seminar paper on BROADBAND OVER POWER LINES. It is the method of data transfer through the existing power lines.
"Wherever electricity is available there could be broadband"
seminar paper on BROADBAND OVER POWER LINES. It is the method of data transfer through the existing power lines.
"Wherever electricity is available there could be broadband"
wireless electronics notice board using GSMRahul Kumar
The objective of this project is ‘We know the importance of notice boards in public places like railway stations and bus stations. But changing notices day-to-day,time to time is a difficult task. so explains how to design a wireless electronic notice board using GSM technology.
IBOC (In Band On Channel) Technology for DIgital Radio.Ashik Ask
The engineering world has been working on the development and evaluation of IBOC transmission for some time. The NRSC began evaluation proceedings of general DAB systems in 1995. After the proponents merged into one, Ibiquity was left in the running for potential adoption. In the fall of 2001,the NRSC issued a report on Ibiquity's FM IBOC. This comprehensive report runs 62 pages of engineering material plus 13 appendices. All of the system with its blend-to analog operation as signals levels changes. The application of the FM IBOC has been studied by the NRSC and appears to be understood and accepted by radio engineers. AM IBOC has recently been studied by an NRSC working group as prelude to its adoption for general broadcast use .Its was presented during the NAB convention in April. The FM report covers eight areas of vital performance concerns to the broadcaster and listener alike .If all of these concerns can be met as successfully by AM IBOC, and the receiver manufactures rally to develop and produce the necessary receiving equipment. The evaluated FM concerns were audio quality, service area, acquisition performance, durability, auxiliary data capacity, and behavior as signal degrades stereo separation and flexibility.
The FM report paid strong attention to the use of SCA services on FM IBOC. About half of all the operating FM stations employ one or more SCAs for reading for the blind or similar services. Before going to the description of FM IBOC system, it is important to discuss the basic principles of digital radio, and IBOCtechnology.
A Smart Grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of electricity production and distribution. Just as ICs were used to improve the bandwidth of copper cable, they can also be used to improve the bandwidth of electrical cables. These improvements enable a Smart Grid to more effectively purchase and distribute electricity and provide users with real-time prices including time of day prices.
Smart Home Solutions: Different Types of Home Automation SystemsRuth_King
Home automation systems started a few years back, but still hold an air of novelty about them. While this has been around the market for some time now, numerous households and commercial properties have yet to enjoy this technology. Here are the different types of home automation systems.
wireless electronics notice board using GSMRahul Kumar
The objective of this project is ‘We know the importance of notice boards in public places like railway stations and bus stations. But changing notices day-to-day,time to time is a difficult task. so explains how to design a wireless electronic notice board using GSM technology.
IBOC (In Band On Channel) Technology for DIgital Radio.Ashik Ask
The engineering world has been working on the development and evaluation of IBOC transmission for some time. The NRSC began evaluation proceedings of general DAB systems in 1995. After the proponents merged into one, Ibiquity was left in the running for potential adoption. In the fall of 2001,the NRSC issued a report on Ibiquity's FM IBOC. This comprehensive report runs 62 pages of engineering material plus 13 appendices. All of the system with its blend-to analog operation as signals levels changes. The application of the FM IBOC has been studied by the NRSC and appears to be understood and accepted by radio engineers. AM IBOC has recently been studied by an NRSC working group as prelude to its adoption for general broadcast use .Its was presented during the NAB convention in April. The FM report covers eight areas of vital performance concerns to the broadcaster and listener alike .If all of these concerns can be met as successfully by AM IBOC, and the receiver manufactures rally to develop and produce the necessary receiving equipment. The evaluated FM concerns were audio quality, service area, acquisition performance, durability, auxiliary data capacity, and behavior as signal degrades stereo separation and flexibility.
The FM report paid strong attention to the use of SCA services on FM IBOC. About half of all the operating FM stations employ one or more SCAs for reading for the blind or similar services. Before going to the description of FM IBOC system, it is important to discuss the basic principles of digital radio, and IBOCtechnology.
A Smart Grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of electricity production and distribution. Just as ICs were used to improve the bandwidth of copper cable, they can also be used to improve the bandwidth of electrical cables. These improvements enable a Smart Grid to more effectively purchase and distribute electricity and provide users with real-time prices including time of day prices.
Smart Home Solutions: Different Types of Home Automation SystemsRuth_King
Home automation systems started a few years back, but still hold an air of novelty about them. While this has been around the market for some time now, numerous households and commercial properties have yet to enjoy this technology. Here are the different types of home automation systems.
The aim of this project is to control the electrical appliances through a personal computer (PC). With this system, one can control the electrical appliances ON/OFF by just being seated at one place using a PC.
