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Kedar Sadekar, Netflix
Nitin Sharma, Netflix
Fact Store - Netflix
Recommendations
#DevSAIS11
Agenda
●
●
●
●
●
●
#DevSAIS11
#DevSAIS11
Recommendations at Netflix
● Personalized Homepage for each member
○ Goal: Quickly help members find content they’d like to
watch
○ Risk: Member may lose interest and abandon the service
○ Challenge: Recommendations at Scale
#DevSAIS11
Scale @ Netflix
●
●
●
●
#DevSAIS11
Experimentation Cycle @ Netflix
Design a New Experiment to Test Out Different Ideas
Offline
Experiment
Online
System
Design Experiment Model Testing
Collect Label Data
Offline Feature
Generation
Model Training Model Validation Metrics
Online A/B Testing
#DevSAIS11
ML Feature Engineering - Architectural View
Online Feature
Generation
Microservices
Online Scoring
Offline Feature
Generation
Shared Feature
Encoders
Model
Training
Deploy Models
Online SystemOffline Experiment
Features
Facts
#DevSAIS11
What is a Fact?
● Fact
○ Input data for feature encoders. Used to construct a feature
○ Example: Viewing history of member, my list of a member
● Historical Version of a fact
○ Rewindable - State of the world at that time
● Temporal
■ Facts are temporal i.e. they change with time
■ Each online scoring service uses the latest value of a fact
#DevSAIS11
Online
Scoring
Predictor
Fact Microservices
Features
Facts
Log these
Online
Scoring
Predictor
Fact Microservices
Features
Facts
Log these
Recommendations Recommendations
Feature Logging Fact Logging
#DevSAIS11
Fact Logging - Pull Architecture
Pull
● Daily snapshots of key facts
● Storage
○ S3 & Parquet
● Api to access the data
○ RDD & DataFrames
● Cons
○ Lacks temporal accuracy
○ Load on Microservices
○ Missing Experiment specific facts
Capture
Snapshots
Fact Microservices
Stratified
Member sets
Snapshots
#DevSAIS11
Fact Logging - Push Architecture
● Compute engines
themselves control
what to log
● Stratification
● Temporal accuracy
Compute Services
Fact Store
Fact Transformer
Fact Fetcher
Fact Logger
ML Workflows
Feature
Generation
Model
Training
#DevSAIS11
Fact Logger
Precompute Live Compute
Fact
Logger
● Library
● Facts
○ User Related
○ Video Related
○ Computation Specific
● Serialization
● Stratification Service
● Fact Stream
● Storage
Base Fact Tables
Stratification
#DevSAIS11
Fact Logging - Scalability
Precompute Live Compute
Fact Logger
● 5-10x increase in data through
Kafka
● SLA Impact; Cost Increase
● Compression - 70% decrease
Storage & Access
Fact Store
Fact Transformer
Deduplication
Precompute Live Compute
Fact Logger
● Pipeline load
○ Repeated facts
● Aggressive or not
○ Loss threshold
Conditional push
● Spark Job
○ Fact pointers
○ SLA
#DevSAIS11
#DevSAIS11
API Lookback
Member ID My List View History Thumbs
122312 My List Value View History Pointer Thumbs Value
254637 My List Pointer View History Pointer Thumbs Pointer
Member n My List Pointer View History Value Thumbs Pointer
My List
Partition 1
Values
Partition m
Values
View
History
Partition 1
Values
Partition m
Values
Thumbs
Partition 1
Values
Partition m
Values
log_time - x
log_time - y
log_time - z
Storage & Access
Fact Store
Fact Transformer
Read API
Precompute Live Compute
Fact Logger
● Query performance
○ Slow moving facts
● Point query
○ Connector
● Query time reduction
○ Hours to minutes
Deduplication
Conditional push
Write
Read
#DevSAIS11
Performance: Storage
• Partitioning scheme
– Noisy neighbor
• Storage format
– Exploratory vs production
• Fast & Slow lane
– Lookback limit
#DevSAIS11
Performance: Spark reads
• Bloom Filters
– Reduce scan
• Cache Access
– EVCache, Spectator
• MapPartitions vs UDF
– Eager vs Lazy
– SPARK-11438, SPARK-11469,
SPARK-20586
Application
ML Library
Read API
#DevSAIS11
Future Work
• Structured with schema evolution
– Best of both (POJO & Spark SQL), Iceberg
• Streaming vs Batch
– Multiple lanes, accountability, independent scale
• Duplication
– Storage vs Runtime cost
#DevSAIS11
#DevSAIS11
Questions?

