The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies of leaf and rachis of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrate, and phenols, whereas saponin was absent. The phenolic content expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent was determined and was more in methanolic extract of leaf (29.40 mg) than rachis (8.76 mg). Flavonoid contents were also greater in leaves than in rachis and methanol extract contained higher content (2.812 mg/g) than water (1.923 mg/g). Terpenoids were more in the aqueous extracts of both leaf and rachis when compared to methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity of both leaf and rachis extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Leaf extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 130 μg/ml when compared to the rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The reducing capability of the leaf extract was found to be more when compared to rachis. The antibacterial potential was evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was observed only at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and 13 mm.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia
variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum
nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
Anti Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata B...ijtsrd
The researcher focused mainly to determine the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical screening of the Alagaw leaf extract. Specifically, this study was conducted to determine the percent yield, antimicrobial activities and the secondary metabolites of Alagaw leaf extract which was analyzed and it include alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid. Findings of the study showed that the Alagaw leaf extract has a percent yield of 11.5 . Anti Microbial Activity was tested by petri disk on a plate Nutrient Agar streaked with the E. coli bacteria, the plates were incubated for 24hrs and 37oC. Results were observed for the presence of zone inhibition clear area around the test disk. Results from this study showed that the antimicrobial activity on E. coli as indicated as negative by the presence of Alagaw leaf extract. Furthermore, the result suggests that the Alagaw leaf extract did not suppress the growth of the E. coli bacteria, hence it indicates that it has no anti microbial effect to the test organism. While the secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid is found negative. It is therefore recommended that further study of the chemical properties of alagaw leaf extract, barks and roots should be conducted Bernadette C. Mollejon | Charito V. Mollejon ""Anti-Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata Blanco (Alagaw) Leaf Extract"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23751.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23751/anti-microbial-activities-and-phytochemical-screening-of-the-premna-odorata-blanco-alagaw-leaf-extract/bernadette-c-mollejon
Studies on phytochemicals, antibacterial efficacy and antioxidant potency of ...Innspub Net
In this investigation, Capparis sepiaria was analysed for its phytochemical constituents qualitatively and quantitatively. The antibacterial property of aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts of Capparis sepiaria was studied against different bacteria include Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Shigella flexineri. Hexane extract of Capparis sepiaria showed the maximum growth inhibition zone of 20.4±0.2 mm at concentration of 500 mg against Salmonella typhi. Please mention the highest inhibition result including extract name and concentration. The antioxidant effect of those extracts was also studied against α-tocopherol as a control. From the results, Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were revealed to be present in Capparis sepiaria. Ethanol extract at the concentration of 500 μg/ml showed 57.81% antioxidant activity against 500 μg/ml of α-tocopherol which showed 66.76% as a standard reference. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-3-november-2011/
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia
variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum
nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
Anti Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata B...ijtsrd
The researcher focused mainly to determine the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical screening of the Alagaw leaf extract. Specifically, this study was conducted to determine the percent yield, antimicrobial activities and the secondary metabolites of Alagaw leaf extract which was analyzed and it include alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid. Findings of the study showed that the Alagaw leaf extract has a percent yield of 11.5 . Anti Microbial Activity was tested by petri disk on a plate Nutrient Agar streaked with the E. coli bacteria, the plates were incubated for 24hrs and 37oC. Results were observed for the presence of zone inhibition clear area around the test disk. Results from this study showed that the antimicrobial activity on E. coli as indicated as negative by the presence of Alagaw leaf extract. Furthermore, the result suggests that the Alagaw leaf extract did not suppress the growth of the E. coli bacteria, hence it indicates that it has no anti microbial effect to the test organism. While the secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid is found negative. It is therefore recommended that further study of the chemical properties of alagaw leaf extract, barks and roots should be conducted Bernadette C. Mollejon | Charito V. Mollejon ""Anti-Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata Blanco (Alagaw) Leaf Extract"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23751.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23751/anti-microbial-activities-and-phytochemical-screening-of-the-premna-odorata-blanco-alagaw-leaf-extract/bernadette-c-mollejon
Studies on phytochemicals, antibacterial efficacy and antioxidant potency of ...Innspub Net
In this investigation, Capparis sepiaria was analysed for its phytochemical constituents qualitatively and quantitatively. The antibacterial property of aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts of Capparis sepiaria was studied against different bacteria include Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Shigella flexineri. Hexane extract of Capparis sepiaria showed the maximum growth inhibition zone of 20.4±0.2 mm at concentration of 500 mg against Salmonella typhi. Please mention the highest inhibition result including extract name and concentration. The antioxidant effect of those extracts was also studied against α-tocopherol as a control. From the results, Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were revealed to be present in Capparis sepiaria. Ethanol extract at the concentration of 500 μg/ml showed 57.81% antioxidant activity against 500 μg/ml of α-tocopherol which showed 66.76% as a standard reference. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-3-november-2011/
Studies on phytochemicals, antibacterial efficacy and antioxidant potency of ...Open Access Research Paper
In this investigation, Capparis sepiaria was analysed for its phytochemical constituents qualitatively and quantitatively. The antibacterial property of aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts of Capparis sepiaria was studied against different bacteria include Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Shigella flexineri. Hexane extract of Capparis sepiaria showed the maximum growth inhibition zone of 20.4±0.2 mmat concentration of 500 mg against Salmonella typhi. Please mention the highest inhibition result including extract name and concentration. The antioxidant effect of those extracts was also studied against α-tocopherol as a control. From the results, Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were revealed to be present in Capparis sepiaria. Ethanol extract at the concentration of 500 μg/ml showed 57.81% antioxidant activity against 500 μg/ml of α-tocopherol which showed 66.76% as a standard reference.
