The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Ajuga bracteosa L., and Otostegia limbata L., are two
plant species of family Lamiaceae. The crude methanol leaves
extracts of these two medicinal plants were examined for their
antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant (radical scavenging)
activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
against clinically important species of bacteria and fungi were
examined. Leaves extracts of these two plants were screened
against six strains of bacteria (two were gram positive i.e.
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and four were gram
negative i.e. Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia
coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) and two strains of fungi
(Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus). Eight
concentrations (15 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml, 5
mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml) were used to check the
antimicrobial activity of plant extracts. Maximum inhibitory
zone 30 mm was observed in Otostegia limbata and 25 mm in
Ajuga bracteosa at 15 mg/ml mm for antibacterial activity. Ajuga
bracteosa and Otostegia limbata gave response against both
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. This study
establishes the effective ethnomedicinal use of these plants in the
treatment of various infectious diseases. There is high potential
for the exploitation of the plants for development of novel
antimicrobial agents.
Pratap Singh1*, Rajendra Singh1, Nitin Sati2, Om Prakash Sati1
1Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
*Address for Correspondence: Pratap Singh, PhD Scholar, Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University
Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
Received: 15 September 2016/Revised: 28 September 2016/Accepted: 26 October 2016
ABSTRACT- Impatiens sulcata is an annual plant used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of several
ailments, seeds are edible, plant paste is applied to prevent utricaria, itching, eczema, pimples and mucilage is used as an
abortifacient. Methanolic extract of Impatiens sulcata and its various fractions were screened for phytochemical analysis,
antioxidant potential by total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant activity, DPPH scavenging
activity, reducing power and ABTS scavenging activity, while antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay against a set
of bacterial and fungal strains. Petroleum ether and methanolic extract showed higher free radical scavenging activity and
phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. In biological assay, the extracts
showed the moderate antimicrobial activity.
Key-words- Impatiens sulcata; Phytochemical analysis; Antioxidant potential; Anti-bacterial activity; Anti-fungal
activity;
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Ajuga bracteosa L., and Otostegia limbata L., are two
plant species of family Lamiaceae. The crude methanol leaves
extracts of these two medicinal plants were examined for their
antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant (radical scavenging)
activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
against clinically important species of bacteria and fungi were
examined. Leaves extracts of these two plants were screened
against six strains of bacteria (two were gram positive i.e.
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and four were gram
negative i.e. Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia
coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) and two strains of fungi
(Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus). Eight
concentrations (15 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml, 5
mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml) were used to check the
antimicrobial activity of plant extracts. Maximum inhibitory
zone 30 mm was observed in Otostegia limbata and 25 mm in
Ajuga bracteosa at 15 mg/ml mm for antibacterial activity. Ajuga
bracteosa and Otostegia limbata gave response against both
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. This study
establishes the effective ethnomedicinal use of these plants in the
treatment of various infectious diseases. There is high potential
for the exploitation of the plants for development of novel
antimicrobial agents.
Pratap Singh1*, Rajendra Singh1, Nitin Sati2, Om Prakash Sati1
1Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
*Address for Correspondence: Pratap Singh, PhD Scholar, Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University
Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
Received: 15 September 2016/Revised: 28 September 2016/Accepted: 26 October 2016
ABSTRACT- Impatiens sulcata is an annual plant used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of several
ailments, seeds are edible, plant paste is applied to prevent utricaria, itching, eczema, pimples and mucilage is used as an
abortifacient. Methanolic extract of Impatiens sulcata and its various fractions were screened for phytochemical analysis,
antioxidant potential by total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant activity, DPPH scavenging
activity, reducing power and ABTS scavenging activity, while antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay against a set
of bacterial and fungal strains. Petroleum ether and methanolic extract showed higher free radical scavenging activity and
phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. In biological assay, the extracts
showed the moderate antimicrobial activity.
Key-words- Impatiens sulcata; Phytochemical analysis; Antioxidant potential; Anti-bacterial activity; Anti-fungal
activity;
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Studies on phytochemicals, antibacterial efficacy and antioxidant potency of ...Innspub Net
In this investigation, Capparis sepiaria was analysed for its phytochemical constituents qualitatively and quantitatively. The antibacterial property of aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts of Capparis sepiaria was studied against different bacteria include Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Shigella flexineri. Hexane extract of Capparis sepiaria showed the maximum growth inhibition zone of 20.4±0.2 mm at concentration of 500 mg against Salmonella typhi. Please mention the highest inhibition result including extract name and concentration. The antioxidant effect of those extracts was also studied against α-tocopherol as a control. From the results, Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were revealed to be present in Capparis sepiaria. Ethanol extract at the concentration of 500 μg/ml showed 57.81% antioxidant activity against 500 μg/ml of α-tocopherol which showed 66.76% as a standard reference. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-3-november-2011/
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Dioon spi...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies of leaf and rachis of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrate, and phenols, whereas saponin was absent. The phenolic content expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent was determined and was more in methanolic extract of leaf (29.40 mg) than rachis (8.76 mg). Flavonoid contents were also greater in leaves than in rachis and methanol extract contained higher content (2.812 mg/g) than water (1.923 mg/g). Terpenoids were more in the aqueous extracts of both leaf and rachis when compared to methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity of both leaf and rachis extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Leaf extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 130 μg/ml when compared to the rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The reducing capability of the leaf extract was found to be more when compared to rachis. The antibacterial potential was evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was observed only at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and 13 mm.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Pontential Germicidal Soap of Mangifera Indica Linn. Mango Fruit Peel Extractijtsrd