For more information on home automation you can simply visit our website- www.smartautomation.in
Home Automation is the need of the hour with changing lifestyle & security concerns. SMART Automation offers high-end building automation & management solutions in the commercial, hospitality & home segment. SMART Automation offers solutions that completely to cater safety, security and efficiency related needs of buildings in the form of:
· Integrated Home Automation Solutions.
· Integrated Building Management Solutions.
· Energy Management Solutions.
· Fire Safety Solutions.
· Access Control & Surveillance Solutions.
Dual converter is a power electronics control system to get either polarity DC from AC rectification by forward converter and reverse converter . It can run a DC motors in either direction with speed control too.
Specifications of KYL-200U
* Power output: DC 5V (customize);
* RF power: ≤10mW(customized 10~100mW);
* RF Effective Rate: 1200/2400/4800/9600/19200bps
* Interface baud rate: 1200/2400/4800/9600/19200bps optional
* Frequency Band: 433 MHz, 450MHz,470MHz, 868MHz, 915MHz or ISM others
* Interface: standard RS-232/RS-485/TTL
* Communication Mode: Half-duplex
* Offering a transparent data interface, it is suitable for any standard or non-standard user protocols
* Channel: 8(Default),16/32(customized)
* Receive current: <20ma><40ma><20uA;
* RF Line-of-sight Range: 600m(BER=10-5(at)9600bps);1000m(BER=10-5(at)1200bps);
* Size: 47mm*26mm*10mm (without antenna port).
KYL-300M, the high speed data radio is designed to be low cost and high performance radio modem. The new design makes the modem more flexible for different application in various configurations. Basically, this type of modem is SMART enough to be customized to best meet end user’s requirements. Users don’t have to pay the features that never be used in their projects. The following lists its general functionalities of this series.
Specifications of KYL-300M
* Power output: DC 5V (customize);
* RF power: 2W(customize);
* RF Effective Rate: 1200/2400/4800/9600/19200bps
* Interface baud rate: 1200/2400/4800/9600/19200bps optional
* Frequency Band: 433MHz,450MHz,470MHz or ISM others
* Interface: standard RS-232/RS-485 or USB and TTL
* Communication Mode: Half-duplex
* Offering a transparent data interface, it is suitable for any standard or non-standard user protocols
* Channel: 8(Default),16/32(customized)
* Receive current: <30ma><1><20uA;
* RF Line-of-sight Range: 5km(BER=10-3(at)9600bps); 7km(BER=10-3(at)1200bps)
* Size: 80mm*45mm*19mm (without antenna port).
This presentation by Westermo’s Technical Lead Engineer Dakota Diehl is an integral part of the Westermo webinar held on May 28th 2020, covering best practices for computer networking solutions for energy systems. During this presentation, protocols and certifications for the energy market are discussed as well as data communication solutions for different energy segments - from generation to supply.
Tune in the webinar session here: https://www.westermo.com/news-and-events/webinars/computer-networking-solutions-for-energy-systems
This PPT explains about TV Remote Operated Domestic Appliances Control.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
American Fibertek MTX-91685C-SL User ManualJMAC Supply
Buy the American Fibertek MTX-91685C-SL at JMAC Supply.
https://www.jmac.com/American_Fibertek_MTX_91685C_SL_p/american-fibertek-mtx-91685csl.htm?=slideshare
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. PROJECT PRESENTATION
ON
POWERLINE COMMUNICATION USING X10 PROTOCOL
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum
AJITESH RAJ 1SI09EE004
GAURAV 1SI09EE016
KHAGESH MADHAV 1SI09EE022
MUKUND KUMAR 1SI06EE030
Under the guidance of
H. S. Sridhar, M.Tech
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
SIDDAGANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
TUMKUR-572103
2012-13
6/5/2013 Powerline Communication Using X-10 1
2. Abstract
In the latest generation of home automation systems,
appliances can exchange information by transmitting
data over the domestic mains wiring. As a result there is
no need to install extra control cables and appliances
can be connected to the network simply by plugging
them into the nearest wall socket.
Microcontroller can easily be used in conjunction with X-
10 technology to create home automation applications.
The PIC16F877A can be selected for this application
because of its versatility as a general purpose
microcontroller, its FLASH program memory(for ease of
development), data EEPROM, and ample I/O ports.
2Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
3. Power Line Communication
“Power Line Communications” basically means any
technology that enables data transfer through power lines.
X-10 is a communication protocol designed for sending
signals over 230 VAC wiring.
X-10 uses high frequency bursts timed with zero crossing to
represent digital information.
