This document discusses the effect of flooding in 2012 on residential property rental values in Kaduna, Nigeria. It finds that rental values were low in 2012 and 2013 due to flooding, but rose again after government and developer measures. The flooding was caused by riverside encroachment and refuse dumping in rivers. Recommendations include permanent flood prevention, public flood maps, and enforcing development controls.
Building Development Practice in Flood Prone Area: Case of Ogbaru Council Are...IJERA Editor
This study examined the practice of building development in flood prone areas and how it has contributed to the menace of flooding in Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State Nigeria. It was a survey research where questionnaires were distributed to heads of the selected households, in addition to physical observations on buildings within the selected households. Four towns out of sixteen towns that made up Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State were purposefully selected. From these towns, 96 households each were randomly selected and a total of 384 questionnaires were administered to the head of each household or their representative, whereas 242 copies were completed, returned and found useful, thus, giving a response rate of 62.92%. The study found that siting of buildings on waterways, flood channels/plains, inadequate/lack of drains in the compounds, lack of planning restriction/developmental control, size of the building/area occupied by the building among others contribute greatly to the incessant flood menace in the study area. The study therefore deduced that some building practices such as those identified above have the ability of exacerbating the velocity and rate of flooding in the area which turned into natural disaster, and thus, recommended strict enforcement of building and urban development laws and control in the state to reduce indiscriminate erecting of building structures on waterways, including planlessness of our emerging urban centres.
Building Development Practice in Flood Prone Area: Case of Ogbaru Council Are...IJERA Editor
This study examined the practice of building development in flood prone areas and how it has contributed to the menace of flooding in Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State Nigeria. It was a survey research where questionnaires were distributed to heads of the selected households, in addition to physical observations on buildings within the selected households. Four towns out of sixteen towns that made up Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State were purposefully selected. From these towns, 96 households each were randomly selected and a total of 384 questionnaires were administered to the head of each household or their representative, whereas 242 copies were completed, returned and found useful, thus, giving a response rate of 62.92%. The study found that siting of buildings on waterways, flood channels/plains, inadequate/lack of drains in the compounds, lack of planning restriction/developmental control, size of the building/area occupied by the building among others contribute greatly to the incessant flood menace in the study area. The study therefore deduced that some building practices such as those identified above have the ability of exacerbating the velocity and rate of flooding in the area which turned into natural disaster, and thus, recommended strict enforcement of building and urban development laws and control in the state to reduce indiscriminate erecting of building structures on waterways, including planlessness of our emerging urban centres.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Flood In Nigeria: Beyond Relief MaterialsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper examines flood in Nigeria and the need to adopt a more practicable and permanent solution to flood in Nigeria. The paper is of the view that the Nigerian state should move beyond mere provision of relief materials to consciously and proactively curbing the menace of flood in Nigeria. The paper argues that curbing the menace of flood in Nigeria would require restructuring and reactivation of institutional framework in the control and prevention of flood in Nigeria. The paper recommends that the Nigerian state through the concerned institution must be proactive and take early warning signals seriously. In addition, the formulation and implementation of Environmental Policy on Flood and Erosion should be products of unbreakable synergy among the Nigerian state, oil companies, non-governmental organization and the people
Population and natural resources conditions , Population and environment issues, Global warming and climate change ,
Demographic factors are evoked by several countries in connection with their environmental problems: Relation among population , Resources and Environment, South Asian countries mention that population policy as general means to alleviate environmental problems:
Flooding is a natural process which, that can occur in any part of the world during the volume of water reaches beyond the holding capacity of the drainage system. In whatever the case flooding has a major impact on the economic, social and environmental condition of the victim areas
Socio-economic development and availability of water are strongly interrelated.
Advances in water related engineering, technology and management have been central to progress in human development.
Today water remains central to many aspects of socio-economic development – key to energy and food production (nexus) and other areas of human endeavor.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS IN INTERNATIONAL BORDER TOWN...IAEME Publication
The estimation of determinants of housing development patterns in international border towns is essential to overcome some of the challenges facing development in these areas. However, few studies have detailed physical factors and neighbourhood characteristics as determinants of housing formation in international settlements. It is in this respect that the researcher aimed at evaluating these factors as regard housing formation pattern in international areas. The study systematically obtained the opinion of selected 361 residents in three selected towns between Nigeria and Benin-Republic using questionnaire instrument. Also, the relationship between housing development pattern and the determinants was hypothesized based life-cycle model of neighbourhood change using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Both models of SEM – Measurement model and Structural model – adequately fit the study data. From the structural model findings, it was discovered that both physical (0.13) and neighbourhood factors (0.11) significantly have direct effects on housing development pattern in international towns. Housing physical factors such as road network, land features, dwelling accessibility and vegetation have indirect effect on housing pattern just like neighbourhood factors in the area of drainage system, level of infrastructural facilities, condition of space, and condition of foundation and land acquisition finance.
Presentation at Twentieth Fobana 2006
20. ATLANA
Host: Bangladesh Association of Georgia
Date: Labor Day Weekend, September 1-3, 2006
Venue: Cobb Galleria Centre, Atlanta, GA
Convener: Jashim Uddin
Member Secretary: Mohammed Arefin Babulhttp://www.fobanaonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=61
Severe weather events will increasingly be the norm, and New Jersey must plan for them. An insurance product for municipalities called parametric insurance offers a way to get cash to local officials quickly after such an event.