The study focused mainly on the determination of the potential germicidal soap of Mangifera indica Mango fruit peel extract. It aimed to determine the physical properties in terms of color, melting point, odor, pH value, and solubility. Also, it sought to determine the acid value, iodine value of mango peel soap for its chemical properties. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was used for the determination on antimicrobial sensitivity test, the researcher concluded that the prepared soap doesn't have the capability to reduce the excrescency of the microorganisms. Therefore the researcher concluded that Mangifera indica peel can be made into germicidal soap but not comparable to commercially available germicidal soap. Raquel L. Crebello | Maria Judy M. Somoray ""Pontential Germicidal Soap of Mangifera Indica Linn. (Mango) Fruit Peel Extract"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22939.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22939/pontential-germicidal-soap-of-mangifera-indica-linn-mango-fruit-peel-extract/raquel-l-crebello
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
D-Penicillamine Alleviates Oxidative Stress in Neonates by Its Influence on C...inventionjournals
Objective – the aim of this article was to demonstrate the protection of biomembranes against lipid peroxidation, and highlight the role of D-Penicillamine (D-PA). Study Design – The authors conducted a review searching the relevant literature of bilirubin and copper metabolisms, and of antioxidant effects of D-PA in the neonatal period. Results – Unconjugated bilirubin has a special affinity for the globus pallidus, the hippocampus, and the subthalamic nucleus (basal ganglia). Furthermore, immaturity of the blood-brain barrier also contributes to the development of kernicterus. Homeostasis of metal ions usually involves a huge set of proteins which regulate the proper metal biology. Metal ions, especially copper and iron play very important roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND), having impact on both protein structure (misfolding) and oxidative stress. D-PA by its ability to modulate both oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) pathway may have significant neuroprotective effects in cases jeopardized by BIND or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Interpretation – The authors conclude that treatment with D-PA might result in a wide range of health benefits, improved quality of life and reduced healthcare costs and may help reduce complications in the neonatal period. Keywords: Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction; Reactive oxygen species; Copper dyshomeostasis;; Neurodegeneration; D-Penicillamine in the neonatal period Key points: ► D-PA was first recognized as a potential benefit for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. During this time there was a remarkably low incidence ROP in the infants treated with this drug. Later, our studies were replicated in other institutes in Hungary, Poland, the USA, India and Mexico. ►It is important to note that there was no intolerance or short- or long-term toxicity of the medication, in spite of the fact that in the newborn period D-PA was used 10-20 times higher doses than those in adult. ► Metal ions, especially copper and iron play very important roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including BIND and ROP, having impact on both protein structure (misfolding) and oxidative stress. ► D-PA by its ability to modulate both oxidative stress and nitric oxide pathway may have significant neuroprotective effects in cases jeopardized by bilirubin encephalopathy or ROP
MeĢrutiyet Devrimi Sürecinde Ġran’da Ulemânın Rolü ve Etkisi (1906-1911)inventionjournals
Ġran'da ülke içindeki toplumsal, siyasi ve ekonomik duruma bağlı olarak güç yapısında bazı değiĢimler meydana gelmektedir. Bu değiĢimler Ġran’daki mevcut sosyal gruplar arasındaki güç dengelerini değiĢtirmektedir. MonarĢiler döneminde, siyasi bir figür olarak ġah Ġran’daki güç üzerinde tekelci bir konuma sahip olamamıĢtır, ancak yabancı hükümetlerin desteği ve iç muhalif dengelerin de yardımıyla otoritesini kurabilmiĢtir. Bu makalede Ġran’da MeĢrutiyet Devrimi (1906-1911) döneminde yaĢanan siyasi ve toplumsal değiĢimler ve din adamlarının (ulemâ sınıfı) bu değiĢimler karĢısındaki tavrı tarihi ve kültürel süreç içerisinde ulemânın sahip olduğu konumla birlikte ele alınmıĢtır. “Ġran’da MeĢrutiyet Devriminin OluĢumu” ve “MeĢrutiyet Döneminde Ġran’da Etkin Ulemâ” baĢlıkları ulemânın gücü ve toplum üzerindeki etkisi dikkate alınarak incelenmiĢtir. Bu baĢlıkların yanı sıra Ġran MeĢrutiyet Devriminin, Osmanlı Ġmparatorluğu’nun son döneminde yaĢadığı II. MeĢrutiyet Devrimiyle(1908-1913) karĢılaĢtırıldığı bir baĢlık konulmuĢ ve böylece Ġran’ın geçirdiği meĢrutiyet sürecinin daha iyi anlaĢılması sağlanmıĢtır. Yöntem olarak nitel araĢtırma tekniklerinden olan kaynak incelemesi (Türkçe ve Ġngilizce Tezler, bilimsel raporlar, akademik makaleler, kitaplar) tercih edilmiĢtir. Ġran’da yabancı güçlerin ülkeye nüfuzunu engellemek üzere ulemânın da yardımıyla 1891’de gerçekleĢen Tütün Protestosu, otoriter Kaçar ġahlarına karĢı toplumsal bir baĢarıdır. Bu baĢarı MeĢrutiyet Devrimi gibi daha radikal, politik ve kapsamlı bir hareketin oluĢmasına zemin hazırlamıĢtır. 1905 yılında baĢkentte halk ayaklanmasıyla baĢlayan bu devrim, 1908 yılından sonra ayaklanmaların, Ģiddet olaylarının artmasıyla daha çok ses getiren, baĢkent Tahran’dan diğer Ģehirlere de yayılan bir hareket niteliği kazanmıĢtır ve 1911 yılında son bulmuĢtur. Radikal Ulemâ, esnaf ve Batı tarzı modernleĢmeyi savunan seküler entelektüellerin ittifakıyla Ģekillenen MeĢrutiyet Devrimi’nde en etkin rolü üstlenmiĢ olan ulemânın kendi içinde yaĢadığı fikir ayrılıkları MeĢrutiyet sürecinin baĢarıya ulaĢmasını engelleyen unsurlardan biri olmuĢtur. Nihayetinde, Kaçar Hanedanlığının son yirmi yılındaki katı uygulamalar, BirleĢik Krallık’ın ve Rusya Ġmparatorluğu’nun Ġran’da artan nüfuzu ve ulemânın fikir ayrılıkları sebebiyle; bu devrim ve kazanımları baĢarısızlıkla sonuçlanmıĢtır.
Role of Law in Dealing with the Cyber Crime and Social Changeinventionjournals
The objective of this research is to get a deep explanation between the role of law in the face of social change and the relation of cybercrime in the society. It’s included in Act Number 11 of 2008 regarding The Electronic Transaction and information. This research use literary research with normative and judicial approach and the primary law material which is included the secondary data. The analysis technique of this data is using the combination of deductive and inductive. The result of this research show the existence of close relationship between law and social change associated with cyber crime. The Act Number 11 of 2008 regarding The Electronic Transaction and Information is the instrument of social control and social engineering in the society.