Phytochemical Analysis of Catharanthus Roseus L. (G.) DON. AnuragSingh1049
Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal herb found to have two pharmaceutically important compounds viz., vinblastine and vincristine. The plant is found in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Therefore, theyield of these vinca alkaloids are varied at different geographical regions depending on the climatic conditions.Being a source of these important secondary metabolites, an extensive study has been carried out on this plant. The plant is in high demand worldwide due to its medicinal applications specifically the anti-cancerous.The present research work gives an account of the various phytochemicals derived from the plant at our selected location. The results highlight the biotechnological prospects of an efficient and alternative means of production of valuable metabolites from Catharanthus roseus.The present phytochemical investigations explore active constituents which are very significant in drug development. The study revealed a notable anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of methanolic extract of the dry leaves of this plant.
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on EpiglottitisIOSR Journals
The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Comparative Phytochemical and Physicochemical Study of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)...BRNSS Publication Hub
Curcuma longa belongs to family and ocimum sanctum belongs to family lamiaceae. The phytochemical and physicochemical analysis was carried out for tulsi and haldi and haldi and a comparative study were done. Determination of total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble ash of tulsi and haldi were carried out by using standard procedure. The phytochemical screening has been done for different extract it revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavanoid, tannin, carbohydrate. Phytochemical and physicochemical parameters of Tulsi and haldi were stablished for their identification. The present study is focused on phytochemical and physicochemical study on haldi and tulsi. The qualitative physicochemical analysis was performed for the detection of secondary metabolites (viz. alkaloid, protein, tannin, saponin etc.).
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2. Swetha, et al.: Phytochemical analysis of Dioon spinulosum
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2019/Vol 10/Issue 4 258
sea level. D. spinulosum prefers well-drained soil
with regular water. Since there are certain reports
regarding the ethnobotanical significance of these
plants, there is an urgent need to study the bioactive
potential of this plant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of extracts
After collection, the plant materials were
thoroughly washed, shade dried, ground to get
a coarse powder, and then subjected to Soxhlet
extraction using methanol and distilled water as
solvents. Each of the solvent was taken separately
for extraction. The whole apparatus was kept over
a heating mantle and was heated continuously for
8 h at boiling point of each solvent. The extract
was concentrated to dryness and the residue
was transferred to a sample bottle and stored in
refrigerator for further studies.
Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis
Qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals was
carried out to identify the secondary metabolites
present in the extracts of leaf and rachis of
D. spinulosum.[4-6]
Test for alkaloids
Approximately 50 mg of extract was dissolved
in 5 ml of distilled water followed by 2 ml of
hydrochloric acid to initiate an acid reaction and
filtered. The filtrate was subjected to qualitative
analysis to determine the presence of alkaloids as
detailed below.
• Dragendorff’s test: Dragendorff’s reagent
(1 ml) was added to 2 ml of the filtrate. A red
precipitate formation indicates the presence of
alkaloid
• Wagner’s test: Two drops of Wagner’s reagent
were added to 1 ml of the test solution. The
formation of brown precipitate confirmed the
test as positive for alkaloids.
Test for flavonoids
About 100 mg of each extract was heated with
10 ml of ethyl acetate in boiling water bath for
3 min. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was
used for the following tests:
• Ammonium test: The filtrate was shaken with
1 ml of dilute ammonia solution (1%, v/v). The
layers were allowed to separate. A yellow color
observed in the ammonia layer suggested the
positive result
• Alkaline reagent test: Few drops of 20%
(w/v) NaOH solution were mixed with 2 ml
of extract. Formation of intense yellow color,
which became colorless on addition of dilute
HCl, indicated the presence of flavonoids.