Presentation delivered by Professor David Hulme at IUB University and ICCCAD in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Confronts Climate Change is avaiable here: www.anthempress.com/bangladesh-confronts-climate-change-pb
Corporate social responsibility and disaster management: a study of 2012 floo...Solomon Adetokunbo
The study examines the role of corporate social responsibility in disaster management; a study of the 2012 flood in Nigeria. Flood makes an enormous impact on the environment and society creating a tremendous monetary expense for governments, business and individuals alike, this therefore makes the management of flood or disaster an enormous task that the government cannot handle alone, prompting the need to reach out to corporate organizations. The objective of this study was to find out if CSR was used in managing the 2012 flood in Nigeria, examine the aspect of the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria that CSR was employed, discover the reasons for the use of CSR in the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria and to ascertain why corporate organizations where involved in the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria. Relevant literature was reviewed for the study using the conceptual, empirical and theoretical framework, the Integrated Social contract theory by Donaldson was used for the research, the theory helps to explain the relationship between the society and organizations, stating the expectations of the society from the organizations and how the organization is expected to behave. Interview method was used to gather information, the population consist of all the corporate organizations in Nigeria, the sample was drawn using purposive sampling method, Four organizations; Dangote group, Globacom, Mouka foam and National Emergency Management agency (NEMA) were selected for the study. The findings of the research shows that CSR was employed in the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria, CSR can play an important role in the management of disaster in Nigeria, however a great chasm still exist between the corporate organizations and statutory regulatory bodies that are in charge of disaster management . it was also observed that the participation of corporate bodies was borne mainly or to a large extent out of a strong and already existing company value for corporate philanthropy and social responsibility, the drive to benefit from the government tax incentive or both. It was therefore based on this findings that this research concludes that CSR can be effective in the management of disaster if well harnessed, it is therefore recommended that proper structure be put in place so as to harness the already existing CSR of corporate organizations and maximize it in the management of disasters.
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - (June 5) NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
NET Africa launches the weekly wetlands sustainability report to raise awareness about the holistic value of wetlands as well as the importance of improving environmental management and auditing. Each week the wetlands sustainability report will feature different aspects of the value of wetlands across Africa, focusing on a wide range of environmental, social, cultural, economic, political and sustainable issues.
Flood Monitoring and Flood Risk Assessment in Agenebode, Edo State, NigeriaIJERA Editor
Flooding is a serious natural disaster that has become a recurrent event in many parts of the world causing huge loss of lives and properties. This study analyses flood risk potential in Agenebode, Edo state, Nigeria. Flood frequency analysis was carried out on discharge data from the River Niger at Onitsha from 1960-2006 as the discharge from this river is the primary cause of flooding of the study area. Log-Normal, Log-Pearson Type III and Gumbel probability distribution models were used to test for the most appropriate projection for discharge for different return periods.From the analysis, Log-normal distribution was selected as the most appropriate probability distribution for the series in order to determine projected flows for the river for different return periods. The rainfall pattern for the study area was analysed using gauge values for the period 1983-2010. Flood hazard assessment was carried out with the aid of ArcMap using the topographical feature data of the area, Digital Elevation Model obtained from Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission (SRTM) hole-filled seamless data and historical records of the previous flood occurrence. A flood hazard map produced indicated that about 1.8 km2 (72% of the total built-up area) of the area is at risk of flooding putting approximately 481 people at direct risk of flooding. This information is useful for providing ameliorative resources for the inhabitants in the event of a flood occurrence.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Flood In Nigeria: Beyond Relief MaterialsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper examines flood in Nigeria and the need to adopt a more practicable and permanent solution to flood in Nigeria. The paper is of the view that the Nigerian state should move beyond mere provision of relief materials to consciously and proactively curbing the menace of flood in Nigeria. The paper argues that curbing the menace of flood in Nigeria would require restructuring and reactivation of institutional framework in the control and prevention of flood in Nigeria. The paper recommends that the Nigerian state through the concerned institution must be proactive and take early warning signals seriously. In addition, the formulation and implementation of Environmental Policy on Flood and Erosion should be products of unbreakable synergy among the Nigerian state, oil companies, non-governmental organization and the people
Population and natural resources conditions , Population and environment issues, Global warming and climate change ,
Demographic factors are evoked by several countries in connection with their environmental problems: Relation among population , Resources and Environment, South Asian countries mention that population policy as general means to alleviate environmental problems:
Flooding is a natural process which, that can occur in any part of the world during the volume of water reaches beyond the holding capacity of the drainage system. In whatever the case flooding has a major impact on the economic, social and environmental condition of the victim areas
Socio-economic development and availability of water are strongly interrelated.
Advances in water related engineering, technology and management have been central to progress in human development.