Studies on phytochemicals, antibacterial efficacy and antioxidant potency of ...Innspub Net
In this investigation, Capparis sepiaria was analysed for its phytochemical constituents qualitatively and quantitatively. The antibacterial property of aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts of Capparis sepiaria was studied against different bacteria include Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Shigella flexineri. Hexane extract of Capparis sepiaria showed the maximum growth inhibition zone of 20.4±0.2 mm at concentration of 500 mg against Salmonella typhi. Please mention the highest inhibition result including extract name and concentration. The antioxidant effect of those extracts was also studied against α-tocopherol as a control. From the results, Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were revealed to be present in Capparis sepiaria. Ethanol extract at the concentration of 500 μg/ml showed 57.81% antioxidant activity against 500 μg/ml of α-tocopherol which showed 66.76% as a standard reference. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-3-november-2011/
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Dioon spi...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies of leaf and rachis of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrate, and phenols, whereas saponin was absent. The phenolic content expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent was determined and was more in methanolic extract of leaf (29.40 mg) than rachis (8.76 mg). Flavonoid contents were also greater in leaves than in rachis and methanol extract contained higher content (2.812 mg/g) than water (1.923 mg/g). Terpenoids were more in the aqueous extracts of both leaf and rachis when compared to methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity of both leaf and rachis extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Leaf extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 130 μg/ml when compared to the rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The reducing capability of the leaf extract was found to be more when compared to rachis. The antibacterial potential was evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was observed only at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and 13 mm.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Pontential Germicidal Soap of Mangifera Indica Linn. Mango Fruit Peel Extractijtsrd
The study focused mainly on the determination of the potential germicidal soap of Mangifera indica Mango fruit peel extract. It aimed to determine the physical properties in terms of color, melting point, odor, pH value, and solubility. Also, it sought to determine the acid value, iodine value of mango peel soap for its chemical properties. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was used for the determination on antimicrobial sensitivity test, the researcher concluded that the prepared soap doesn't have the capability to reduce the excrescency of the microorganisms. Therefore the researcher concluded that Mangifera indica peel can be made into germicidal soap but not comparable to commercially available germicidal soap. Raquel L. Crebello | Maria Judy M. Somoray ""Pontential Germicidal Soap of Mangifera Indica Linn. (Mango) Fruit Peel Extract"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22939.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22939/pontential-germicidal-soap-of-mangifera-indica-linn-mango-fruit-peel-extract/raquel-l-crebello
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
D-Penicillamine Alleviates Oxidative Stress in Neonates by Its Influence on C...inventionjournals
Objective – the aim of this article was to demonstrate the protection of biomembranes against lipid peroxidation, and highlight the role of D-Penicillamine (D-PA). Study Design – The authors conducted a review searching the relevant literature of bilirubin and copper metabolisms, and of antioxidant effects of D-PA in the neonatal period. Results – Unconjugated bilirubin has a special affinity for the globus pallidus, the hippocampus, and the subthalamic nucleus (basal ganglia). Furthermore, immaturity of the blood-brain barrier also contributes to the development of kernicterus. Homeostasis of metal ions usually involves a huge set of proteins which regulate the proper metal biology. Metal ions, especially copper and iron play very important roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND), having impact on both protein structure (misfolding) and oxidative stress. D-PA by its ability to modulate both oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) pathway may have significant neuroprotective effects in cases jeopardized by BIND or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Interpretation – The authors conclude that treatment with D-PA might result in a wide range of health benefits, improved quality of life and reduced healthcare costs and may help reduce complications in the neonatal period. Keywords: Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction; Reactive oxygen species; Copper dyshomeostasis;; Neurodegeneration; D-Penicillamine in the neonatal period Key points: ► D-PA was first recognized as a potential benefit for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. During this time there was a remarkably low incidence ROP in the infants treated with this drug. Later, our studies were replicated in other institutes in Hungary, Poland, the USA, India and Mexico. ►It is important to note that there was no intolerance or short- or long-term toxicity of the medication, in spite of the fact that in the newborn period D-PA was used 10-20 times higher doses than those in adult. ► Metal ions, especially copper and iron play very important roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including BIND and ROP, having impact on both protein structure (misfolding) and oxidative stress. ► D-PA by its ability to modulate both oxidative stress and nitric oxide pathway may have significant neuroprotective effects in cases jeopardized by bilirubin encephalopathy or ROP
MeĢrutiyet Devrimi Sürecinde Ġran’da Ulemânın Rolü ve Etkisi (1906-1911)inventionjournals
Ġran'da ülke içindeki toplumsal, siyasi ve ekonomik duruma bağlı olarak güç yapısında bazı değiĢimler meydana gelmektedir. Bu değiĢimler Ġran’daki mevcut sosyal gruplar arasındaki güç dengelerini değiĢtirmektedir. MonarĢiler döneminde, siyasi bir figür olarak ġah Ġran’daki güç üzerinde tekelci bir konuma sahip olamamıĢtır, ancak yabancı hükümetlerin desteği ve iç muhalif dengelerin de yardımıyla otoritesini kurabilmiĢtir. Bu makalede Ġran’da MeĢrutiyet Devrimi (1906-1911) döneminde yaĢanan siyasi ve toplumsal değiĢimler ve din adamlarının (ulemâ sınıfı) bu değiĢimler karĢısındaki tavrı tarihi ve kültürel süreç içerisinde ulemânın sahip olduğu konumla birlikte ele alınmıĢtır. “Ġran’da MeĢrutiyet Devriminin OluĢumu” ve “MeĢrutiyet Döneminde Ġran’da Etkin Ulemâ” baĢlıkları ulemânın gücü ve toplum üzerindeki etkisi dikkate alınarak incelenmiĢtir. Bu baĢlıkların yanı sıra Ġran MeĢrutiyet Devriminin, Osmanlı Ġmparatorluğu’nun son döneminde yaĢadığı II. MeĢrutiyet Devrimiyle(1908-1913) karĢılaĢtırıldığı bir baĢlık konulmuĢ ve böylece Ġran’ın geçirdiği meĢrutiyet sürecinin daha iyi anlaĢılması sağlanmıĢtır. Yöntem olarak nitel araĢtırma tekniklerinden olan kaynak incelemesi (Türkçe ve Ġngilizce Tezler, bilimsel raporlar, akademik makaleler, kitaplar) tercih edilmiĢtir. Ġran’da yabancı güçlerin ülkeye nüfuzunu engellemek üzere ulemânın da yardımıyla 1891’de gerçekleĢen Tütün Protestosu, otoriter Kaçar ġahlarına karĢı toplumsal bir baĢarıdır. Bu baĢarı MeĢrutiyet Devrimi gibi daha radikal, politik ve kapsamlı bir hareketin oluĢmasına zemin hazırlamıĢtır. 1905 yılında baĢkentte halk ayaklanmasıyla baĢlayan bu devrim, 1908 yılından sonra ayaklanmaların, Ģiddet olaylarının artmasıyla daha çok ses getiren, baĢkent Tahran’dan diğer Ģehirlere de yayılan bir hareket niteliği kazanmıĢtır ve 1911 yılında son bulmuĢtur. Radikal Ulemâ, esnaf ve Batı tarzı modernleĢmeyi savunan seküler entelektüellerin ittifakıyla Ģekillenen MeĢrutiyet Devrimi’nde en etkin rolü üstlenmiĢ olan ulemânın kendi içinde yaĢadığı fikir ayrılıkları MeĢrutiyet sürecinin baĢarıya ulaĢmasını engelleyen unsurlardan biri olmuĢtur. Nihayetinde, Kaçar Hanedanlığının son yirmi yılındaki katı uygulamalar, BirleĢik Krallık’ın ve Rusya Ġmparatorluğu’nun Ġran’da artan nüfuzu ve ulemânın fikir ayrılıkları sebebiyle; bu devrim ve kazanımları baĢarısızlıkla sonuçlanmıĢtır.
