Abstract Geosynthetics made of man-made fibres, and used for addressing a host of geotechnical problems, have for the last two decades, registered a remarkable growth clinching about 95% share of the total global demand in several fields such as erosion control, management of slopes, strengthening of roads, stabilization of embankments, protection of river banks, consolidation of soft soils etc. One such major application of Geosynthetic material is in the field of road construction which has become an established phenomenon worldwide. Recently, however, increasing environmental concerns concomitant with the alarming danger of carbon foot-print generation have generated interest in and led to acceptance of natural Jute Geotextile (JGT) where this material plays a significant role for the purpose of reinforcement providing dimensional stability as well as cushioning effect to the road surface thereby improving the life cycle as well as maintenance cost of the road. With the increasing use of Jute Geotextile worldwide in combating geotechnical problems without hampering environmental sustainability, and the confidence with which they are being used is also developing amongst engineers, manufacturers and end users is opening new avenues for potential Jute Geotextile . Hence, there is a dire need for quality control in terms of testing and evaluation of Jute Geotextile demanding formulation of new standards for testing. The existing test standards for synthetic Geotextiles for evaluating different end use property parameters are not uniform globally i.e., these test standards vary from country to country. However, in the field of standardization for testing of different properties of Jute Geotextiles there is a paucity of data for formulation of specifications and quality control guidelines. Test standards for synthetic Geotextiles understandably do not exactly apply to JGT. While study is on to develop exclusive test and design standard for JGT, there is need to adopt any of the existing standards for synthetic Geotextiles that cater to the majority of requirements in the interim period. The paper suggests adoption of ASTM standards for testing JGT because of the wide range of test standards available and their credibility. Keywords: Jute Geotextile, ASTM standards, Carbon foot print, Geotechnical Engineering, European Standards, CEN
Experimental Study on Plastic Vastum as a Coarse Aggregate Quia Structural Co...ijtsrd
Due to speedy industrialization and urbanization in the united states lot of infrastructure trends are taking place. This technique has in flip led questions to mankind to remedy the troubles generated through this growth. The troubles described are acute scarcity of constructional materials, improved productiveness of waste and other products. In this task M30 grade concrete is taken and waste plastic is used as modifier. Tests had been carried out on coarse aggregates, high quality aggregates, cement and modifiers plastic waste to decide their bodily properties. Trail mixes are organized with 5 , 10 and 15 of plastic aggregates as the substitute for sand in M30 grade of concrete. Based on the mechanical power of concrete, it is found that 5 substitute of sand with plastic aggregates is the superior content. A. Saravanan | D. Kanagaraj "Experimental Study on Plastic Vastum as a Coarse Aggregate Quia Structural Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30624.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/30624/experimental-study-on-plastic-vastum-as-a-coarse-aggregate-quia-structural-concrete/a-saravanan
Preference of materials for posterior restorations: A cross-sectional study a...Premier Publishers
The aim of the study is to evaluate the preferences of materials for posterior restorations among Palestinian dentists and to assess whether postgraduate training or clinical experience had an influence on their material preferences. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 216 dentists in Palestine using an online survey, which consisted of closed questions asking about socio demographic variables, the level of specialization and time since graduation. It further probed into the preferences for posterior restorations through questions about the first choice of material, type of composite resin (if used), use of rubber dam and preferences for curing. It was observed that 66.2% of the dentists preferred using composite and 72.9% preferred nano-hybrid composite restorations over other types of composite material. However, the majority (88.4%) did not prefer using a rubber dam. There was no significant association between the time of clinical training or post-graduate training and their choices for the materials. The study reports that composite was the preferred material for posterior restoration among the Palestinian dentists, and nano-hybrid their preferred type of composite. However, these dentists seldom used rubber dam and their postgraduate training or time of training did not influence their choice of material
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The potential of solid tannery waste as filler in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied by examination of mechanical properties, morphology and thermal properties of the composites produced. The Composites were prepared by two roll melt mixing and compression moulding technique for varying fiber contents from 0% to 60%. The parameters tested were tensile, impact and hardness in accordance with ASTM specification. The morphology and thermal properties of the matrix and composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of stress-strain behaviour of the composite was similar to those of thermoplastic polymer, the tensile strength and yield stress of the control (HDPE) was higher than that of the prepared samples by 8% and 5%. Hardness was better than HDPE by 12.86%. When 3.5g of Mg (OH)2, 0.3g of Ti2O, 10g of NR, 0.5g of trimethyl quinolene (TMQ), 2g of ethylene vinyl-acetate (EVA) copolymer and 2ml of Acrylic acid were incorporated into the formulation, 52.2%, 39.2% and 29.1% enhancement in yield stress, tensile and impact strength. SEM scan shows ductile tensile fractured surface of composites with better thermal stability than the control. Composite of HDPE90/fibers waste10 presents good mechanical performance with enhanced thermal stability.