Today water remains central to many aspects of socio-economic development – key to energy and food production (nexus) and other areas of human endeavor.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS IN INTERNATIONAL BORDER TOWN...IAEME Publication
The estimation of determinants of housing development patterns in international border towns is essential to overcome some of the challenges facing development in these areas. However, few studies have detailed physical factors and neighbourhood characteristics as determinants of housing formation in international settlements. It is in this respect that the researcher aimed at evaluating these factors as regard housing formation pattern in international areas. The study systematically obtained the opinion of selected 361 residents in three selected towns between Nigeria and Benin-Republic using questionnaire instrument. Also, the relationship between housing development pattern and the determinants was hypothesized based life-cycle model of neighbourhood change using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Both models of SEM – Measurement model and Structural model – adequately fit the study data. From the structural model findings, it was discovered that both physical (0.13) and neighbourhood factors (0.11) significantly have direct effects on housing development pattern in international towns. Housing physical factors such as road network, land features, dwelling accessibility and vegetation have indirect effect on housing pattern just like neighbourhood factors in the area of drainage system, level of infrastructural facilities, condition of space, and condition of foundation and land acquisition finance.
Presentation at Twentieth Fobana 2006
20. ATLANA
Host: Bangladesh Association of Georgia
Date: Labor Day Weekend, September 1-3, 2006
Venue: Cobb Galleria Centre, Atlanta, GA
Convener: Jashim Uddin
Member Secretary: Mohammed Arefin Babulhttp://www.fobanaonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=61
Severe weather events will increasingly be the norm, and New Jersey must plan for them. An insurance product for municipalities called parametric insurance offers a way to get cash to local officials quickly after such an event.
Presentation delivered by Professor David Hulme at IUB University and ICCCAD in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Confronts Climate Change is avaiable here: www.anthempress.com/bangladesh-confronts-climate-change-pb
Corporate social responsibility and disaster management: a study of 2012 floo...Solomon Adetokunbo
The study examines the role of corporate social responsibility in disaster management; a study of the 2012 flood in Nigeria. Flood makes an enormous impact on the environment and society creating a tremendous monetary expense for governments, business and individuals alike, this therefore makes the management of flood or disaster an enormous task that the government cannot handle alone, prompting the need to reach out to corporate organizations. The objective of this study was to find out if CSR was used in managing the 2012 flood in Nigeria, examine the aspect of the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria that CSR was employed, discover the reasons for the use of CSR in the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria and to ascertain why corporate organizations where involved in the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria. Relevant literature was reviewed for the study using the conceptual, empirical and theoretical framework, the Integrated Social contract theory by Donaldson was used for the research, the theory helps to explain the relationship between the society and organizations, stating the expectations of the society from the organizations and how the organization is expected to behave. Interview method was used to gather information, the population consist of all the corporate organizations in Nigeria, the sample was drawn using purposive sampling method, Four organizations; Dangote group, Globacom, Mouka foam and National Emergency Management agency (NEMA) were selected for the study. The findings of the research shows that CSR was employed in the management of the 2012 flood in Nigeria, CSR can play an important role in the management of disaster in Nigeria, however a great chasm still exist between the corporate organizations and statutory regulatory bodies that are in charge of disaster management . it was also observed that the participation of corporate bodies was borne mainly or to a large extent out of a strong and already existing company value for corporate philanthropy and social responsibility, the drive to benefit from the government tax incentive or both. It was therefore based on this findings that this research concludes that CSR can be effective in the management of disaster if well harnessed, it is therefore recommended that proper structure be put in place so as to harness the already existing CSR of corporate organizations and maximize it in the management of disasters.
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - (June 5) NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
NET Africa launches the weekly wetlands sustainability report to raise awareness about the holistic value of wetlands as well as the importance of improving environmental management and auditing. Each week the wetlands sustainability report will feature different aspects of the value of wetlands across Africa, focusing on a wide range of environmental, social, cultural, economic, political and sustainable issues.
Flood Monitoring and Flood Risk Assessment in Agenebode, Edo State, NigeriaIJERA Editor
Flooding is a serious natural disaster that has become a recurrent event in many parts of the world causing huge loss of lives and properties. This study analyses flood risk potential in Agenebode, Edo state, Nigeria. Flood frequency analysis was carried out on discharge data from the River Niger at Onitsha from 1960-2006 as the discharge from this river is the primary cause of flooding of the study area. Log-Normal, Log-Pearson Type III and Gumbel probability distribution models were used to test for the most appropriate projection for discharge for different return periods.From the analysis, Log-normal distribution was selected as the most appropriate probability distribution for the series in order to determine projected flows for the river for different return periods. The rainfall pattern for the study area was analysed using gauge values for the period 1983-2010. Flood hazard assessment was carried out with the aid of ArcMap using the topographical feature data of the area, Digital Elevation Model obtained from Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission (SRTM) hole-filled seamless data and historical records of the previous flood occurrence. A flood hazard map produced indicated that about 1.8 km2 (72% of the total built-up area) of the area is at risk of flooding putting approximately 481 people at direct risk of flooding. This information is useful for providing ameliorative resources for the inhabitants in the event of a flood occurrence.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Flood Vulnerable Area Assessment of Abakaliki Metropolis South-eastern Nigeria.IJERA Editor
As a result of global warming, the climate change in Africa and Asia is predictably becoming more variable, and weather events expected to go more frequently extreme and severe. This includes increasing risk of drought and flooding in new areas. Inundation by extreme floods events is recorded every year worldwide. The potential consequences are profound increasing risk, particularly on environment and people in the less developed countries. Flooding cannot be totally avoided and maybe their occurrence will increase due to climate change. Absolute protection is both unachievable and unsustainable because of high costs and inherent uncertainties. Abilities to mitigate and or prevent flood disasters, cope with and recuperate from the effects have not been sufficiently taken into account nor developed. Communities within watershed or along the River system such as Abakaliki metropolis are mostly under threat of constant flooding menace. When flooding strike, the poor and socio-economically disadvantaged suffer the most and are least equipped to cope with impacts. Vulnerability assessment which many regions of the world recently commenced becomes the way forward. Assessing vulnerability and impacts requires and analysis of information on climate elements, such as temperature, rainfall and non-climatic data, such as situation on the soil, altitude and other characteristics of elements-at-risks indicators. This informs for a well thought-out monitoring (risk assessment), mitigation, coping strategies and adaptation measures which can be adopted by all the vulnerable stakeholders including Governments at all tiers.