Role of Law in Dealing with the Cyber Crime and Social Changeinventionjournals
The objective of this research is to get a deep explanation between the role of law in the face of social change and the relation of cybercrime in the society. It’s included in Act Number 11 of 2008 regarding The Electronic Transaction and information. This research use literary research with normative and judicial approach and the primary law material which is included the secondary data. The analysis technique of this data is using the combination of deductive and inductive. The result of this research show the existence of close relationship between law and social change associated with cyber crime. The Act Number 11 of 2008 regarding The Electronic Transaction and Information is the instrument of social control and social engineering in the society.
Legal Arrangements Regarding the Adoption of Children in Indonesiainventionjournals
The adoption of a child to be one way to get custody of the child. Indonesian law gives freedom to every citizen of both Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals to adopt a child to meet all the applicable procedures in order to ensure the survival of children and prevent children from the loss of the future.
The Debilitating Effect of Conflict on the Female Gender: The Syrian Conflict...inventionjournals
In times of war, members of the same society face very different challenges. The impact of war on someone will vary according to factors such as age, social class, and gender. What appears to have taken centre stage in the discussion of the Syrian conflict is the impact of the conflict on children and the dangers threatening their everyday lives. Children however are not the only vulnerable members of society at war. Syrian women also face extremely adverse conditions. This paper sets out to analytically x-ray the plight of women in conflict situations with particular reference to the Syrian crisis. It finds amongst other things that women are indeed the most vulnerable in war times and it recommends amongst other things that strive for the protection of the vulnerable in war times and conflict prone zones is a quest that must be sought.
Language Needs Analysis for English Curriculum Validationinventionjournals
This study aims to identify the language needs analysis for English curriculum validation in the tertiary level. The descriptive method is utilized in the study and employed purposive sampling. This is also called judgmental sampling. A deliberate selection of individuals made by the researcher based on the predefined criteria. Three hundred forty nine (349) students were utilized as respondents to test their listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, identifying errors and correct usage. Result showed that identifying errors skills, writing skills, correct usage, reading skills and listening skills were significantly affected by the respondents profile since the computed P-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05. However, speaking skills and vocabulary skills show that they are not significant to the profile of the respondents.
We report a case of a 7-yeas old boy with Cornea plana who presented with heavy amblyiopia due to high refractive error. Cornea plana is a genetically determined condition that can be accompanied by a range of complications and have virtually no possible treatment. The child underwent a treatment for the amblyopia with very good results, but still presents a challenge in terms of early detection of possible glaucoma.
The Factors Affecting the Development of Entrepreneurship School in Education...inventionjournals
This study aimed to identify factors involved in developing Entrepreneur school and understanding the Executive requirements of these schools in Educational system of Iran (Case Study of MAZANDARAN province). Relying on the theory of organizational entrepreneurship and data based theory (Grounded Theory) the factors effective in creating a school for entrepreneurs were identified. The population of the study in Interview section was 20 experts in the Field of educational sciences from the University of Educators, entrepreneurship teachers and school administrators and for qualitative validation were 20 faculty members of University of Educators and school administrators. The research tools were open interview and content analysis techniques .The research findings indicate that the two groups factors of inside and outside organization and 3 dimensions of personal, organizational and environmental abilities and 16 components of Features (psychological , attitude, motivational), management style, organizational ,Mental and interpersonal skills, new methods of reward, management support, Delegate, deadline, curricula system , strategic orientation, entrepreneurial culture, entrepreneurship education, space and equipments, government policies, socio-economic and cultural conditions, financial and non-financial support are effective in building this kind of entrepreneur school. Also the results of qualitative validation or questionnaire distribution in the first step have resulted to the Removal of the concepts of parental education; parental social status and evaluation system due to an average of less than 4.In the implementation of the second round questionnaire, Kendal correlation coefficient was calculated and Kendall's w = 0.705 was obtained, suggesting a strong consensus among panel members in the research.
A Course-Based Qualitative Inquiry into the Potential Impact of the Bachelor ...inventionjournals
This course-based qualitative study aims to explore what 4th-year Child and Youth Care students and recent graduates of the Bachelor of Child and Youth Care program at MacEwan University think about their likely parenting styles as a direct result of their Child and Youth Care educational experience. A thematic analysis of the data revealed four major themes: (1) the desire to be an authoritative parent, (2) courses, (3) themes and concepts that were meaningful, and (4) a better understanding of theories relevant to parenting and the need for self-reflection
Terminalia Chebula A Traditional Herbal Drug – A Short Reviewinventionjournals
The usage of medicinal plants used from ancient times to treat various diseases due to its potential medicinal applications. Terminalia chebula is one of the common herbal drugs used in traditional systems in worldwide. The review tries to focus the traditional use of Terminalia chebula as herbal drug and the importance and its impact in the medicinal applications.
Temperament and Character of Schizophrenics: A Study on Indian Populationinventionjournals
This study was attempted to explore the temperament and character of schizophrenic patients and compared with normal controls. Total 102 schizophrenic patients and 50 normal controls were included in this study. The mean age of Schizophrenic patients was 32.073( SD + 10.205) and normal controls mean age was 30.14 (SD +12.048). Temperament and Character Inventory was used to assessed personality of the Schizophrenic patients. Findings revealed that out of four temperament novelty seeking and persistence were significantly differed from normal controls. Both were found low in Patients than normals. All three Character domains were found significantly difference in comparison of both group. Self directedness and cooperativeness were found low in schizophrenia than normals. Self transcendence was found high in patients group than Controls. Findings of this study can help to understand the personality of Schizophrenic patients.
A Review on the Challenges of Teaching Physical Educationinventionjournals
It is very common that teachers’ degrees are questioned about the fundamental knowledge and methods one has to hold in order to teach. This kind of reflection concerning teachers’ education requires constant research and education update so that the teachers’ social meaning can be defined. Knowing something does not mean only being informed about some field, it is necessary that they are able to utilize these pieces of information to build knowledge. Therefore, teachers and professors are mediators between the social application of information and their pupils. Some other problematic factors are added to Physical Education teaching processes, in which teaching and learning active methodologies, as well as reflexive interventions about teaching practices, are not perceived. On the other hand, it is common that health majors in general also lack a capable and well educated student body who can build their own knowledge; involvement in real transforming actions (presenting different personal point of views); multidisciplinary relations (on the contrary, it can be easily noticed a certain detachment from other knowledge areas); monitoring criteria and evaluation of the teaching and learning processes.
Controversies and Navigation of Inclusive Education in the Context of Bangladeshinventionjournals
Inclusive education is one of the most important steps to promote integration of special learners in our society, yet it is not much familiar or established everywhere. Collaboration with mainstream students is a big platform to make them efficient citizen. It ensures their holistic development and flourishes their individual identity. All the children have equal right to participate and get opportunities of education together; especially these segregated groups need to be surrounded by people who will lift them higher. But practically the way is full of difficulties. Differences persist in policymaking, curriculum, classroom arrangements, teaching-learning system, evaluation, materials, teacher training and so forth. This paper tries to identify and reduce the gap between the practices of these two educational sectors. In this respect, mainstream educators and practitioners have been interviewed to know their interest, expectations and doubts about this assimilation. Besides, some successful cases have been observed closely with a purpose of bringing it in practice from the conceptual stage.