PIC microcontrollers can easily be used in conjunction with X-
10 technology to create home automation applications
because of the versatility of PICmicro which can be used as a
general purpose microcontroller.
3Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
4. PLC for Home Automation
Power Line Communications for home control applications
applies the modulation of frequency signals in a carrier wave
between 20kHz-200kHz into the household wiring at the
transmitter. This carrier is modulated by digital signals.
The receivers in the system has a specific address and can
be individually commanded by signals transmitted over
household wiring and decoded at the receiver.
The devices can be either plugged into regular power outlets,
or permanently wired in place.
4Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
5. X-10 Protocol
X-10 is a technique based on transmitting a frame of data
preceded by a start code at every zero crossing of 50Hz signal.
Binary data is transmitted by sending burst of high frequency on
50Hz power signal.
A binary one is identified by the presence of a pulse followed by a
binary zero which is identified by the absence of a high frequency
pulse.
For the purpose of redundancy, reliability X-10 protocol designed
for every frame to transmit data twice.
6/5/2013 Powerline Communication Using X-10 5
6. Data Framing In Different Codes
The actual data to be transmitted
is first preceded by a start code
represented as 1 nibble of data
The receivers are designed only
for 6ms duration to receive 1ms
of X-10 data, thus every data
frame begins with at least 6
leading zero crossings.
The data frame is in the form of
device code sent after start code.
6Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
Fig : Start code of data
Fig : Device code of data
7. Contd……
The change of data from
one address to another
address or from one
address to another
command or from one
command to another
command is again followed
by 6 clearing of zero
crossings (i.e “000000”).
The sequence of six
"zero’s" resets the shift
registers. As before, all X-
10 protocol transmitters
send their data frames
twice.
Fig: Frames of transmitted
data
7Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
9. Power Line Communication Modem
PLC Modem is device which is useful to send and receive
serial data over the existing AC mains domestic power lines.
Device Features:
◦ Powered from 5V
◦ Direct interface with microcontroller UART ,Txd, Rxd
pins.
◦ Transmit and Receive serial data at 9600 bps
◦ Data Tx/Rx LEDs
◦ Low Cost & Simple to use
◦ Built in Error Checking
9Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
10. PLC Modem
The module is designed to provide half-duplex
communication over the mains of any voltage up to 250V and
for a frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz.
Normally the module is in receiving mode all the time listening
to incoming communication on the power line.
Once the application gives serial data to transmit on its Rx-IN
pin, it switches over to transmit and transmits the data
through power line. Once transmit process is complete it
switches back to receive mode.
6/5/2013 Powerline Communication Using X-10 10
Fig : Application Diagram of PLC Modem
11. Transfer of Information through PLC Modem
Transmission is based on byte by byte basis. Once one byte
of data is given to module for transmission, it waits for at least
500ms before a new byte is given to module again since the
module waits for zero crossing of AC mains to transfer a bit.
For AC 50Hz system the zero crossing of AC signals
happens every 10ms and modem needs 50 zero crossings to
transmit one byte with error checking data. That is why it
takes 500ms for one byte.
f=50Hz
T=(1/f)=(1/50)=20ms
11Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
12. Interfacing of PLC Modem with PIC MCU
Pin Pin name Details
Rx-In Receive Input. Usually
connected to Tx-D pin
of microcontroller
Input serial data of 5V
logic level.
Tx-Out Transmit output.
Usually connected to
Rx-D pin of
microcontroller
Output serial data of
5V logic level
+5 V Power Supply Regulated 5V input
supply.
Gnd( Vss) Ground Ground in common
with VSS of MCU
Fig: Table showing pin description of PLC
modem 12Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
13. Interfacing MCU to LCD Module
Control Signal Function
E
Causing data/control
state to be latched
Rising Edge = Latches
control state (RS and
R/W)
Falling Edge= Latches
data
RS Register Select Control
1 = LCD in data mode
0 = LCD in command
Mode
R/¯w Read/ Write control
1 = LCD to write data
0 = LCD to read data
6/5/2013 Powerline Communication Using X-10 13
14. Relay Interfacing with MCU
In order to control the lamp module with its own house
and unit address.
Pic
16f877a
Relay
Driver
Relay LOAD
14Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
15. Interfacing of PLC- Relay Driver-Relay with
PIC MCU
A relay is an electromagnetic switch which is used
to switch High Voltage/Current using Low power
circuits.
Relay isolates low power circuits from high power
circuits. It is activated by energizing a coil
wounded on a soft iron core.
Note :A relay should not be directly connected to a
microcontroller, it needs a driving circuit.
A microcontroller is not able to supply current required for the
working of a relay. The maximum current that a PIC
Microcontroller can source or sink is 25mA while a relay needs
about 50 – 100mA current.