Potential of Constructed Wetland In Jakarta, Indonesia to Reduce Seasonal Fl...Nadeem Kazmi
This paper examines the contribution that Constructed Wetlands can make to increase stromwater storage and
reduce the volume of runoff during rain events to the drainage system, streams and rivers in Depok, Indonesia.
A review of Constructed Wetlands (CW) projects are discussed and the examples are taken from Southeast
Asia and USA. Review of examples from Southeast Asia are discussed in details as they are closely related to
Indonesia’s geography and climate. Based on the reviews, the author analyzed the prospects of a CW in
Depok to reduce flooding especially during rain events.
A brief description of flood protection mechanisms in Jakarta Metro Area, Indonesia is discussed with focus
on the approaches to mitigation. This paper traced the causes of floods over the years and that how different
ecofriendly approaches such as CW can be implemented to mitigate/reduce flooding in the future.
Flood Vulnerability Study in Parts of Oyo Township Using GIS and Remote Sensingpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.
A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basinsijtsrd
River sedimentation is a global concern evidenced by a number of studies conducted. Now, that climate change is being experienced the rapid changes on the river landscape is manifestly observed. As unveiled, natural evolution of landscape and human activities are the two main factors affecting this phenomenon. Different methods of determination of the volume of sediments transported some are employed. Some studies used classic methods utilizing sophisticated apparatus while others artificial intelligence mode of sediment transport prediction. Celeste A. De Asis "A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basins" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37968.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/37968/a-review-on-the-sedimentation-problem-in-river-basins/celeste-a-de-asis
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Kaduna Metropolis of Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. 2015), PP 34-42
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113442 www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties
Rental Value in Kaduna Metropolis of Nigeria
OYEDIRAN, Kayode Kunle1
, ADEBAYO, Oyekanmi Oluwole 2
and
ABDULAZEEZ, Shakirat Remilekun3
1
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State
2
Department of Estate Management, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State
3
Department of Estate Management, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State
Abstract: One of the natural factors to be considered in determining property rental values is flood. Year 2012
flood was noticeable in many countries due to its severance with Nigeria not left out most especially Kaduna
metropolis. This paper aims at assessing the effect of this year’s flood on residential property values. Data were
sourced through both primary and secondary means. Systematic random sampling was used as the affected
areas list was made available by Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project. Findings revealed low rental
values in both years 2012 and 2013 but rose again due to some militating measures taken by the government
and developers. In addition, the cause was traced to the rivers’ setback encroachment and dumping of refuse
into the rivers. Recommendations made include putting in place permanent measures to check flood’s
reoccurrence in the metropolis, availability of flood plain area map and data on flood occurrence to the public
and enforcement of development control on developers.
Keywords: Property Rental Values, Flood, Natural Disasters, Flood plain, Heavy Rainfall
I. Introduction
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges or “drowns” land that may result from the volume of
water within a body of water such as a river, dam, lake or breaks levees or due to accumulation of rainwater on
saturated ground in an aerial flood (http//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flood). Nigerian Environmental Study/Action
Team (NEST) in 1991 recognized floods as environmental hazards that occur regularly every year in different
parts of Nigeria and are repeatedly in the headlines of both the local and national news.
This environmental hazard used to cause much havoc to lives, real properties and economy of
whichever area it occur. The effects as stated by http//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flood include loss of lives, damage
of buildings and other structures, and economic hardship. Over 5.5 million properties in England and Wales are
at risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or surface water (Environment Agency, 2009). In the past four decades,
economic losses due to natural hazards such as flood disasters have increased in fold and have also resulted in
major loss of human lives and livelihoods, the destruction of economic and social infrastructure, as well as
environmental damages during these periods. (MunichRe, 2002). This was supported by NEST’s (1991)
submission “that floods are common and recurrent phenomenon in Nigeria and in some parts of the Country
they occur on regular perennial basis”.
Floods are among the most devastating natural disasters in the world, claiming more lives and causing
more property damage than any other natural phenomena (http://www.cnt.org/resources/the-prevalence-and-
cost-of-urban-flooding/ , 2013). In Nigeria, though not leading in terms of claiming lives, flood affects and
displaces more people than any other disaster; it also causes more damage to properties. At least 20 percent of
the population is at risk from one form of flooding or another. West Africa Insight special report in October,
2012 tagged the year as “A year of raging Floods” Researchers all over the world have studied the effects of
natural disasters on property values. Some have focused on earthquakes, some concentrated on flood and other
disasters. It is in this context that this paper aimed at evaluating the effect of this year’s flooding on residential
property’s values in Kaduna town.