Human Papillomavirus Immunization completion rates increased by the use of th...inventionjournals
Human Papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and world wide. Vaccination is a critical public health measure for lowering the risk of cervical genital and anal cancers. Overall vaccination rates in the United States are low. This study highlights the need to change practices in primary care clinics to increase Human Papillomavirus vaccination rates. The study compares vaccination rates before and after the introduction of the American Academy of Pediatrics Tool Kit and a staff training session.
An Phyto - Chemical Analysis of Seedless Amalaki Fruit (Emblica Officinalis) ...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. As Amalaki being an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda. Botanical name of Amalaki is Emblica officinalis belong to Euphorbiaceae family shows antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation, anti cholesterolaemic, anti carcinogenic, anti oxidant & anti Ulcerogenic activities. The present study involve phytochemical analysis on the pulp of Emblica officinalis purchased from Gadagil vanoushada sangraha, Belgaum, Karnataka. Emblica officinalis fruits are selected and seeds are removed. Collected pulp is made to dried under shadow and powdered. The Aqueous extract, alchoholic extract of Amalaki samples were used for the phytochemical analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents . The main objective of the research work was to check the presence or absence of the phytochemical constituents in Amalaki churna. The results of the phytochemical analysis of Amalaki churna showed that the carbohydrates/glycoside, phenol, carboxylic acid, tannin, flavonoids were found to be present. The phytochemical analysis of the Amalaki is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs to cure various diseases.
Synthetic Utility of Aza Heterocyclics: A Short Reviewinventionjournals
Azaheterocyclic compounds contain nitrogen atom in the ring. They are of vital importance in the race to improve our understanding of basic chemistry which underlies nearly all of the important life-processes and a large proportion of transformations leading to and creating the increasingly sophisticated products, which enhance our society today. A large numbers of azaheterocyclic compounds are well known and this number is increasing rapidly because they hold a special place among pharmaceutically significant natural products and synthetic compounds. The chemistry of azaheterocyclic compounds is as logical as that of aliphatic or aromatic in character, depending on their electronic constitution. Their study is of great interest both from the theoretical as well as practical standpoint. Azaheterocyclic compounds are very widely distributed in nature and are essential to life in various ways. Compounds such as alkaloids, antibiotics, essential amino acids, vitamins, haemoglobin, hormones and a large number of synthetic drugs and dyes contain azaheterocyclic ring systems. Knowledge of azaheterocyclic chemistry is useful in biosynthesis as well as in drug metabolism. There are also a large number of azaheterocyclic compounds with other important practical applications as antioxidants, vulcanization accelerators, copolymers, solvents photographic sensitizer and developers, dyestuffs and many are valuable intermediates in synthesis. Azaheterocycles are omnipresent extremely in all branches of chemistry and biochemistry as well as in our lives. Another important property of azaheterocyclic compounds is their extraordinarily participation in a wide range of reactions. Depending upon pH of the medium, they may behave as acids or bases, forming anions or cations. Some interact readily with electrophilic reagents, other with nucleophiles, yet others with both. Some are readily oxidized, but resist reduction, while others can be readily hydrogenated but are stable towards the action of oxidizing agents. The ability of many azaheterocyclic compounds to produce stable complexes with metal ions has great biochemical significance. All these results prove that azaheterocyclic compounds are excellent scaffolds for obtaining a wide variety of compounds and speeding up research activity.
“Comparative Evaluation between Physics Forceps and Conventional Extraction F...inventionjournals
:Tooth extraction procedure, although known as a minimal traumatic procedure, some sort of trauma is subjected to underlying soft and hard tissues, resulting in immediate destruction and loss of alveolar bone. Conventional extraction forceps are designed on the principle of simple machine incorporating two first-class levers, connected with a hinge. The physics forceps are the newly invented forceps. The design of physics forceps which implements a first class lever, creep, and type of force that provides a mechanical advantage, which makes it more efficient. AIM: The aim of the present study to evaluate the efficacy between the conventional extraction forceps and physics forceps in orthodontic extraction of maxillary premolars. Patients & Methods:A total of 50 healthy patients with indicated for extraction of bilateral maxillary premolar for orthodontic reasons; split mouth design (control side, test side) in a randomized manner; were included in the present study. Results:Ease of technique, buccal cortical plate fracture, fracture of tooth or root, gingival laceration, soft tissue healing was not significant. The extraction time and bleeding associated with extraction socket were significant. Post operative days 1-4 are not significant and on day 5-7 the pain on VAS score is 0. Conclusion:The results of present study suggest that, extraction using any forceps can produce predictable results and it totally depends on surgeon’s expertise in a particular technique.
The Geopolitics South American in Badia Malagrida Carlosinventionjournals
The South American geopolitics presents a framework of clear disputes between Brazil and Argentina for hegemony on the continent this framework established in the 1930s, however, was already in place in the 1920s, opening on the work of Carlos Badia Malagrida that besides put Argentina as core country before a regionalization process aims to increase the presence of Spain in the subcontinent. Our interpretation will give up on this assumption with the primary point of this geopolitical ideas followed by the demonstration and in particulares its proposal for regionalization
Qualitative & Quantitative Phytochemical analysis on the Leaves &fruits of Pa...inventionjournals
The Phytochemical analysis provides preliminary insight into the major phytoconstituents in the plant species. The earlier study characterized the macroscopic and microscopic characteristic of the plant followed by this present study which revealed presence of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Saponins, Tannins, Flavanoids. The quantification of Alkaloid, Phenolic, Glycosides and Saponin content helped were performed which would also help in the screening of the plant drug for various pharmacological activities.
Screening of antioxidant phytoextracts of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) leave...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur Fruit Part Harvested from the Algerian Sahara by Imad Abdelhamid El Haci in Advances in Complementary & Alternative medicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria).
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Studies on the Antioxidant Properties of Various extracts of Hippophae rhamnoideIJEAB
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) a spiny shrub native to Ladakh Region of Jammu and Kashmir, have been found to posses so many medicinal properties from times immoral. From this point of view the antioxidant property of the plant fruit extracts have been analysed by DPPH method. Various plant extracts viz, fruit, leaf and root have been analysed for the antioxidant power determination in which fruit extracts showed highest free radical scavenging activity followed by leaf and root extracts. Among the solvents which have been used, more polar solvents showed highest antioxidant activity than the less polar solvent extracts. The IC50 value of various plant extracts as determined have been found to be 40 for DCM extract of fruit, 38 for Methanolic extract of fruit and 30 for the water extract of fruit. Similarly the leaf extracts posses IC50 value as 51, 47 and 37 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water extracts. The IC50 values of various root extracts have been found to be 53, 50 and 48 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and Screening for Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity.
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 6 Issue 2 ‖ February 2017 ‖ PP. 31-36
www.ijpsi.org 31 | P a g e
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L
and Screening for Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity.