Test for terpenoids
Liebermann–Burchard’s test
About 2 mg of the extract was dissolved in 2 ml
of acetic anhydride, heated to boiling, cooled
and then, 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was
added along the side of the test tube. A brown ring
formation at the junction confirmed the presence
of terpenoid.
Test for tannins
Ferric chloride test
A few drops of 5% (w/v) ferric chloride solution
were added to 2 ml of the test solution. Formation
of bluish-black color indicated the presence of
hydrolyzable tannin.
Figure 1: Photograph of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl.
3. Swetha, et al.: Phytochemical analysis of Dioon spinulosum
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2019/Vol 10/Issue 4 259
Test for saponin
Foam test
About 5 ml of the test solution was taken in a test
tube and shaken well for 5 min. Formation of stable
foam confirmed the test.
Test for carbohydrates
Molisch’s test
To 1 ml of the test solution was added, a few
drops of 1% alpha naphthol followed by 2 ml
concentrated sulfuric acid along the sides of the
test tube. A reddish-violet ring at the junction of
two liquids confirmed the test.
Test for phenol
Extracts were treated with 3–4 drops of 10% (w/v)
ferric chloride solution. Formation of greenish-
black color indicated the presence of phenol.
Quantitative estimation of chemical
constituents
Determination of alkaloids
To 5 g of powdered sample, 200 ml of 20% acetic
acid was added and kept for 40 h. It was filtered
and the volume was reduced to 50 ml using water
bath. To this sample, concentrated ammonium
hydroxide was added dropwise until precipitation
was complete. The precipitate was allowed to
settle, collected by filtration, and weighed.[7]
The
percentage of total alkaloid content was calculated
as follows:
Percentage of total
alkaloids % =
Weight of residue
Weight
of sample taken
×100
Total flavonoids
The total flavonoid content was estimated using the
proceduredescribedbyOkwu.[8]
To1 mloftheplant
extract, 150 µl of sodium nitrite (5%) solution was
added and incubated for 5 min and then, 150 µl of
aluminum chloride (10%) solution was added and
allowed to stand for 6 min. Then, 2 ml of sodium
hydroxide (4%) solution was added and made up to
5 ml with distilled water. The mixture was shaken
well and left for 15 min at room temperature. The
absorbance was measured at 510 nm.
Total terpenoid
Estimation of total terpenoid content was carried
out following the protocol of Ghorai et al.[9]
About
1 g of each extract was dissolved in 10 ml methanol
and 15 ml water. Mixture was shaken well and
centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. Filtrate
was taken. To 1 ml of extract, 2 ml of chloroform
and 3 ml concentrated sulfuric acid were added.
A reddish-brown color developed indicated the
presence of terpenoids and was estimated by
reading the absorbance at 538 nm against blank of
95% methanol.
Total phenol
The total phenol content was estimated using
Folin–Ciocalteu reagent.[10]
To 1
ml of the plant
extract, 0.5 ml of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was
added followed by 2 ml of 20% sodium carbonate
and mixed thoroughly. The reaction of phenol
with phosphomolybdic acid in alkaline medium
produced a blue colored complex. The tubes
were kept in boiling water bath for 1 min, cooled
and centrifuged, supernatant was taken and the
absorbance was measured at 650 nm. Gallic acid
was used as the standard to express the total phenol
content.
Total tannins
About 0.1 ml of the sample extract was added
to a volumetric flask (10 ml) containing 7.5 ml
of distilled water and 0.5 ml of Folin–Ciocalteu
reagent. To this, 1 ml of 35% sodium carbonate
solution was added and diluted to 10 ml with
distilled water. The mixture was shaken well and
kept at room temperature for 30 min. Absorbance
were measured against the blank at 700 nm. The
tannin content was expressed in terms of mg of
tannic acid equivalents/g of dried sample.[11]
4. Swetha, et al.: Phytochemical analysis of Dioon spinulosum
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2019/Vol 10/Issue 4 260
Assesment of antioxidant activity
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical
scavenging activity
This test was measured as described by Blois.[12]
Different concentrations of the sample (100, 200,
300, 400, and 500 µg/ml in methanol) were taken
and made up to 1 ml using methanol. To this, 2 ml
of DPPH solution (0.1 mM in methanol) was added
and after 30 min of reaction at room temperature,
the absorbance of the solution was measured at
517 nm. The free radical scavenging activity of
each fraction was determined by comparing its
absorbance with that of a blank solution. The ability
to scavenge the DPPH radical was calculated using
the following equation:
DPPH scavenging activity (%) = (A0−A1)/A0 × 100
Where, A0 is the absorbance of the control and A1
is the absorbance of the sample.