Objectives
1) To examine the causes of the 2012 flood in Kaduna.
2) To assess the effect of the year’s flooding on residential property rents in Kaduna.
3) To examine the post flooding situation on residential property rents in the study area.
4) To proffer recommendations on how to improve the existing situation.
2. Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Kaduna Metropolis ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113442 www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
Statement Of The Problem
UN-ISDR (2008) posited that any increase in disasters, whether large or small will threaten
development gains and hinder the Millennium Development Goals. Year 2012 was tagged by the West Africa
Insight report as the year of raging flood because of the havocs it caused to both lives and properties. Alex
(2013) confirmed the year’s flood severance by saying The Federal Ministry of Water Resources in Nigeria has
traced the cause of the 2013 in Sokoto to the 2012 flooding incidence that led to several changes in the
watercourse. Flood damages on property could be multiplied if not taken care of and the economical losses
would be much (Sebastian, 2012). Based on this, this research focuses on the evaluation of the effect of the
2012 flooding on property rent in Kaduna town. The research went to the extent of knowing the reasons tenants
or occupiers went back to the flooded properties after the flood despite the price.
Concept Of Flooding
Environment Agency (2009) defined flooding as the unusual presence of water on land to a depth that
affects normal activities, The Agency went further to point out that a disaster age usually occurs when people
are not prepared for a flood due to the lack of early warning systems, preparedness and mitigation measures.
Etuonovbe (2011) said flooding itself is a situation that results when land that is usually dry is covered with
water of a river overflowing or heavy rain, flooding occurs naturally on the flood plains that are prone to
disaster. It occurs when water in the river overflows its banks, or sometimes results from a constructed dam. It
happens without warning. She went ahead to describe floods as one of the most devastating natural disasters in
the world, claiming more lives and causing more property dam than any other natural phenomena.
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (nd) opined that flooding is the result of a complex interaction
between rainfall, urban and rural land surfaces, soil types, topography, drainage and river channels and other
man-made changes. This Centre developed the first national flood risk maps in UK in 1995. The maps spelt out
lands that were prone to flooding and marked them as recreation areas and relaxation centers.
NEST (1991) looked at flood as a body of water that rises to overflow land that is not normally
submerged. The team stated man’s interaction with his environment in the form of urbanization, agricultural
activities, and deforest ration as one major cause of flooding. Another cause mentioned was encroachment of
buildings on the floodplains of streams and rivers flowing through towns and cities. The team explained further
that as urbanization intensifies, buildings, paved roads and concrete surfaces replace natural surfaces. The
following areas were listed as the major areas that suffer from this hazard in Nigeria are;
(a) Low-lying areas in southern parts of the country where annual rainfall is very heavy.
(b) The floodplains of the larger rivers, namely, the Niger, Benue, Gongola, Sokoto, Hadejia, Yedseram,
Katsina, Anambra, Ogun, Kanupe, KADUNA, Gurara, Mada, Shemanker, etc.
(c) The Niger Delta area.
(d) Flat, low-lying areas around and to the south of Lake Chad that may be flooded during, and for a few
weeks after, the rains.
Odjugo, (2012) traced the cause of flooding to three climate related phenomena which include;
meteorological, climatological and hydrological. Aderogba (2012) opined that road constructions, residential
and commercial buildings, hospitals and maternity homes, schools and colleges, research institutes, markets and
stores, filling stations and others demanded for concrete surfaces all of which have increased surface run off
from rainfall and the wastes waters which have inadvertently added to the waters in the rivers, streams and
drainage channels used to be part of the causes of flooding in our urban areas.
In the opinion of the West Africa Insight report (2012), floods are an intrinsic part of the hydrologic
cycle and are specifically linked with high incidences of rainfall and as may be expected, a variety of factors
influence flood processes. Apart from other very important physical conditions of a watershed that include size,
topography, geology, soil types, vegetation and land use, flood magnitudes depend on rainfall intensity, depth,
timing, and spatial distribution of rain within a given watershed.
Flooding as revealed by http://www.fema.gov/hazard/flood/fl_during.shtm is the unusual presence of
water on land to a depth that affects normal activities. The causes include overflowing rivers (river flooding),
heavy rainfall over a short duration (flash floods), or an unusual inflow of seawater onto land (ocean flooding).
Ocean flooding could be caused by storms such as hurricanes (storm surge), high tides (tidal flooding), seismic
events (tsunami) or large landslides (sometime also called tsunami).
Ojo (2011) identifies causes of flood in developing nations as unregulated developments, invasion of
public areas, lack of institutional capacity at municipal level, unrealistic regulations, economic pressures from
developers, ineffectiveness of planning regulation by allowing development on flood plains, and poor or lack of
standard drainage system on roads. Sebastian (2012) traced the causes of flood in Germany to heavy rain or
snowmelt and sea level rise but also by extending settlement, flooding is one of the most common natural
disasters in the world. He explained further that predictions put the occurrence to every 25 years.
3. Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Kaduna Metropolis ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113442 www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
Factors That Determine The Effects Of Flooding
Effects of flooding according to Bariweni, Tawari and Abowei (2012) could be classified into primary
and secondary. The primary effects according to them include physical damage that can damage any type of
structure, including bridges, cars, buildings, sewerage systems, roadways and canals. The secondary effects
include water supplies that results in contamination of water (water pollution). Clean drinking water becomes
scarce, unhygienic conditions and spread of water-borne diseases are the results. The effects of flooding from
the sources outlined above were felt by various 'receptors'. These include, people, buildings, infrastructure,
agriculture, open recreational space and the natural world. In extreme cases, flooding may cause a loss of life.
At least 102 people are now thought to have been killed by floods in and around the south-western Nigerian city
of Ibadan. Bariweni, Tawari and Abowei (2012) stressed further that floods took a deadly toll in northeastern
Nigeria in August 2011. Torrential rains pushed rivers over their banks, collapsed mud houses and washed away
livestock. Floodwater, resulting from heavy rains, damaged three bridges and caused a dam to overflow,
submerging buildings across the city. Most of the victims were children. The social and emotional costs from
flooding can also be significant and are often widespread and indiscriminate in flooded areas. These authors
highlighted the costs to include displacement from homes, the loss of personal valuables and the ongoing fear
and insecurity caused by the experience. The economy could also be severely affected by flooding. Businesses
may lose stock, patronage, data and productivity and disruption to utilities and transport infrastructure can have
knock-on effects to a wider area. Tourism, farming and livestock can equally be affected.
Bariweni, Tawari and Abowei (2012) discussed some factors that determine the effects of flooding. These
include;
a) The level of predictability: This affects the timing, accuracy and communication of warnings given before a
flood.
b) The rate of onset of the flood: How quickly the water arrives and the speed at which it rises will govern the
opportunity for people to prepare and respond effectively for a flood.
c) The speed and depth of the water: This dictates the level of exposure of people and property to a flood. It is
difficult to stand or wade through even relatively shallow water that is moving. Floodwater often carries debris,
including trees and water over 1m in depth can carry objects the size of cars. Fast flowing water can apply
devastating force to property and other receptors.
d) The duration of the flood: This is another important factor in determining the extent of its impact, particularly
on individuals and affected communities.
Factors Affecting Rental Value
Real property has no value if it has no utility, not scarce and not effectively demanded. Real property
has significance only as it satisfies man’s needs and desires. Sebastian (2012) revealed that price theory predicts
that buyers will attempt to discount property prices for flood risk if they are aware of it. Valuation experts and
mortgage lenders need to know about the value of property at risk to advise their clients and protect their
investments.
According to Lamond (2009) the factors affecting rental value include significant improvements in the
quality of the real estate, the location, usability (legal situation determined by regulations and laws) and property
conditions (actual characteristics). Location includes external characteristics of the area (on a local and a
spacious scale) as traffic situation, neighborhood (e.g. residential or business area) but also environmental
influences.
II. Methodology
Data for this study emanated from the administrative records of Kaduna State Agricultural
Development Project (KADP). The data collected from KADP include the date of flood events in Kaduna,
affected Communities; number of people affected and associated hazards. In addition to these, the average
rainfall and temperature figures for the past ten years were collected as displayed by table 1. The information
were meant to establish; a) whether the cause was natural or manmade, b) the occurrence of flooding in Kaduna
over time , c) evaluate its effects on residential property’s values and proffer measures at mitigating the menace.
Apart from the named secondary source, observation, oral interview and questionnaires were adopted to source
for some data that were not included in the ones from KADP. The residential property rental values before, in
2012 and after that flooding year were compared. The results of the comparison determine any correlation
between the land value and flooding. The sampled affected areas in Kaduna are;
.Abubakar Kigo Road
Makarfi, Ononkwu
Katumba, Arforce,
Access and Lilu streets
Rafin Guza
4. Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Kaduna Metropolis ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113442 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
Haliru Dantoro close
NEPA close
Libreville street by low-cost
Ungwar Rimi
Ramat close by Riverside
Ramart close by Ishaku Gwoma
Kabala market road Kabon
Wushishi Quarters
Bashama Road
Barnawa Road Kaduna garden
Romi, Television district
Nassarawa
Tudun wada
Gonin Gora
Table 1: Average Rainfall and Temperature Figures for Kaduna between 2003 and 2013.
Source: Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (KADP), 2013
III. Summary And Conclusion
Table 2: Years of Residence in the Ward
S/N Responses Frequency %
1 Below 5years 5 3
2 6 – 10 years 11 8
3 11 -16years 74 49
4 Above 16years 60 40
Total 150 100
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2014
Table 2 shows that 40% of the respondents have been living in Kaduna for more than sixteen years. This reveals
that they should know much about what had and is happening in relation to flooding in Kaduna.
Table 3: Respondents Occupancy status
Occupancy Status Frequency Percentage
Owner Occupier 64 43
Tenant 86 57
Total 150 100
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2014
Table 3 presents that 57% of the respondents were tenants while 43 % were property owners. It could be
deduced that the owners parked out of their properties having noticed the condition of the area as regards to
flood leaving behind the tenants. It could also be because of a little bit low rent paid by the occupants when
comparing with other parts of the City that are not liable to flood.