Experimental Study on Plastic Vastum as a Coarse Aggregate Quia Structural Co...ijtsrd
Due to speedy industrialization and urbanization in the united states lot of infrastructure trends are taking place. This technique has in flip led questions to mankind to remedy the troubles generated through this growth. The troubles described are acute scarcity of constructional materials, improved productiveness of waste and other products. In this task M30 grade concrete is taken and waste plastic is used as modifier. Tests had been carried out on coarse aggregates, high quality aggregates, cement and modifiers plastic waste to decide their bodily properties. Trail mixes are organized with 5 , 10 and 15 of plastic aggregates as the substitute for sand in M30 grade of concrete. Based on the mechanical power of concrete, it is found that 5 substitute of sand with plastic aggregates is the superior content. A. Saravanan | D. Kanagaraj "Experimental Study on Plastic Vastum as a Coarse Aggregate Quia Structural Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30624.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/30624/experimental-study-on-plastic-vastum-as-a-coarse-aggregate-quia-structural-concrete/a-saravanan
Preference of materials for posterior restorations: A cross-sectional study a...Premier Publishers
The aim of the study is to evaluate the preferences of materials for posterior restorations among Palestinian dentists and to assess whether postgraduate training or clinical experience had an influence on their material preferences. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 216 dentists in Palestine using an online survey, which consisted of closed questions asking about socio demographic variables, the level of specialization and time since graduation. It further probed into the preferences for posterior restorations through questions about the first choice of material, type of composite resin (if used), use of rubber dam and preferences for curing. It was observed that 66.2% of the dentists preferred using composite and 72.9% preferred nano-hybrid composite restorations over other types of composite material. However, the majority (88.4%) did not prefer using a rubber dam. There was no significant association between the time of clinical training or post-graduate training and their choices for the materials. The study reports that composite was the preferred material for posterior restoration among the Palestinian dentists, and nano-hybrid their preferred type of composite. However, these dentists seldom used rubber dam and their postgraduate training or time of training did not influence their choice of material
Investigation of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of High-Density ...IOSRJAC
The potential of solid tannery waste as filler in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied by examination of mechanical properties, morphology and thermal properties of the composites produced. The Composites were prepared by two roll melt mixing and compression moulding technique for varying fiber contents from 0% to 60%. The parameters tested were tensile, impact and hardness in accordance with ASTM specification. The morphology and thermal properties of the matrix and composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of stress-strain behaviour of the composite was similar to those of thermoplastic polymer, the tensile strength and yield stress of the control (HDPE) was higher than that of the prepared samples by 8% and 5%. Hardness was better than HDPE by 12.86%. When 3.5g of Mg (OH)2, 0.3g of Ti2O, 10g of NR, 0.5g of trimethyl quinolene (TMQ), 2g of ethylene vinyl-acetate (EVA) copolymer and 2ml of Acrylic acid were incorporated into the formulation, 52.2%, 39.2% and 29.1% enhancement in yield stress, tensile and impact strength. SEM scan shows ductile tensile fractured surface of composites with better thermal stability than the control. Composite of HDPE90/fibers waste10 presents good mechanical performance with enhanced thermal stability.
Purpose
Fluid-bed coating of microparticles using aqueous polymer dispersions is a challenge due to particle agglomeration. Agglomeration is an undesirable phenomenon especially for modified release products resulting in inconsistent and unreliable coating thickness and drug release profile. Due to the small particle size and relatively high coating level, the determination of agglomerated particles is complicated and cannot be performed by common methods such as sieve analysis and observation under light microscope.