Reducing power assay
Reducing power was determined by the method
prescribed by Oyaizu.[13]
The sample in 1
ml of
methanol at various concentrations was mixed
with phosphate buffer (5 ml, 0.2 M, pH 6.6) and
potassium ferricyanide (5 ml, 1%), and the mixture
was incubated at 50°C for 20 min. About 5 ml
of trichloroacetic acid (10%) was added to the
reaction mixture, which was then centrifuged at
3000 rpm for 10 min. The upper layer of solution
(5 ml) was mixed with distilled water (5 ml) and
ferric chloride (1 ml, 1%), and the absorbance
was measured at 700 nm. A stronger absorbance
indicates increased reducing power.
Antibacterial analysis
Agar well diffusion method was used for the
antibacterial analysis.[14]
Petri plates containing
20 ml Mueller-Hinton agar medium were seeded
with bacterial culture of Staphylococcus aureus
and Streptococcus mutans (growth of culture
adjusted according to McFards Standard, 0.5%).
Wells of approximately 5 mm were bored using a
well cutter and samples of 250 µg/ml, 500 µg/ml,
and 1000 µg/ml concentrations were added. The
plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The
antibacterial activity was assayed by measuring
the diameter of the inhibition zone formed around
the well.[15]
Streptomycin was used as a positive
control.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The phytochemical screening of leaf and rachis
of D. spinulosum was carried out. The methanolic
and aqueous extract of rachis and leaves showed
the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids,
tannins, carbohydrates, and phenols. Saponins were
absent in both leaf and rachis extracts [Table 1].
The major phytochemicals which were found in
the samples were quantitatively determined by
standard procedure. The total alkaloid content
was found to be more in leaf (21.5 mg/g) when
compared to the rachis (2.2 mg/g) [Figure 2]. The
total phenolic content ranged from 29.243 mg
in methanol extract of leaf to 7.583 mg in water
Table 1: Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals present in
the leaf and rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl.
Phytochemicals Leaf Rachis
Methanol Water Methanol Water
Alkaloids + + + +
Flavonoids + + + +
Terpenoids + + + +
Tannins + + − −
Saponins − − − −
Carbohydrate + + + +
Phenols + + + +
D. spinulosum: Dioon spinulosum
0
5
10
15
20
25
LEAF RACHIS
Concentration(mg/g)
Figure 2: Total alkaloid context in leaf and rachis of Dioon
spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl.
5. Swetha, et al.: Phytochemical analysis of Dioon spinulosum
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2019/Vol 10/Issue 4 261
extract of rachis [Table 2]. The result indicated
the influence of the extraction solvent on the total
content of phenolic compounds. High phenolic
content has been reported from three taxa of
gymnosperms which could be considered as a
valuable source of antioxidants.[16]
Water and
methanol extract of leaf showed positive result
against tannin while both extracts of rachis showed
negative result. It was reported that tannins possess
physiological astringent properties which hasten
wound healing and ameliorate inflamed mucous
membranes.[17]
Flavonoid concentration was found
to be higher in methanol extract of leaf when
compared to the rachis. The observations from
quantitative analysis suggest that methanol can
effectively extract flavonoids and phenolics than
water. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds
are potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers,
which prevent oxidative cell damage and have
strong anticancer activity.[18]
Antioxidant activity
DPPH radical scavenging activity
The principle of DPPH method is based on the
reduction of DPPH in the presence of a hydrogen-
donating antioxidant. The DPPH radical has been
widely used to test the free radical scavenging
activity or which have been shown to exert
antioxidant action by breaking the free radical
chain by donating a hydrogen atom.[19]
IC50
value is
defined as the concentration of substrate that causes
50% loss of the DPPH activity. In the present
study, leaf extract exhibited more DPPH radical
scavenging activity with the determined IC50
value
of 130 µg/ml when compared with rachis extract
showing IC50
value of 300 µg/ml [Figure 3].
Flavonoids have been reported to exhibit multiple
biological effects such as anti-inflammatory,
antiallergic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer
activities.[20]
Thus, the presence of flavonoids and
its effect correlates with the present study.
Reducing power assay
The antioxidant activity was also measured by the
ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method.
Reductive ability was measured by the reduction
of ferricyanide complex/Fe3+
to the ferrous form
(Fe2+
) in the presence of antioxidant (reductant).