N. Sharief Mohammada&B
, Mathewos Genetoa
, Dejene Deresh Abateneha
Mohammad Salahuddina
Mohammad Dilshad Manzara
Uma Maheswara Rao Vb
a
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
b
Department of Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
Abstract: The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
Keywords: Acanthus ilicifolius, Root, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity
I. Introduction
Plants have been a rich source of medicines because they produce wide array of bioactive molecules,
most of which probably evolved as chemical defense against predation or infection. Mangroves are diversified
group of plants that grow in estuarine environment, have been a source of interest for their novel natural
products like alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, etc., are known to exhibit antiviral,
antibacterial and antifungal activities [1] Systematic study of mangrove species has revealed that crude extracts
of different plant parts in different solvents exerted potential antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant
activities [2]. Therefore, the present study has designed to extract the secondary metabolites and evaluate their
antibacterial and antioxidant activity from the roots of Acanthus ilicifolius.
II. Materials and Methods
Collection of Plant material
Acanthus ilicifolius belongs to the family Acanthaceae also be called as Holly Mangrove, Holly-
leaved Acanthus. The plant is used in traditional systems of medicine, including Traditional Indian Medicine
(TIM) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The plant part were collected from Corangi Reserved Forest,
Kakinada, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India. Geographic location - between 16o
39’ N longitude - 17o
N
longitude and 82o
14’ E latitude - 82o
23’E latitude. All the roots were surface sterilized with 1% mercuric
chloride solution and thoroughly washed with filter sterilized distilled water [3]. The washed root, were then
chopped to small pieces and shade dried until they were suitable for extraction in the selected solvents.
ISOLATION
Plant extracts in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone methanol and ethanol were prepared according to the
standard protocols [4]. The chopped root material (1000g) was initially soaked in 1000ml of the respective
solvent at room temperature for 24h. Subsequently, the soaked material was refluxed for 6h below the boiling
point of the respective solvent. Infusions were filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper and the residual
material was re-extracted with fresh solvent. After 24h the process was repeated. Pooled extracts were
individually concentrated by removing the solvent under reduced temperatures using vacuum rotator evaporator.
These extracts were further concentrated by solvent evaporation using thin film method.
2. Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and Screening for…
www.ijpsi.org 32 | P a g e
Identification of Secondary Metabolites.
The crude extracts were subjected to the qualitative determination of secondary metabolites viz., alkaloids,
flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and total phenols by the standard protocols of phytochemistry [5]
Test for Alkaloids
To 5 ml of the crude extracts were stirred with 10 ml of 1% aqueous HCl on water bath and then filtered. To
2ml filtrate 4-6 drops drops of Dragendroff’s reagent was added. Formation of orange –red precipitate was
considered as positive to alkaloids.
To another 2 ml filtrate few drops of Mayer’s reagent was added and appearance of buff-coloured precipitate
was taken as existence of alkaloids.
Test for Flavonoids
About 5ml of the test solution was boiled with 10 ml of distilled water and then filtered. Then, 2 ml of lead
acetate solution was added to 2 ml of the filtrate. Appearance of buff coloured precipitates considered as
presence of flavonoids.
To 2 ml of the filterate, 5 ml of dilute ammonia solution was added followed by 4 – 6 drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid. Appearance of yellow color indicates the presence of flavonoids.
Test for tannins
About 5ml of each extract was stirred with about 10ml of distilled water and then filtered. Few drops of 1%
ferric chloride solution were added to 2ml of the filtrate. Occurence of a blue-black, green or blue-green
precipitate indicates the presence of tannins.
About 5 ml of each extract was added with 1 ml of 1% HCl solution. Formation of red precipitate indicates the
presence of tannins.
Tests for total phenols
Five ml of the extract was dissolved in 5 mL of distilled water. To this, few drops of neutral 5% ferric chloride
solution were added. Appearance of dark green color indicates the presence of phenolic compounds.
Five ml of the extract was dissolved in 5 mL of distilled water. To this, 3ml of 10% lead acetate was added.
Formation of bulky white precipitate indicate the presence of phenol compounds.
Determination of antioxidant activity by ABTS method
Total antioxidant capacity of each extract was measured using 2, 2´-azinobis [3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-
sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay. ABTS and potassium per-sulfate were separately dissolved in deionized distilled
water to a final concentration of 7mM and 2.45mM respectively. The two solutions were mixed and allowed to
stand in dark at room temperature for 16h before use in order to produce ABTS radical (ABTS•+). The resultant
intensely-coloured ABTS•+ radical cation was diluted with 0.01M PBS (phosphate buffered saline), pH 7.4, to
give an absorbance value of ~0.70 at 734 nm. The test compound was diluted 100X with the ABTS solution to a
total volume of 1ml. Absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at time intervals of 3min after addition
of each extract. The assay was performed at least in triplicate. Controls were run using PBS in place of the
extract. The assay relies on the antioxidant capability of the samples to inhibit the oxidation of ABTS to
ABTS•+ radical cation. Percent inhibition was calculated using the following formula and it was compared with
ascorbic acid. [6]
% inhibition of oxidation of ABTS to ABTS•+ = Initial absorbance - Final absorbance X 100
Initial absorbance
Determination of antibacterial activity
The antibacterial activity of the crude extracts was screened with gram negative and gram positive
cultures viz., Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. by agar well diffusion method [7]. About 20 ml of
melted Mueller Hinton agar was mixed with 1 ml of bacterial suspension homogeneously and allowed to
solidify in petri dishes (143 mm diameter). Wells (8mm diameter) were made using a sterile cork borer on the
solidified medium and are filled with 100 µl of the extract (5mg/100µl). The inoculated plates were incubated at
34-38o
C. The diameter of the inhibition zones were measured in mm. Each experiment was performed in
triplicate and the average value of inhibition and standard deviation was calculated. Gentamicin (30µg) discs
are used as positive control and DMSO with solvents (1:10 dilution) used as control. Results were expressed as
mean ± SD and the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to discover the
significant difference at the 5% (P<0.05)level.
3. Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and Screening for…
www.ijpsi.org 33 | P a g e
Determination of MIC
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by broth dilution assay method [8]. Plant extracts
were serially diluted in Mueller Hinton broth to get the concentrations of 1.0 to 5.0 mg/100µl. Each experiment
was repeated thrice and the mean values were tabulated.
III. Results
Plants are the important source for the development of new bio active principles, the knowledge of
secondary metabolites and their biological properties are desirable, not only for the discovery of novel bioactive
entities, but also for disclosing new sources of already known biologically active compounds. Acanthus
ilicifolius is a medicinal plant used against asthma, paralysis, snake bite, analgesic and anti inflammatory. The
reports of phytochemical studies are given in table 1. From this data it is very clear that tannins and total
phenols are there in all the solvents used for the extraction of secondary metabolites. However, flavonoids are
seen in all the solvents except benzene. Whereas, alkaloid is confined only to acetone, methanol and ethanol.