The objective of this study was to investigate appropriate methods to determine the internal structure of coated microparticles to support decision making in the formulation and coating process development.
Investigation on the printability of bioink based on alginate-gelatin hydroge...journalBEEI
Bioinks of 3D bioprinting have significant potential application in the field of tissue engineering to support cell attachment and proliferation. In this work, the alginate-gelatin-CELC (AGLC) bioink based on different compositions of alginate-gelatin (AG) hydrogel and cholesteryl ester liquid crystals (CELC) was prepared. Primarily, the alginate-gelatin hydrogel with certain concentration of gelatin (10-50%w/v) was investigated. The printability of the hydrogel reached a minimum width of 1.8 mm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min when the gelatin concentration was increased to 50% w/v (AG1050). Subsequently, the respective polymers with 10% w/v alginate and 50% w/v gelatin blended with 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% w/v of CELC in the preparation of the alginate-gelatin-CELC bioink was further investigated.The printability of the bioink was examined by micro-extrusion based 3D bioprinter. The printability of the bioink enhanced by 27.8% as compared to AG1050 and reached a minimum width of 1.3 mm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min when the CELC concentration was increased to 40% and 60%. The tested properties of the bioink show that the CELC improve shear-thinning and lipid moieties properties to the composite bioink and hence, enhances its printability.
R OUND-ROBIN VERIFICATION AND FINAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE IEC 62788-1-5 ENCAPSUL...Claudio Liciotti
Polymeric encapsulation materials may a change size when processed at typical module lamination temperatures. The relief of residual strain, trapped during the manufacture of encapsulation sheet, can affect module performance and reliability. For example, displaced cells and interconnects threaten: cell fracture; broken interconnects (open circuits and ground faults); delamination at interfaces; and void formation. The IEC 62788-1-5 standard quantifies the maximum change in linear dimensions that may occur to allow for process control of size change. Developments incorporated into the Committee Draft (CD) of the standard as well as the assessment of the repeatability and reproducibility of the test method are described here. No pass/fail criteria are given in the standard, rather a repeatable protocol to quantify the change in dimension is provided to aid those working with encapsulation.
Standard practice for characterization of particles astmInkalloys Perú
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1877; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Geosynthetics, a versetile solution to challenges in geotechnical engineeringeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper focuses on the available state of knowledge in the field of soil improvement particularly by the use of geosynthetics. Geosynthetics have found an important place in geotechnical engineering problems i.e. foundation on soft soils, land slide control, sub grade stabilization, reinforced embankments over soft soils, erosion control (turf reinforcement, under rip rap), surface drainage etc. This paper gives an overview of geosynthetics from its historical development to latest trends in it. Index Terms: Geosynthetics,
Strength characteristics of concrete containing post consumer metalized plast...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper represents results of strength tests conducted on concrete containing flakes of waste metalized plastics. The feasibility of post consumer plastic waste (PCMPW) was determined on the bases of tests results of compressive strength and split tensile strength. Ever increasing generation of PCMPW has raised littering issues and has become one of the major sources for landfills. The objective of the test program was to check the feasibility of PCMPW as concrete constituent and possible way of mitigating the environmental impacts occurring from insufficient and unsafe management of PCMPW. The strength tests were performed with three sizes of PCMPW in flaks and fiber form. PCMPW was added in the mixes with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by volume of concrete mix. Test results reveled that strengths reduced with increased PCMPW flakes contents. However, up to 1% of addition of flakes the strength reduction was negligible for all flak sizes. Moreover, the PCMPW fiber with 1mmx17mm size improved the split tensile strength. Experimental results of compressive –split tensile strength were correlated by a standard analytical model and exhibited good agreement with the experimental results. Such concrete could be utilized in pavements, sub-structural components and in non-structural members. Key Words: Post consumer metalized plastic waste, Concrete, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Slump, Compaction factor.
