity. Using this technique. Absence of univariate or
multivariate outliers was employed. For multicollinearity incidence, information in Table 2
illustrates weak but positive relationship between the predictors of the variables for the study.
Still in Table 2, the high values of square roots of the shared variance between the constructs
and their measurements indicate evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the
study constructs. In addition, due to normal distribution of the study data the researcher
utilized maximum likelihood estimation method in STATA 12 was utilised to analyse both
measurement model and structural model in table 2.
Table 2 Preliminary Test of Constructs (Measurement Model)
ICR Mean S. Dev. PHYSI NEIGH PATTN
PHYSI 0.82 3.40 0.030 0.77 1.000*
NEIGH 0.78 2.42 0.028 0.84 0.118**
1.000*
PATTN 0.85 0.88 0.55 0.89 0.633*
0.587**
1.000*
*
p < .01; **
p < .05
Source: Author’s Computation from STATA 12 Outputs, 2018
Note: i. ICR: Internal Consistency Reliability
ii. : Square root of the shared variance between the constructs and their measurement
items.
iii. Diagonal elements represent Pearson Correlation coefficient between constructs (PHYSI=
Housing Physical Characteristics; NEIGH = Neighbourhood Characteristics; PATTN =
Housing Pattern)
9. Factors Influencing Housing Development Patterns in International Border Towns in Ogunstate,
Nigeria
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4.2. Evaluation of measurement model
The measurement model depicts the relationship that suggests how observed variables
represent a factor variable are specified and measured. Factor variables in measurement model
are not directly measured [61] rather captured through observed variables. From the
information in Figure 1, it was shown that housing physical characteristics in the study area
are significantly determined by physical features of areas (phyfe), road network (roane), land
features (lanfe), accessibility to dwelling places (acces) and vegetation (veget) although the
result suggests negative effect of land features in the area. In a similar fashion,
Neighbourhood characteristics in the studied towns are largely influenced by level of
infrastructural facilities (infpr), condition of space (bucos), condition of foundation (bucof),
and means of financing land acquisition (lacfn). The result shows further that low level of
required finance to acquire land negatively affects Neighbourhood settings.
Further, the error term component (e) in the measurement model indicates unexplained
variation in observed indicator by the latent variable. A non-significance covariance between
the latent factors shows that they are both uncorrelated. Meanwhile, the non-significant value
of Chi-square in Table 3 indicates that the measurement model of the study is satisfactorily
fit. This implies that the model covariance structure is not significantly different from the
study observed covariance structure. Again, Normed Fit Index (NFI = 0.96); Incremental Fit
Index (IFI = 0.95); Tucker-Lewis (TLI = 0.94); Comparative Fit Index (CFI = 0.95);
Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR = 0.06); and Root Mean Square Error of
Approximation (RMSEA = 0.04) all indicate good fit of the measurement model. The next
sub-section discusses the result of the structural model assessment.
Figure 1 Measurement Model
Source: STATA 12 Graphics Output, 2018
10. Oladimeji Olusola Ojo, OPOKO Akunnaya Pearl, OLUWATAYO Adedapo Adewunmi and
OLOTUAH Abiodun Olukayode
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 35 editor@iaeme.com
Table 3 Goodness of Fit Indexes
Indexes Shorthand Sig. Measurement Model Structural Model
Chi-Square X2
.785/.422 332.29 628.54
Akaike Info. Criterion AIC 4292.36 4152.21
Normed Fit Index NFI 0.96 0.97
Incremental Fit Index IFI 0.95 0.98
Tucker-Lewis Index TLI 0.94 0.95
Comparative Fit Index CFI 0.95 0.96
Standard Root Mean
Square Residual
SRMR 0.06 0.07
Root Mean Square Error
of Approximation
RMSEA 0.04 0.03
Source: Author’s Computation from STATA 12 Outputs, 2018
4.3. Assessment of Structural Model
This section discusses the relationship between exogenous variables and the endogenous
variables of the study. The relationship is important to highlight the effects of the study
constructs (housing physical and neighbourhood characteristics) on the endogenous variable
(housing development pattern). Such influence is diagrammatically represented in Figure 2.
From the structural model presented in Figure 2 it is revealed that both physical factors and
neighbourhood factors have direct significant and positive direct effect on housing
development pattern in the study area. For instance, for every favourable state of housing
physical factors and neighbourhood factors housing development pattern in the study area
improves by 0.13 and 0.11 in figure 1 respectively. This result is further reinforced by
adequate fit as revealed via AIC (4152.21) compared with result from measurement model;
NFI (0.97); IFI (0.98); TLI (0.95); CFI (0.96); SRMR (0.07) and RMSEA (0.03).
Figure 2 Relationship between variables
Source: STATA 12 Graphics Output, 2018
11. Factors Influencing Housing Development Patterns in International Border Towns in Ogunstate,
Nigeria
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 36 editor@iaeme.com
5. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS
The study hypothesised the relationship between housing development pattern in international
border and its main determinants in terms of housing physical factors and neighbourhood
factors through SEM. This hypothesised relationship was underpinned by the theory of life-
cycle model of neighbourhood change. The two components of SEM – measurement model
and structural model – were diagrammatically drawn to depict the hypothesised relationship.
The study performed such SEM analysis based on data obtained from 260 residents in three
selected international border towns between Nigeria and Benin-Republic in Ogun State. From
the analysis, it was revealed that both physical and neighbourhood characteristics significantly
and positively have direct effect on housing development patterns in international border
towns. The settlements were majorly occupied by the Yoruba’s with culture of mutual
relationship, this allowed clustered building formation. The significance positive effect of
housing physical factors is largely determined by road network, land features, accessibility,
and vegetation while effect of neighbourhood characteristics on housing development pattern
are determined by drainage system, level of infrastructural facilities, condition of space,
condition of foundation and land acquisition finance. Moreover, the non-significant of the
study model chi-square indicates good fit. Specifically, physical factors such as road network,
land features, dwelling accessibility and vegetation of an area significantly determine housing
development patterns in international border towns between Nigeria and Benin-Republic. This
finding is consistent with Zhang et al (2014) [8]. Again, it was discovered that drainage
system, level of infrastructural facilities, condition of space, condition of foundation and land
acquisition finance as neighbourhood factors largely determine housing development pattern
in the study area. This result is consistent with Ogundele, Ayo, Odewumi and Aigbe. (2011).
[62]; [63]; [64];
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The estimation of housing development patterns in international border towns is essential to
overcome some of the challenges facing development in these areas. This is particularly more
important relative housing development programmes of international countries. Therefore, the
determinations of factors that determine patters of housing formation in these areas deserve
research attention. From the data obtained among residents in international towns between
Nigeria and Benin-Republic it was discovered that both housing physical characteristics such
as road network, land features, dwelling accessibility, vegetation and neighbourhood factors
like drainage system, level of infrastructural facilities, condition of space, condition of
housing foundation, and finance of land acquisition have significant effect on housing
development patterns. More specifically, physical and neighbourhood impacts on housing
development patterns are significantly in direct dimension. The study recommends that there
is need for Nigeria government to take cognizance of these important factors when
formulating or developing her housing development plan. Again, Nigeria governments need
to upgrade all existing and moribund infrastructural facilities in those towns between her and
Benin-Republic.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to appreciate the efforts of the Management, Covenant University,
Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria for their support towards the publication of this article.
12. Oladimeji Olusola Ojo, OPOKO Akunnaya Pearl, OLUWATAYO Adedapo Adewunmi and
OLOTUAH Abiodun Olukayode
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 37 editor@iaeme.com
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