X ray films.pptxThe system measure deflection of a laser beam from a re...NISHANT KUMAR
A Film holder is a device to hold the film which allow easy and predictable alignment of the X- ray tube.
Three types of film holders:
Uncoupled positioning devices consisting of intraoral film holders, but no aiming devices;
Semi rigidly coupled devices that have intra oral film holders and attached aiming rods with or without aiming rings;
Rigidly coupled positioning devices where the intra oral film holder, beam aiming devices, and x-ray cone are all physically connected.
hemostat with rubber biteblock held the film and a long metal rod .
1951: The snap a ray instrument was developed.
1962: The precision X-ray instrument was introduced.
1967: Rinn instruments for use with bisecting angle technique
1968 : for use with the parallel technique.
1987: Cephalometric unit was used for the stabilization of the patient.
1993: Kwik bite and Intrax devices uses for orthodontic purposes. And Rinn xcp bitewing device was also used.
1996: Electronically Guided Alignment Device (EGAD) system was introduced. With this system a custom made occlusal biteblock held an aluminium wedge.
The system measure deflection of a laser
beam from a refernce mirror attached to a
bracket bonded to the patient’s mirrorIntensifying screens are image receptor system used in combination with x ray film for all extra oral radiographic procedures such as OPG , ceph and skull radiography
Types- Depending on light emitted
Blue emitting visible light
Green emitting visible light
Consist of light sensitive phosphor crystals suspended in plastic material
When the phosphors are struck by x ray photons they emit visible light that exposes the xray film.
Most frequently used- calcium tungstate – Blue visible light
Rare earth element-
Advantages-
4 x more efficient
Green emission spectrum
hich allow easy and predictable alignment of the X- ray tube.
Three types of film holders:
Uncoupled positioning devices consisting of intraoral film holders, but no aiming devices;
Semi rigidly coupled devices that have intra oral film holders and attached aiming rods with or without aiming rings;
Rigidly coupled positioning devices where the intra oral film holder, beam aiming devices, and x-ray cone are all physically connected.
hemostat with rubber biteblock held the film and a long metal rod .
1951: The snap a ray instrument was developed.
1962: The precision X-ray instrument was introduced.
1967: Rinn instruments for use with bisecting angle technique
1968 : for use with the parallel technique.
1987: Cephalometric unit was used for the stabilization of the patient.
1993: Kwik bite and Intrax devices uses for orthodontic purposes. And Rinn xcp bitewing device was also used.
1996: Electronically Guided Alignment Device (EGAD) system was introduced. With this system a custom made occlusal biteblock held an aluminium wedge.
The system measure deflection of a laser
beam from a refernce mirror attached to a
bracket bonded to the patie
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Image receptors & accessories/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Dental X-Ray Film types and indications.
1. By :
Maryam Mageed Nife
Nakheel Moaied Raheem
Masoma Mohammed Jaseem
Mohammed Zaki Habib
Mohammed Kareem Radhi
X-Ray Film
(Types & Indications)
2. X-ray films are the most widely used receptor system in
dentistry. This presentation will describes x-ray films
composition , types , sizes and indications.
Introduction
3. Extra oral X- Ray
film
Contents
X-Ray Film
Composition
Intraoral X-Ray
Film
4. X-Ray Film Composition
X-ray film has two principal components:
1- Emulsion
2- Base
Emulsion
The two principal components of emulsion are silver halide grains, which
are sensitive to x-radiation and visible light, and a vehicle gelatinous
matrix in which the crystals are suspended.
5. Scanning electron
micrograph of emulsion of
INSIGHT
film showing flat tabular
silver bromide crystals,
Scanning electron
micrograph of INSIGHT
dental x-ray film
6. Emulsion
The silver halide grains are composed primarily of crystals of silver
bromide. The silver halide grains in INSIGHT film and Ultra-speed film
are flat, tabular crystals with a mean diameter of approximately 1.8 μm
The tabular grains are oriented parallel with the film surface to offer a
large cross-sectional area to the x-ray beam. INSIGHT film has
approximately twice the number of silver grains so that it requires only
half the exposure of Ultra-speed film.
7. Base
The function of the film base is to support the
emulsion. The base for dental Xray film is
made of polyester polyethylene terephthalate,
which provides the proper degree of flexibility
to allow easy handling of the film.
8. Base
The film base must also withstand exposure to
processing solutions without becoming
distorted. The base is uniformly translucent
and casts no pattern on the resultant
radiograph.
