GSM BASED PREPAID ENERGY METER BILLING VIA SMSSRINIVAS REDDY
The project is designed for reading electrical energy consumed in units and in rupees to display on an LCD screen to the user. This data is also provided to the electrical department using GSM technology for billing purposes. Owing to high electricity cost these days it becomes necessary for the consumer to know as to how much electricity is consumed to control electricity bill within his budget by recharging the energy meter units via S.M.S .
Finally when the energy meter coming to zero user can again recharge according to the purpose used. In this proposed system, the consumer will get his energy consumption data on real time basis on a LCD display. The same data is sent through GSM modem to the electricity department via SMS. A microcontroller of 8051 family is interfaced to the energy meter to get the Watt Hour pulses.
Further this project can be enhanced by to control the electrical appliances remotely via SMS. Also, the electricity department can send the monthly bill amount over SMS to the receiving unit for consumer information.
Prepaid energy meter using GSM is used to record consumed units and send an alert to user via GSM. It is used to reduce power theft in commercial areas.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
GSM BASED PREPAID ENERGY METER BILLING VIA SMSSRINIVAS REDDY
The project is designed for reading electrical energy consumed in units and in rupees to display on an LCD screen to the user. This data is also provided to the electrical department using GSM technology for billing purposes. Owing to high electricity cost these days it becomes necessary for the consumer to know as to how much electricity is consumed to control electricity bill within his budget by recharging the energy meter units via S.M.S .
Finally when the energy meter coming to zero user can again recharge according to the purpose used. In this proposed system, the consumer will get his energy consumption data on real time basis on a LCD display. The same data is sent through GSM modem to the electricity department via SMS. A microcontroller of 8051 family is interfaced to the energy meter to get the Watt Hour pulses.
Further this project can be enhanced by to control the electrical appliances remotely via SMS. Also, the electricity department can send the monthly bill amount over SMS to the receiving unit for consumer information.
Prepaid energy meter using GSM is used to record consumed units and send an alert to user via GSM. It is used to reduce power theft in commercial areas.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
• The concept of prepaid energy meters has been introduced in the power sector to effectively record the units consumed for billing purposes and also monitor several other factors to reduce and minimize losses that occurs due to conventional electromechanical energy meters.
• Prepaid Energy meter is a multipurpose project which can integrate all the functions like billing and automatic message response to user and respective electricity providing company.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
GSM based electricity theft contol system, it also intimates the concernded person when theft is happening. It sends messages about the unit consumed too.
• The concept of prepaid energy meters has been introduced in the power sector to effectively record the units consumed for billing purposes and also monitor several other factors to reduce and minimize losses that occurs due to conventional electromechanical energy meters.
• Prepaid Energy meter is a multipurpose project which can integrate all the functions like billing and automatic message response to user and respective electricity providing company.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
GSM based electricity theft contol system, it also intimates the concernded person when theft is happening. It sends messages about the unit consumed too.
Wireless energy meter monitoring with automated tariff calculationUdayalakshmi JK
Electricity billing has become a difficult task. The board has to make regular visit to the consumers house to make the reading. Also it can cause manual error. Now here we are monitoring the energy meter with modern techniques. The total energy consumed by the consumer and the consumption cost is known to the consumer and to the board by means of a hand held device.
Is a seminar based on the concept of replacing the existing electricity metering system using in developing countries by a low cost energy meter working without human intervention. Its main components are discussed later...
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The main objective of the project is to develop a GSM based
energy meter reading system and load control through SMS.
Electricity department sends employees to take meter reading
every month, which is an expensive and time consuming job.
The proposed project provides a convenient and efficient method
to avoid this problem. The electricity department and the user can
get the readings of the energy meter of consumers via SMS. The
loads can also be controlled by the user of this system via SMS
using this project.
4. A microcontroller input is effectively interfaced to a digital
energy meter that takes the reading from the energy meter
and displays the same on an LCD. The reading of the
energy meter is also sent to the control room by an SMS via
SIM loaded GSM modem.
This GSM modem can also receive commands from the cell
phone to control the owner’s electrical loads. It uses a
standard digital energy meter that delivers output pulses to
the microcontroller to perform counting for necessary
action. On receiving command it can switch ON/OFF the
lOAD
7. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
ENERGY METER:
• An energy or electric meter is a device that measures the
amount of electrical energy consumed by a residence,
business, or an electrically-powered device.
• Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the
most common one being the kilowatt hour.
8. MICROCONTROLLER:
• AT89S51
• It is a smaller computer
• Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
RAM ROM
I/O
Port
Timer
Serial
COM
Port
Microcontroller
CPU
A single chip
9. Features of AT89S51/52:
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operating at frequency: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
128 bits Internal RAM (Data Memory)
Rom 4 KB (Program memory)
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
It contains 16 bit address buses
It is 40 pin dual in package
10. PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S51:
• 40 Pin IC
• 4 Ports
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
11. 230 V AC
50 Hz
Bridge
rectifier
Filter(470µf)
5v Regulator
5V DC
12V step down
transformer
POWER SUPPLY:
12. SERIAL COMMUNICATION
• used for all long-haul communication
• Cables that carry serial data
• RS232 carries serial data in between micro controller
and MODEM through DB9 connector
13. MAX 232:
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from
an RS-232serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL
compatible digital logic circuits.
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts
the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals .
When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level
to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to
between +3 and +15V, and changes TTL
Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice
versa for converting from RS232 to TTL.
14. A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays
use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch,
but other operating principles are also used, such
as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit
by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and
sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults
RELAY:
15. GSM COMMUNICATION
The term GSM usually means the GSM standard
and protocols in the frequency spectrum around
900MHz.
Mobile Station:
The MS is the physical equipment used by a
subscriber, most often a normal hand-held cellular
telephone.
Base transceiver station:
The BTS comprises the radio transmission and
reception devices, and also manages the signal
processing related to the air interface.
16. GSM MODEM:
A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM
card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a
mobile phone.
From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like
a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the
computer to use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile
network.
While these GSM modems are most frequently used to provide
mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for
sending and receiving SMS and
MMS messages.
17. IR LED:
An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose
LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm
wavelength.
The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye
cannot see the infrared radiations.
The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR
LED in a circuit.
18. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2
and 20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per
line by 2 lines, respectively.
DISPLAY UNIT
19. LCD BACKGROUND:
If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )
R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is high (1), the data reading to the LCD)
20. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers,
real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments,
evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3,
XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language
to object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for
the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors
KEIL COMPILER:
22. MERITS:
1]By adopting this we can avoid illegal usage of
current
2]continuous monitoring of ac load as per our
requirement either ON (or)OFF
3]There is not need of sending any member to
come to our houses for billing
4]we can generate instant billing in fixed interval
of time