Table 4: Respondents Annual Income in Naira
Annual income (N) Frequency Percentage
100,000 - 500,000 5 3
600,000 - 2,000,000 11 7
TEMPERATURE (C)
Year
Rainfall
(MM)
Number of Wet days Minimum Maximum
2003 1813.76 113 227.549 397.33
2004 1684.09 99 238.11 366.41
2005 3279.11 89 229.69 357.22
2006 1746.07 94 230.37 391.96
2007 1620.23 93 234.95 393.82
2008 1252.97 68 159.07 258.83
2009 1568.10 112 117.86 262.49
2010 1517.95 113 199.06 362.45
2011 785.39 90 276.70 364.00
2012 995.80 No Record 264.40 343.20
2013
TOTAL
5. Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Kaduna Metropolis ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113442 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
2,100,000 - 5,000,000 26 18
5,000,000 - 10,000,000 61 41
Above 10,000,000 47 31
Total 150 100
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2013
Table 4 revealed that large number of the respondents have their annual income between 5 million and 10
million naira. Followed by those that earned more than 10 million naira per year. It could be deduced from this
table that the respondents inhabiting the study area were not poor people that could not afford rent in the non-
flooded areas of the town but might be considering proximity to their places of work, relatively reduced rent,
family ties and so on.
Table 5: Causes of Flood in Kaduna
Causes of Flood Residents Researchers’ Rating
Drainage Problem 31(21%) 12(24%)
Poor Refuse Disposal 45(30%) 7(14%)
Heavy Rainfall 63(42%) 9(18%)
Building at Flood plain areas/ River’s
Setback.
11(7%) 22(44%)
Total 150 (100%) 50(100%)
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2014
Table 5 reveals the views of both the respondents and the researchers as to causes of flood in Kaduna. Large
number of the respondents (42%) attached the year’s flood to heavy rainfall while 7% that was the minimum
percentage attached it to building at river’s setback. The researchers rating put building at river’s setback as the
major (44%) cause of the flood.
According to the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project’s record, 2012 flood was caused by
Heavy Downpour of rain causing the Kaduna river, Hunkuyi Dam and Asso rivers to overflow their banks.
Apart from this, it was revealed by this record that there were floods in the state from April to October, 2012 but
that of 12th
September, 2012 affected many areas. Table 1 revealed that the average rainfall for both 2011 and
2012 were lower comparing with other years.
Table 6: Frequency of the Flood
S/N Responses Frequency of the flooding Frequency %
1 Highly liable to flood Every year/ 1 -5years 21 14
2 Moderately liable to flood 6 -20 years 34 23
3 Marginally liable to flood Above 20 years 78 52
4 Flood free No flooding has been recorded 17 11
Total 150 100
Source: Authors’ Field Survey, 2014
Large number of the respondents (52%) affirmed with confidence that their area is marginally liable to flood
because the disaster happens in more than 20years interval. Therefore, the non-frequent nature of the disaster
made it to cause many havoc because they did not think of the flood. It only caught them unaware. Some of the
respondents (11%) even declared that their area is flood free that could be attached to their years of occupancy.
Table 7: Trends in Property Rental Value in Kaduna Metropolis prior to Flood Disaster
Affected Areas
Trends in Rental Value
Type of Property 2009 (N) 2010 (N) 2011 (N)
Flood yr
2012(N)
Abubakar Kigo Road
Makarfi, Ononiwu, Katumba
Airforce, Access & Lilu Street
1 bedroom 60,000 65,000 70,000 70,000
2 bedrooms 100,000 120,000 130,000 150,000
3 bedrooms 130,000 140,000 180,000 220,000
Duplex 200,000 230,000 280,000 300,000
Each rooms in tenement
Property
20,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
Rafin Guza
1 bedroom 45,000 45,000 50,000 55,000
2 bedrooms 55,000 55,000 60,000 65,000
3 bedrooms 80,000 100,000 110,000 120,000
Duplex 180,000 200,000 240,000 250,000
Rooms in Tenement 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000
Libreville Street by Lowcost
1 bedroom 50,000 55,000 60,000 60,000
2 bedrooms 80,000 100,000 150,000 150,000
3 bedrooms 140,000 150,000 180,000 220,000
Duplex 190,000 210,000 210,000 320,000
Tenement/Room 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
Ungwar Rimi 1 bedroom 48,000 50,000 60,000 65,000
6. Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Kaduna Metropolis ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113442 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
2 bedrooms 60,000 80,000 120,000 130,000
3 bedrooms 120,000 150,000 170,000 180,000
Duplex 150,000 170,000 200,000 280,000
Tenement/Room 30,000 35,000 45,000 50,000
Ramat close by Riverside and Ishaku
Gwoma areas
1 bedroom 55,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
2 bedrooms 120,000 130,000 140,000 150,000
3 bedrooms 150,000 180,000 230,000 250,000
Duplex 220,000 250,000 300,000 320,000
Tenement/Room 40,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Kabala Market Road Kabon
1 bedroom 50,000 50,000 55,000 65,000
2 bedrooms 75,000 80,000 90,000 100,000
3 bedrooms 150,000 170,000 190,000 200,000
Duplex 200,000 230,000 250,000 290,000
Tenement/Room 45,000 45,000 50,000 55,000
Wushishi Quarters
1 bedroom 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000
2 bedrooms 70,000 70,000 100,000 120,000
3 bedrooms 150,000 160,000 180,000 220,000
Duplex 180,000 200,000 230,000 280,000
Tenement/Room 40,000 40,000 45,000 60,000
Bashama Road
1 bedroom 35,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
2 bedrooms 85,000 110,000 140,000 150,000
3 bedrooms 130,000 160,000 130,000 210,000
Duplex 180,000 200,000 230,000 240,000