These secondary metabolites are incredible group of compounds plays an important role in many biological
activities.
The antibacterial activity of root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius in benzene, ethylacetate, acetone,
methanol and ethanol was revealed by agar well diffusion method and the results are presented in table-2. All
the extracts have assorted degrees of antibacterial potential against cultures used. Among the tested extracts
benzene solubles of Acanthus ilicifolius exhibited highest potential of antibacterial activity (19.66mm) against
Enterobacter cloacae than gentamicin. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction is active against Escherichia coli,
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with same zone size of 16.66 mm. However, metabolites of
Acanthus ilicifolius infused into acetone were found to be active on selective test cultures viz., Enterobacter
aerogene and Enterobacter cloaceae of gram negative and Staphylococcus aureus of gram positive bacteria.
The infusions of ethanol are susceptible to all the test cultures used except Enterobacter aerogenes and the
inhibitory effect against test cultures is in increasing order for Enterobacter cloacae (12.66), Escherichia coli
(13.33) Streptococcus pyogenes (17.66), Bacillus subtilis (18.33)and Staphylococcus aureus (18.66).
Whereas, the efficacy of methanol extracts are sensitive to Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli with
same zone size of 16.66 mm and zone size of 17.33 was observed with Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus
aureus. The maximum zone of inhibition exerted against gram negative test cultures is Enterobacter cloacae
(ethylacetate extract) 19.66 mm and gram positive is Staphylococcus aureus (ethanol extract) 18.66 mm. The
zone of inhibition exerted by gentamicin is same for all the gram positive test cultures employed. Whereas,
among gram negative Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae are less sensitive then Escherichia
coli to gentamicin. The inhibitory effect of the root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius in ethyl acetate and ethanol
against the test cultures is inferior than gentamicin. However the inhibitory outcome of acetone extracts were
superior than gentamicin against the two gram negative cultures used viz., Enterobacter cloacae and
Escherichia coli. Whereas, the infusions of methanol having higher inhibitory potential than gentamicin against
Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae. We also studied the combination of different extracts and
the results are displayed in table-3. The effect of ethyl acetate and acetone extract mixture have mixed result it
has antagonistic effect on Bacillus subtilis and symbiotic effect on Escherichia coli. The mixture of ethyl
acetate and methanol have not net role on gram negative cultures used but have negative effect on the gram
positive cultures employed in terms of inhibition zone size. Ethyl acetate and ethanol mixture did not inhibit the
Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae and Streptococcus pyogenes. But the zone of inhibition against
gram positive test organism viz., on Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus is very high compare to that of
the individual extracts and the phenomenon is called symbiotic effect. The combination of acetone and methanol
extracts is the best as they control the growth of all the test organisms employed in our study. Acetone and
ethanol mixture has shows antagonistic effect with respect to inhibition. Methanol and ethanol mixture have
antagonistic effect on Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus.
Further, these extracts were analyzed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration against both
Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial species. The MIC values ranged from 1.0-5.0 mg/100µl and varied
from extract to extract and the results are given in table-3. The MIC of root extracts in benzene is 2.0 mg/100µl
against Enterobacter cloacae. Ethyl acetate extracts were active at 3.0 mg/100µl with Escherichia coli and
2.0 mg/100µl with Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus . Whereas, the MIC of acetone extract is 2.0
mg/100µl towards all the tested microorganisms. The methanol extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius root exhibiting
diversified range of MIC among the tested cultures between 1.0 - 4.0 mg/100µl. Whereas, the MIC of ethanol
extract is 5.0 mg/100µl against gram negative test cultures and 3.0 mg/100µl with gram positive
microorganisms used.
Several techniques have been used to determine the antioxidant activity, free radicals are known to
play a definite role in a wide variety of pathological symptoms. Antioxidants fight against free radicals and
protect us from various diseases. The non enzymatic antioxidant activity of plants is attributed to the secondary
4. Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and Screening for…
www.ijpsi.org 34 | P a g e
metabolites. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was estimated spectrophotmetrically by ABTS method and
the data is given in Fig-1. The outcome of antioxidant activity by ABTS method is high for acetone extract
followed by ethanol, methanol ethyl acetate and benzene extracts.
IV. Discussion
In this study, we have qualitatively screened, specifically for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
tannin and total phenols as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of Acanthus ilicifolius root
infusions in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and ethanol in order of increasing polarity. Alkaloids,
flavonoids, tannin and total phenols are associated with potent biological activities. Our results show that the
secondary metabolites present in the root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius are diversified in the solvents used.
Acetone, methanol and ethanol fractions contain all the secondary metabolites checked. Our observation are in
accordance with the report of Asha et.al, they extracted flavnoids and phenolics from the root extracts of
Acanthus ilicifolius in ethanol [9 ]
. The efficacy of antibacterial action is high for ethanol extract and it
correlates with the presence of all the secondary metabolites studied. The present experimental data is in
accordance with that of Govindasamy et.al who studied the chemical constituents of different mangroves in
India [10]
. The secondary metabolites viz., alkaloids, flavonoids tannin and total phenols play an important
role in scavenging of free radical and are also known to be associated with other biological activities such as
antibacterial, antifungal, antidiuretic activities [11,12]
. The root extracts of in ethyl acetate, methanol and
ethanol are active against Escherichia coli Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus these results are in
disagreement with reports of dev avijit et.al[13]
. They studied the stem extract of Acanthus ilicifolius in
methanol by maceration and continuous extraction method. The difference of the result may be due to the plant
part used or the protocol employed for the extraction.
The extracts in ethyl acetate were active against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus
aureus with same zone size of 16.66 mm. This may be the compounds present in the extract may have the
similar effect on these organisms. The activity of ethanol extracts on all the bacterial cultures except
Enterobacter aerogenes confers their broad spectrum nature over the other extracts. The zone of inhibition
exhibited by the acetone extracts were higher towards gram negative organisms than gram positive organisms
and the ethanol extracts were more active on gram positive than gram negative cultures. This difference in the
rate of inhibition potential appear to be directly related to the qualitative diversity of the compounds that are
present in the extracts. This may be due to the permeability factor of cell membrane of the microorganism, or
this could be due to variation in the cell wall composition of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria[14]
. The
Gram negative bacteria restrict the influx of many antibiotics. Multi drug efflux pumps at the trans-membrane
are also responsible for a higher intrinsic resistance in Gram negative bacteria. On correlating our results of
secondary metabolites and antibacterial activities it is inferred that alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides tannins
and total phenol possess substantial antibacterial activity. Our results are in concurrence with the work of Bose
and Bose [15]
, with reference to the solvent system and type of microorganisms, i.e., gram positive cultures are
more sensitive than gram negative cultures used.