9. .
1- Intra oral X- Ray film 2- Extra oral X- Ray film
Types of X-Ray Film
10. Intraoral X-Ray Film
Intraoral dental x-ray film is made as a double-emulsion film
(i.e., both sides of the base are coated with an emulsion). With
a double layer of emulsion, less radiation is required to
produce an image.
11. Intraoral X-Ray Film
Direct exposure film is used for intraoral examinations because
it provides higher resolution images than screen-film
combinations. Some diagnostic tasks, such as detection of
incipient caries or early periapical disease, require this higher
resolution.
12. One corner of each dental film has a small, raised dot that is used for
film orientation
(A) The raised film dot (arrow) indicates the tube side of the film and identifies the
patient's right and left sides. (B) The location of this dot is clearly marked with a
black circle on the outside of every film packet.
13. 01
A thin lead foil backing with an embossed pattern is between the
wrappers in the film packet. The foil is positioned in the film packet
behind the film away from the tube. This lead foil serves several
purposes such as :
1- It shields the film from backscatter (secondary) radiation, which fogs
the film and reduces image contrast (image quality).
2- It reduces patient exposure by absorbing some of the residual x-ray
beam.
15. Types of Intraoral X-Rays film
Periapical View ( Type I)
Periapical views record the crowns, roots, and surrounding bone. Film packs come
in three sizes
• Size 0 for small children (22 mm × 35 mm)
• Size 1, which is relatively narrow and used for views of the anterior teeth (24 mm
× 40 mm)
• Size 2, the standard film size used for adults (30.5 mm × 40.5 mm)
16.
17. Bite-Wing View ( Type II)
Bite-wing (interproximal) views record the coronal portions of the
maxillary and mandibular teeth in one image. They are used to detect
interproximal caries and evaluate the height of alveolar bone. Size 2 film is
normally used in adults; the smaller size 1 is preferred in children. In small
children, size 0 may be used. A relatively long size 3 is also available.
18. Bite-Wing View ( Type II)
Bite-wing films often have a paper tab projecting from the middle of the
film on which the patient bites to support the film. This tab is rarely
visualized on the image and does not interfere with the diagnostic quality
of the image. Film-holding instruments for bite-wing projections also are
available.
19.
20. Occlusal View ( Type III)
Occlusal film, size 4, is more than 3 times larger than size 2 film. It is used
to show larger areas of the maxilla or mandible than may be seen on a
periapical film. These films also are used to obtain right-angle views to the
usual periapical view. The name derives from the fact that the film is held
in position by having the patient bite lightly on it to support it between the
occlusal surfaces of the teeth
21. Extra oral X- Ray film
The purpose of using such film is to make a radiographic
image able to examine an area in and around the jaw that can't
be seen by intra oral film, there are two types of extra oral
film :
1- Non screen film
2- screen film
22. Non screen film
1. Film emulsion is more sensitive to X- ray than to light.
2. The film has double emulsion like intra oral film but the emulsion is
thicker.
3. Increased thickness of emulsion make the non screen film need less
amount of radiation so it need less exposure time.
4. The size of the film used include: 5×7 and 8×10 inches.
23. Screen film
1. Film emulsion is more sensitive to visible light and more specifically to blue
light in the visible light spectrum.
2. The size include: - 5×7, 8×10 and 10×12 inches.
3. Screen film has 3 types:- slow or detail screen, medium or par – speed screen
and fast or high – speed screen.
4 .The screen film placed between 2 fluorescent screen in cassette. These 2
fluorescent screen made from (tiny calcium tungestate crystals). When these
crystals exposed to X- Ray , the result of this exposure is a creation of light , this
light in turn exposes the screen film to produce the image.
25. 01
The extraoral projections used most frequently in
dentistry are panoramic and cephalometric views For
these projections, screen film is used with intensifying
screens to reduce patient exposure Screen film is
different from dental intraoral film. is designed to be
sensitive to visible light because it is placed between
two intensifying screens when an exposure is made.
26. 01
The intensifying screens absorb x-rays and emit
visible light, which exposes the film. Silver halide
crystals are inherently sensitive to ultraviolet (UV)
and blue light (300 to 500 nm) and thus are
sensitive to screens that emit UV and blue light.
27. 01
When film is used with screens that emit green
light the silver halide crystals are coated with
sensitizing dyes to increase absorption. It is
important to use the appropriate screen-film
combination recommended by the screen and
film manufacturer