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  • 1. Kedar Sadekar, Netflix Nitin Sharma, Netflix Fact Store - Netflix Recommendations #DevSAIS11
  • 3. #DevSAIS11 Recommendations at Netflix ● Personalized Homepage for each member ○ Goal: Quickly help members find content they’d like to watch ○ Risk: Member may lose interest and abandon the service ○ Challenge: Recommendations at Scale
  • 5. #DevSAIS11 Experimentation Cycle @ Netflix Design a New Experiment to Test Out Different Ideas Offline Experiment Online System Design Experiment Model Testing Collect Label Data Offline Feature Generation Model Training Model Validation Metrics Online A/B Testing
  • 6. #DevSAIS11 ML Feature Engineering - Architectural View Online Feature Generation Microservices Online Scoring Offline Feature Generation Shared Feature Encoders Model Training Deploy Models Online SystemOffline Experiment Features Facts
  • 7. #DevSAIS11 What is a Fact? ● Fact ○ Input data for feature encoders. Used to construct a feature ○ Example: Viewing history of member, my list of a member ● Historical Version of a fact ○ Rewindable - State of the world at that time ● Temporal ■ Facts are temporal i.e. they change with time ■ Each online scoring service uses the latest value of a fact
  • 8. #DevSAIS11 Online Scoring Predictor Fact Microservices Features Facts Log these Online Scoring Predictor Fact Microservices Features Facts Log these Recommendations Recommendations Feature Logging Fact Logging
  • 9. #DevSAIS11 Fact Logging - Pull Architecture Pull ● Daily snapshots of key facts ● Storage ○ S3 & Parquet ● Api to access the data ○ RDD & DataFrames ● Cons ○ Lacks temporal accuracy ○ Load on Microservices ○ Missing Experiment specific facts Capture Snapshots Fact Microservices Stratified Member sets Snapshots
  • 10. #DevSAIS11 Fact Logging - Push Architecture ● Compute engines themselves control what to log ● Stratification ● Temporal accuracy Compute Services Fact Store Fact Transformer Fact Fetcher Fact Logger ML Workflows Feature Generation Model Training
  • 11. #DevSAIS11 Fact Logger Precompute Live Compute Fact Logger ● Library ● Facts ○ User Related ○ Video Related ○ Computation Specific ● Serialization ● Stratification Service ● Fact Stream ● Storage Base Fact Tables Stratification
  • 12. #DevSAIS11 Fact Logging - Scalability Precompute Live Compute Fact Logger ● 5-10x increase in data through Kafka ● SLA Impact; Cost Increase ● Compression - 70% decrease
  • 13. Storage & Access Fact Store Fact Transformer Deduplication Precompute Live Compute Fact Logger ● Pipeline load ○ Repeated facts ● Aggressive or not ○ Loss threshold Conditional push ● Spark Job ○ Fact pointers ○ SLA #DevSAIS11
  • 14. #DevSAIS11 API Lookback Member ID My List View History Thumbs 122312 My List Value View History Pointer Thumbs Value 254637 My List Pointer View History Pointer Thumbs Pointer Member n My List Pointer View History Value Thumbs Pointer My List Partition 1 Values Partition m Values View History Partition 1 Values Partition m Values Thumbs Partition 1 Values Partition m Values log_time - x log_time - y log_time - z
  • 15. Storage & Access Fact Store Fact Transformer Read API Precompute Live Compute Fact Logger ● Query performance ○ Slow moving facts ● Point query ○ Connector ● Query time reduction ○ Hours to minutes Deduplication Conditional push Write Read #DevSAIS11
  • 16. Performance: Storage • Partitioning scheme – Noisy neighbor • Storage format – Exploratory vs production • Fast & Slow lane – Lookback limit #DevSAIS11
  • 17. Performance: Spark reads • Bloom Filters – Reduce scan • Cache Access – EVCache, Spectator • MapPartitions vs UDF – Eager vs Lazy – SPARK-11438, SPARK-11469, SPARK-20586 Application ML Library Read API #DevSAIS11
  • 18. Future Work • Structured with schema evolution – Best of both (POJO & Spark SQL), Iceberg • Streaming vs Batch – Multiple lanes, accountability, independent scale • Duplication – Storage vs Runtime cost #DevSAIS11