The more effectiveness of root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius in methanol and ethanol than that of the
acetone, benzene and ethyl acetate in our study can be correlated with the medicinal preparation that use rum
and liquour to extract the active plant components. Benzene extracts did not inhibit Enterobacter aerogenes,
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Similarly ethyl
acetate infusions also did not inhibit Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, and Streptococcus
pyogenes. Negative results did not mean the absence of bioactive principles in these extracts. The bioactive
principle may be insufficient to cross the membrane, or the microorganism may have mechanism to nullify the
effect of the bioactive principle present in these extracts.
In our study, the MIC value for all the positive extracts against the tested bacteria were between
1.0mg/100μl to 5mg/100μl. Gram negative test cultures showed higher MIC values than Gram positive text
cultures to the extracts in methanol. This difference may be explained by susceptibility testing condition,
physico chemical characters of the bioactive principle present in the extract and even strain to strain difference.
In comparison to some of the earlier reports on MIC values of pure compounds, our MIC may be higher [16]
.
But this can be substantiated by the argument that this value is for the crude extract. However, the purified form
of bioactive compound of the crude extract responsible for antibacterial activity may exhibit the inhibitory
effect at a lower concentration.
Fai-Chu Wong[17]
studied the MIC on S. aureus, M.luteus, E.coli and P.aeruginosa with ampicillin and
selected medicinal plant extracts and reported the MIC value of Amphicillin is between 0.02 - 1mg/1000µl and
that of the plant extracts are in the range of 6.3 – 50 mg/1000µl. Our results are far superior compare to that of
the plant extracts but inferior to that of the standard antibiotic.
5. Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and Screening for…
www.ijpsi.org 35 | P a g e
Hence Acanthus ilicifolius is strongly recommended for considering a valuable source for isolation,
identification and characterization of bioactive principle responsible for antibacterial activity on various
bacteria and fungi. Also there is a need to study the different plant parts of Acanthus ilicifolius in other organic
solvents apart from the solvents employed in our study. However, further work in this direction could lead to
the discovery of powerful bioactive principles from the Acanthus ilicifolius
Table-1 Secondary metabolites of root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius
+ = Present - = Absent
Table-2 Antibacterial activity of Acanthus ilicifolius root extracts
Benzene Ethylacetate Acetone Methanol Ethanol Gentamicin
Enterobacter aerogenes - - - 16.66±0.57 - 15.33±0.57
Enterobacter cloacae 19.66±0.57 - 17.33±0.57 - 12.66±1.52 15.33±0.57
Escherichia coli - 16.66±0.57 16.66±0.57 16.66±0.57 13.33±0.57 17.33±0.57
Bacillus subtilis - 16.66±1.15 - 17.33±0.57 18.33±1.15 18.66±0.57
Staphylococcus aureus - 16.66±1.52 14.33±0.57 17.33±0.57 18.66±0.57 18.66±0.57
Streptococcus pyogenes - - - - 17.66±1.52 18.66±0.57
Table-3 Antibacterial activity of Acanthus ilicifolius root extract Mixture
Table-4 MIC of Acanthus ilicifolius root extracts (mg/100µl)
Fig-1. Antioxidant activity of Acanthus ilicifolius by ABTS method.
Alkaloid Flavonoid Tannin Total Phenols
Benzene - - + +
Ethyl acetate - + + +
Acetone + + + +
Methanol + + + +
Ethanol + + + +
6. Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and Screening for…
www.ijpsi.org 36 | P a g e
References
[1]. Bandaranayake WM. (2002). Bioactivities, bioactive compounds and chemical constituents of mangrove plants. Wetlands Ecology
and Management. 10:421–52.
[2]. P. D. Abeysinghe, R. P. W., R. N. Pathirana, Evaluation of antibacterial activity of different mangrove plant extracts. Ruhuna
Journal of Science, 1 (2006) 104-112.
[3]. N. Sharief Md and UmaMaheswara Rao v.: Antibacterial activity of stem and root extracts of Avicennia officinalis L .
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Application. 2011; Vol2, Issue 4: 231-236.
[4]. P.Satya Veni, S.Sunitha and A. Srinivasulu (2013). Evaluation of antibacterial activity on selected bacteria and screening of
secondary metabolites of Avicennia Alba stem. International journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 4: 511-517.
[5]. Rahmi Nurdiani, Muhamad Firduas, Asep Awaludin Prihanto. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of methanol
extract of mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata from Porong River Estuary. Journal of Basic Science And Technology 2012; 2:
27-29.
[6]. N.Sharief Md, A.Srinivasulu, P.Satya Veni and Uma Maheswara Rao V. International Journal of Biological & Medical Research.
2014; 5(1): 3869-3873.
[7]. Adeniyi BA, Odelola HA, Oso BA. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 1996, 25(3), 221–224.
[8]. Okoli, S. and Iroegbu, CU (2005). In vitro antibacterial activity of Synclisa scabrida whole root extracts, African journal of
biotechnology, 4(9): 946-52.
[9]. Asha KK, Suseela, Mathew, Lakshmi PT. Flavonoids and phenolics compounds in twomangrove species and their antioxidant
property. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 2012; 3: 259-264.
[10]. Govindasamy Acoramoorthy, Fu-An Chen, Venugopalan Venkatesalu, Daih-Huang Kuo and Po-Chuen Shea: Evaluation of
antioxidant polyphenols from selected mangrove plants of India. Asian Journal of Chemistry 2008; 2: 1311-1322.
[11]. Saifullah Al Mamoon, Mohammad gulam Azam: Preliminary phytochemical screening and antidiarrhoeal activity of Derris
trifoliate Lour. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012; 1: 97-100.
[12]. Raut, S. And S. Khan, 2012. Phytochemical fingerprinting of Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. Adv.Plant Sci., 25: 749-753.
[13]. Dev avijit, Rihan Sarkar Mohammad, Sariful Islam Howaldar Mohammad, Hamiduzzaman Mohammad, Monjur-Al- Hossain ASM.
Phytochemical screening and the evaluation of the antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties of Acanthus ilicifolius
(Acanthaceae). International Journal or Research Pharmacy. 2012; 3: 153-156.
[14]. Nikiado H. Antibiotic resistance caused by gram negative multidrug efflux pumps. Clinical Infectious Disease 1998; 27: 32-41.
[15]. Bose S, Bose A. Antimicrobial Activity of Acanthus ilicifolius (L.) Indian journal of Pharmaceutical sciences 2008; 6: 821-823.
[16]. Maria DC, Torrado T, Maria H, Sarragiotto, Benicio, Dias F: In Vitro Antibacterial activity of a 7-O- ß-D-glucopyranosyl-
nutanocoumarin from Chaptalia nutans (Asteraceae). Mem inst Oswaldo Cruz, Riode Janerio 2003; 98: 283-86.
[17]. Fai-Chu Wong, Anni-Li Yong, Hean-Chooi Ong, Tsun-Thai Chai : Evaluation of the antibacterial activities of selected medicinal
plants and determination of their phenolic consitutents. Science Asia 2013; 39: 591-595.