This document describes a project to design a fault recognition protection system for AC transmission lines using GSM technology. The system monitors the output of a step-down transformer using a microcontroller and fault indicator circuit. If a fault is detected, a relay is activated and a message is sent via GSM modem to notify the user. The system is powered by a regulated 5V supply and includes components like a LCD to display the power line status, buzzer to sound on fault, and MAX232 for serial communication between the microcontroller and GSM modem. The aim is to remotely monitor transformer faults without needing to check relays on site.

1. USING GSM TO DETECT Fault INMICROCONTROLLER BASED POWER
TRANSFORMER
 Group members
 E. MUBRAK 14F25A0209
 G. VARUN KUMAR 13F21A0289
 V. SREEVANI 14F25A0218
 K. YASASWINI 13F21A0294
 D. SHAHENSHAH 13F21A0275
Project On

2. Agenda
 ABSTRACT
 Components used in the Project
 Block Diagram
 Working
 Features
 Advantages & DIS ADVANTAGES
 Area of Application
 Precautions
 References

3. THE AIM OF THE PROJECT IS TO DESIGN A FAULT RECOGNITION PROTECTION SYSTEM IN AC TRANSMISSION
LINES USING GSM TECHNOLOGY.
IN THIS PROJECT WE ARE USING STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMERS TO MIMIC THE CONVENTIONAL DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS WHOSE ACTIVENESS IS CHECKED BY THE MICRO CONTROLLER. A BULB IS CONNECTED AT THE
INPUT OF TRANSFORMER TO INDICATE THAT THE TRANSFORMER IS ACTIVE. AND THE OUTPUT OF THE
TRANSFORMER IS FED TO A FAULT INDICATOR CIRCUIT AND CONTROLLER CHECK THE OUTPUT. DEPENDING ON
THE OUTPUT OF THE INDICATOR, WE WILL BE TURNING ON THE CORRESPONDING RELAY TO WHICH THE LOAD
WILL BE CONNECTED, SO THAT WE CAN KNOW THE STATUS OF TRANSFORMER WHETHER IT IS ACTIVE OR NOT.
AND THE CORRESPONDING DATA WILL BE SENT TO THE USER MOBILE THROUGH GSM MODEM WHICH IS
INTERFACED TO THE CONTROLLER SERIALLY. THE BUZZER WILL BE ACTIVATE WHEN FAULT OCCURS.
A GSM MODEM PROVIDES THE COMMUNICATION INTERFACE. IT TRANSPORTS DEVICE PROTOCOLS
TRANSPARENTLY OVER THE NETWORK THROUGH A SERIAL INTERFACE. A GSM MODEM IS A WIRELESS MODEM
THAT WORKS WITH A GSM WIRELESS NETWORK. THIS GSM MODEM CAN ACCEPT ANY GSM NETWORK OPERATOR
SIM CARD AND ACT JUST LIKE A MOBILE PHONE WITH ITS OWN UNIQUE PHONE NUMBER. ADVANTAGE OF USING
THIS MODEM WILL BE THAT YOU CAN USE ITS RS232 PORT TO COMMUNICATE AND DEVELOP EMBEDDED
APPLICATIONS. THE MODEM CAN EITHER BE CONNECTED TO PC SERIAL PORT DIRECTLY OR TO ANY
MICROCONTROLLER. WE ALSO INTERFACE AN LCD TO THE CONTROLLER ON WHICH THE STATUS OF THE POWER
LINE WILL BE DISPLAYED.
THIS PROJECT USES REGULATED 5V, 500MA POWER SUPPLY. UNREGULATED 5V DC IS USED FOR RELAY. 7805
THREE TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR IS USED FOR VOLTAGE REGULATION. FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
IS USED TO RECTIFY THE AC OUTPUT OF SECONDARY OF 230/12V STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER.
ABSTRCT

4. COMPONENTS USED
 POWER SUPPLY
 FAULT INDICATOR
 MICRO controller
 LCD
 Relay
 GSM modem
 AX232

5. AX232AX232AX232
POWER
SUPPLY
FAULT
INDICATOR
MICRO
controller
LCD
Relay LOAD
BUZZER
MAX232 GSM
modem

6. WORKING
 We are giving power supply through adapter.
 Bridge rectifier is used to convert AC into DC.
 Filter circuit is used to removes the unwanted
repulses and its output is fed at the input terminal
of AX232 series regulator.
 The 12V constant Voltage is fed to Relay & 5V
is fed to the Modem & Microcontroller.