Basically, reducing power is associated with the
presence of reductones that break the free radical
chain by donating a hydrogen atom. Reducing
power assay was carried out in methanol and water
extract of leaf and rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer
ex Eichl. The higher the FRAP value greater the
antioxidant activity of sample extracts. The leaf
extract displayed higher antioxidant capacity in
both methanol and water extract when compared
with rachis extract [Figures 4 and 5]. The
absorbance of leaf extract clearly increased, due
to the formation of the Fe2+
-TPTZ complex with
increasing concentration. There was a strong
Table 2: Quantitative data of phytochemicals present in different extracts of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl.
Phytochemical Leaves (mg/g) Rachis (mg/g)
Methanol extract Water extract Methanol extract Water extract
Tanning 0.113±0.002 0.136±0.136 Absent Absent
Flavonoid 2.77±0.053 1.911±0.017 0.789±0.007 0.314±0.002
Terpenoid 0.182±0.003 0.474±0.002 0.093±0.003 0.218±0.002
Phenol 29.243±0.221 13.522±0.006 8.786±0.025 7.583±0.020
Values are mean±standard deviation of three replicates. D. spinulosum: Dioon spinulosum
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100 200 300 400 500
DPPH
scavenging
activity
(%)
Sample Concentration (µg/ml)
Leaf
Rachis
Figure 3: Scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl radical of extracts from leaf and rachis of
Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl.
6. Swetha, et al.: Phytochemical analysis of Dioon spinulosum
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2019/Vol 10/Issue 4 262
correlation between phenolic content, flavonoid
content, and FRAP values supporting the fact that
phenolics and flavonoids are potent antioxidants.
Antibacterial assay
Antibacterial activity of methanol and water extract
of leaf and rachis was studied against S. aureus
and S. mutans. The methanolic extracts of leaf
and rachis of D. spinulosum were investigated for
its antibacterial activity by measuring the zone
of inhibition [Table 3]. The zone of inhibition
produced by streptomycin was 29.0 and 30 mm
against S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively, and
was larger than those produced by all the plant
extracts which was between 11 mm and 13 mm.
The zone of inhibition 5 mm diameter was
reported to be having significant activity against
particular bacteria.[21]
Based on the results, rachis
extract did not show any zone of inhibition against
S. mutans and also, inhibition zone against S.
aureus was less (11 mm) when compared with leaf
extract (13 mm), which can be correlated with the
lesser amount of phenol and flavonoid content in
rachis extract.
The study indicates that D. spinulosum Dyer
ex Eichl. is an interesting source of secondary
metabolites with potential for use as a medicinal
plant. The results indicated that the methanol
extract of leaf of D. spinulosum has richer source of
flavonoids and phenolics than rachis which could
be attributed to the better solubility level of these
constituents in methanol than in aqueous medium.
The extract possesses antioxidant activity that
is less potent when compared with the standard.
Therefore, an increase in concentration is required
for an increase in the radical scavenging effect.
The in vitro antibacterial evaluation confirms
that higher concentration of plant extract exhibits
antibacterial activity and S. mutans was found to
be resistant against rachis extract even at higher
concentration.
CONCLUSION
The reducing capability of the leaf extract was
found to be more when compared to rachis.
The antibacterial potential was evaluated with
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans
by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial
activity was observed only at higher concentration
(1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and
13 mm. The antioxidant activity was also measured
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
200 400 600 800 1000
Absorbance
Concentration(µg/ml)
Ascorbic acid
rachis
leaf
Figure 4: Reducing power assay of methanol extracts of
Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
200 400 600 800 1000
Absorbance
Concentration(µg/ml)
ascorbic acid
leaf
rachis
Figure 5: Reducing power assay of aqueous extracts of
Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl.
Table 3: Antibacterial activity of leaf and rachis extract of
D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl.
Phytochemical Concentration
(µg/ml)
Zone of inhibition (mm)
S. aureus S. mutans
Control Streptomycin (100) 29 30
Leaf 250 Nil Nil
500 10 10
1000 13 11
Rachis 250 Nil Nil
500 10 Nil
1000 11 Nil
D. spinulosum: Dioon spinulosum, S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus,
S. mutans: Streptococcus mutans
7. Swetha, et al.: Phytochemical analysis of Dioon spinulosum
IJPBA/Oct-Dec-2019/Vol 10/Issue 4 263
by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)
method. The extract possesses antioxidant activity
that is less potent when compared with the standard.
Therefore, an increase in concentration is required
for an increase in the radical scavenging effect.
The in vitro antibacterial evaluation confirms
that higher concentration of plant extract exhibits
antibacterial activity and S. mutans was found to
be resistant against rachis extract even at higher
concentration.
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