A relay is activated by energizing its coil. Microcontroller may stop
working by the negative voltages produced in the relay due to its
back emf. 15Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
16. Interfacing of PLC- Relay Driver-Relay
with PICmicro (contd…)
16Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
17. Interfacing PLC Relay with PIC
microcontroller using IC2003
If more relays are used,
using transistors will be
difficult. In these cases
you may use ULN2003.
These are ICs consisting
of High Voltage High
Current Darlington
transistor arrays.
When using these driver
ICs we don’t need to
connect freewheeling
diode as they have built
in clamp diodes.
Fig: Relay interfacing with PIC
MCU through ULN 2003
17Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
20. Algorithm for Transmitter
STEP 01: Do the basic initialization of microcontroller ports, LCD and
UART.
STEP 02: Check whether the status of pin connected to house switch1.
STEP 03: If status of the house switch1 is high, check the status of
device switch1.
STEP 04: If the status of the device switch1 is high, send 1 to UART.
STEP 05: If the status of the device switch1 is low, send 2 to UART.
STEP 06: Check the status of the device switch2.
STEP 07: If the status of the device switch1 is high, send 3 to UART.
STEP 08: If the status of the device switch1 is low, send 4 to UART.
20Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
21. Algorithm for Transmitter
(contd..)
STEP 09: Check whether the status of pin connected to house
switch2.
STEP 10: If status of the house switch2 is high, check the status
of device switch2.
STEP 11: If the status of the device switch1 is high, send 5 to
UART.
STEP 12: If the status of the device switch1 is low, send 6 to
UART.
STEP 13: Check the status of the device switch2.
STEP 14: If the status of the device switch1 is high, send 7 to
UART.
21Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
24. Algorithm for Transmitter
STEP 01: Do the basic initialization of first microcontroller1
ports, and UART.
STEP 02: Check Rx data pin connected to the Tx of the power
line communication module.
STEP 03: If the data received is 1, send signal to the pin
connected to the bulb to turn on.
STEP 04: If the data received is 2, send signal to the pin
connected to the bulb to turn off
STEP 05: If the data received is 1, send signal to the pin
connected to the fan to turn on.
STEP 06: If the data received is 1, send signal to the pin
connected to the fan to turn off.
24Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
25. Algorithm for Transmitter
(contd..)
STEP 07: Do the basic initialization of second microcontroller
ports, and UART.
STEP 08: Check Rx data pin connected to the Tx of the power
line communication module
STEP 09: If the data received is 1, send signal to the pin
connected to the bulb to turn on.
STEP 10: If the data received is 2, send signal to the pin
connected to the bulb to turn off.
STEP 11: If the data received is 1, send signal to the pin
connected to the fan to turn on.
STEP 12: If the data received is 1, send signal to the pin
connected to the fan to turn off.
25Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
27. Result :
Range of transmission : 100m of power line cable.
Time taken for switching on : 1 to 3 sec (approximately)
Baud rate : 9600
Program memory used : 5 Kilobyte
Total number relay drivers : 2 (1 for each home)
Total numbers of channels : 2 channels (each driving a
bulb and fan)
27Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
28. Contd:
Crystal Frequency of PIC : 20Mhz
Port used for LCD interfacing : Port D
Frequency of PLC-Modem : 115kHz
HOME DEVICE STATUS CODE
House 1
BULB
ON 00000001
OFF 00000010
FAN
ON 00000011
OFF 00000100
House 2
BULB
ON 00000101
OFF 00000110
FAN
ON 00000111
OFF 00001000
28Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
31. Advantages :
Simple to install and inexpensive.
Additional wiring is not required.
No interference due to sight obstructions
like wall, etc.
High availability of the power outlets.
31Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
32. Limitations :
• Affected by interference of radio signals
• Difficult to incorporate over long distances
• Time delay in sending signals
• Complex form of communication is not possible.
32Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013
34. References :
John Burroughs, X-10 Home Automation Using the
PIC16F877A, Microchip Technology Inc., AN236, 2002.
V Chunduru and N Subramanian, Student Member IEEE, Effects
of Power Lines on the Performance of Home Control
Systems, 2006.
Jan Boer, Chair DS PHY Lucent Technologies WCND
Utrecht, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Physical Layer
Specification, March, 1996.
Mark Palmer/Scott Fink Microchip Technology Inc., Interfacing
PICmicro® MCUs to an LCD Module, 1997.
Myke Predko, Programming and customizing
PICmicro, Microcontrollers, McGraw-Hill, LCDs, page
271, reprint 2001.
34Powerline Communication Using X-106/5/2013