7. Step down
transformer
Filter Regulator OutputBridge
rectifier

8. FAULT INDICATER
 The first fault indicators came onto the market from Horstmann
(Germany) in 1946. The E.O. Schweitzer Manufacturing
Company, .) introduced a product to the U.S.A in 1948
 A fault indicator is a device which provides visual or remote
indication of a fault on the electric power system. Also called a
faulted circuit indicator (FCI).
 the device is used in electric power distribution networks as a
means of automatically detecting and identifying faults to reduce
outage time
 Recent developments include a remotely programmable overhead
line indicator, fault indication for paper-insulated lead cable, and
an overhead fault indicator for mesh networks.

9. 8051 Microcontroller
 The following are some of the
capabilities of 8051
Microcontroller-
 1. Internal ROM and RAM
 2. I/O ports with programmable
pins
 3. Timers and counters
 4. Serial data communication

10. L C D
 A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other
electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating
properties of liquid crystals.
 LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer
monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and
indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in portable
consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile
telephones, including smartphones
 .. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as
DVD players, video game devices and clocks LCD screens have replaced
heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications

11. Relay Unit
 Relay unit has been designed to
operate in accordance with the
switching signal and controlled
quantity.
Following are the points upon
which relay has been selected:
 Operating voltage- Should lie
between 5V – 12V
 Low loss
 Instantaneous operation.
 Compact size
 Equipped with NO an NC
contacts.

12. A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling
device.
There are two types of buzzers :-
1. Electromechanical
2. Mechanical
3. piezoelectric
Electromechanical:-
1) Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell
without the metal gong.
Mechanical:-
1) A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer.
Piezoelectric:-
1) A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio
signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier.
2) Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or
a beep.

13. 1. The MAX232 is an integrated circuit
first created in 1987 by Maxim
Integrated Products that converts
signals from a TIA-232 (RS-232) serial
port to signals suitable for use in TTL-
compatible digital logic circuits.
2. The MAX232 is a dual transmitter /
dual receiver that typically is used to
convert the RX, TX, CTS, RTS signals.
3. The MAX232(A) has two receivers
that convert from RS-232 to TTL
voltage levels, and two drivers that
convert from TTL logic to RS-232
voltage levels.

14. GSM MODEM
 In this Project GSM
Modem is used to develop a
Interface between Mobile &
Microcontroller by using
GSM Sim.
 It connects Microcontroller
to network provider to send
the SMS.

15. Features
 A message will be sent on the number of Supervisor
when the fault occur in the transmission system.
 Long life
 No need to monitor from the Relay room.
 Negligible electricity consumption
 Easy to Install
 No Maintenance Required
 Very affordable price

16. ADVANTAGES
 No need to monitor from relay room.
 System can be monitored and controlled from
anywhere.
 Save time.
 Save men work.
 Mobile number can be changed at any time.

17. Area of Application
The major areas captured by it are :
 Power Grid
 Factories
 Industrial Area
 Home Automation.
 And many more…………..

18. Precautions
 All the components must be as per the circuit
specification.
 Microcontroller & LM78XX should be mounted on the
IC base.
 Modem tower must be in vertical position for good
network.
 I. C. should not be heated much while soldering; too
much heat can destroy the I.C.
 Opposite polarity of Supply can destroy I.C so please
check the polarity before switching ON the circuit.

19. Conclusion & Results
 Hence by this project we can Monitor the
fault at power grids using GSM Based Mobile
by means of SMS.
 Grid status will not be lost in power failure
condition.

20. References
 ^ The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms (IEEE 100) (seventh
edition ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Press. 2000. ISBN 0-7381-2601-2.
 ^ a b Ulaby, p.168
 ^ Ulaby, p.157
 ^ a b Ulaby, p.169
 ^ "Capacitor charging and discharging : DC CIRCUITS". All About Circuits.
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_3/17.html. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
 ^ a b "Nick Holonyak, Jr. 2004 Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner". Lemenson-MIT
Program. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
 ^ Moreno, Ivan; Sun, Ching-Cherng (2008). "Modeling the radiation pattern of
LEDs". Optics Express 16 (3): 1808. doi:10.1364/OE.16.001808. PMID 18542260.
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm

21. Thank you!