Tenement/Room 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
Barnawa Road, Off Kaduna Garden
1 bedroom 50,000 55,000 65,000 70,000
2 bedrooms 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000
3 bedrooms 180,000 200,000 250,000 280,000
Duplex 250,000 250,000 290,000 350,000
Tenement/Room 30,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
Romi, Television District
1 bedroom 25,000 30,000 40,000 45,000
2 bedrooms 70,000 80,000 110,000 130,000
3 bedrooms 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000
Duplex 200,000 220,000 250,000 250,000
Tenement/Room 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
Nassarawa
1 bedroom 20,000 25,000 28,000 35,000
2 bedrooms 60,000 100,000 120,000 140,000
3 bedrooms 150,000 160,000 200,000 250,000
Duplex 200,000 230,000 280,000 300,000
Tenement/Room 40,000 40,000 45,000 50,000
Tudun Wada
1 bedroom 15,000 18,000 20,000 25,000
2 bedrooms 50,000 55,000 60,000 65,000
3 bedrooms 70,000 85,000 90,000 100,000
Duplex 150,000 170,000 180,000 210,000
Tenement/Room 10,000 15,000 15,000 20,000
Gonin Gora
1 bedroom 40,000 45,000 55,000 60,000
2 bedrooms 70,000 80,000 100,000 120,000
3 bedrooms 150,000 170,000 200,000 220,000
Duplex 200,000 200,000 220,000 250,000
Tenement/Room 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000
Source: Property Market Survey by the Authors, 2014.
Prior to flood disaster in Kaduna Township the affected areas command high rental value as reflected
in the table above. It is shown that in 1, 2, 3 bedrooms apartment at Abubakar Kigo Road there is significance
upward increase in trend of property rental value prior to flood occurrence.
The same scenario is synonymous to areas such as Rafin Guza, Libreville Street by low cost, Ungwar
Rimi, Ramat close by riverside Ishaku Gwoma area, Kabala market road Kabon, Wushishi Quarters, Bashama
road, Barnawa road, off Kaduna Garden, Romi Television District, Nassarawa, Tudun Wada and Goni-Gora
area of Kaduna – township which are all affected by the raging flood in 2012. This up-ward trend in rental value
continues until year 2012 when the flood occurred. It could be concluded without ambiguity that there is
stability in property rental value culminating to an upward increase on yearly basis prior to occurrence of flood
disaster. Tenants had already paid before the flooding and that was the reason the 2012 rent reflected on the
table 7
8. Effect of the Year 2012 Flooding On Residential Properties Rental Value in Kaduna Metropolis ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09113442 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
After the flood disaster property rental value in the affected areas crumbled to less than average of the
previous year prior to flood disaster. The post flood year experienced lower property rental value in all affected
areas as reflected in the table showing the post flood year’s rental value, i.e. year 2013.
In year 2014 being the second year of post flood period the table shows that, there is an improvement in
property rental value compare to the immediate year after flood disaster. It can be conveniently asserted that
there is a significant reduction in property rental value the year after the flood and a potential for recovery in the
year 2014 being the second year post flood disaster. This is in line with Lamond (2009) submission that flooding
has only a temporary impact on property values and that after three years price has returned to their normal
market level as quoted by Sebastian (2012).
IV. Conclusion
As observed by Yande (2009) floods are responsible for up to 50,000 deaths and adversely affect some 75
million people on average worldwide every year, so it affects property values. In order to do justice to this work,
the collected data were analyzed and the main findings were:
1) Residents preferred areas with cheap rent and land not minding the repercussions of their decisions.
2) Land vendors take interested buyers to the site during dry seasons when the water volume would have been
reduced.
3) People started to go back to the flooded areas due to the temporary measures put in place by the
government of the state that led to improvement in the rent.
4) The marginal nature of flood made people to think their areas are flooding free areas so they refused to
prepare for its occurence.
5) People occupy the areas because of other factors apart from the rate of the rent.
6) Building at rivers setback was identified as the major cause of flood by the researchers but not heavy
rainfall as the average rainfall figure for other years before 2012 apart from 2011 were more as shown in
table 1.
7) Property rental value increase yearly prior to the disaster and picked up two years after the flood year.
V. Recommendation
Based on the outcome of findings, the following are the recommendations proffered.
1) Sufficient data on flood frequencies, causes and other relevant ones should be made available to every
citizen.
2) Every property at the rivers’ setback should be demolished, as this will allow free movement of the rivers as
well as to avoid overflow during the rainy seasons.
3) Public should be sensitized on areas that are prone to flooding, the implication of building at rivers’ setback
and dumping of refuse into flowing rivers.
4) To revive the rental value of properties damaged by flooding proper mitigating measures to check the
disaster should be put in place.
5) Flood maps that will delineate the floodable areas should be prepared for Kaduna as this will discourage the
act of building at flood prone areas.
6) Planning Authorities, Board and other relevant bodies should properly enforce development control.
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