Mechanical characterization of different orientation of glass fibre reinforce...eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluation of the mechanical characterisation such as tensile, compression and bending test and to conduct wear test. This study focus on preparation and testing of Polyester resin using glass fibre for different orientation. The Mechanical properties of the polyester changes gradually by changing the layers of fibres and for different orientation of glass fibre the property differs. The laminate is prepared of size 300*300*4mm size and specimens are prepared as per ASTM standard, different layers of glass fibres are one, two and three layers and the orientation of glass fibre is 30o, 60o, and 90o. The glass fibre used is in fabric form. From the results which were obtained we can observed that three layers glass fibre for 90o orientation has improved tensile strength and the compressive strength is found to be more for 600orientation of glass fibre. And the wear rate is also less for three layer of glass fibre for 900 orientations. Keywords: Glass Fibre/Polyesters Composites, Mechanical Characterisation of Polyester, Orientation of Glass Fibre
Purpose
Fluid-bed coating of microparticles using aqueous polymer dispersions is a challenge due to particle agglomeration. Agglomeration is an undesirable phenomenon especially for modified release products resulting in inconsistent and unreliable coating thickness and drug release profile. Due to the small particle size and relatively high coating level, the determination of agglomerated particles is complicated and cannot be performed by common methods such as sieve analysis and observation under light microscope.
The objective of this study was to investigate appropriate methods to determine the internal structure of coated microparticles to support decision making in the formulation and coating process development.
Investigation on the printability of bioink based on alginate-gelatin hydroge...journalBEEI
Bioinks of 3D bioprinting have significant potential application in the field of tissue engineering to support cell attachment and proliferation. In this work, the alginate-gelatin-CELC (AGLC) bioink based on different compositions of alginate-gelatin (AG) hydrogel and cholesteryl ester liquid crystals (CELC) was prepared. Primarily, the alginate-gelatin hydrogel with certain concentration of gelatin (10-50%w/v) was investigated. The printability of the hydrogel reached a minimum width of 1.8 mm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min when the gelatin concentration was increased to 50% w/v (AG1050). Subsequently, the respective polymers with 10% w/v alginate and 50% w/v gelatin blended with 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% w/v of CELC in the preparation of the alginate-gelatin-CELC bioink was further investigated.The printability of the bioink was examined by micro-extrusion based 3D bioprinter. The printability of the bioink enhanced by 27.8% as compared to AG1050 and reached a minimum width of 1.3 mm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min when the CELC concentration was increased to 40% and 60%. The tested properties of the bioink show that the CELC improve shear-thinning and lipid moieties properties to the composite bioink and hence, enhances its printability.
R OUND-ROBIN VERIFICATION AND FINAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE IEC 62788-1-5 ENCAPSUL...Claudio Liciotti
Polymeric encapsulation materials may a change size when processed at typical module lamination temperatures. The relief of residual strain, trapped during the manufacture of encapsulation sheet, can affect module performance and reliability. For example, displaced cells and interconnects threaten: cell fracture; broken interconnects (open circuits and ground faults); delamination at interfaces; and void formation. The IEC 62788-1-5 standard quantifies the maximum change in linear dimensions that may occur to allow for process control of size change. Developments incorporated into the Committee Draft (CD) of the standard as well as the assessment of the repeatability and reproducibility of the test method are described here. No pass/fail criteria are given in the standard, rather a repeatable protocol to quantify the change in dimension is provided to aid those working with encapsulation.
Standard practice for characterization of particles astmInkalloys Perú
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1877; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Geosynthetics, a versetile solution to challenges in geotechnical engineeringeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper focuses on the available state of knowledge in the field of soil improvement particularly by the use of geosynthetics. Geosynthetics have found an important place in geotechnical engineering problems i.e. foundation on soft soils, land slide control, sub grade stabilization, reinforced embankments over soft soils, erosion control (turf reinforcement, under rip rap), surface drainage etc. This paper gives an overview of geosynthetics from its historical development to latest trends in it. Index Terms: Geosynthetics,
Strength characteristics of concrete containing post consumer metalized plast...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper represents results of strength tests conducted on concrete containing flakes of waste metalized plastics. The feasibility of post consumer plastic waste (PCMPW) was determined on the bases of tests results of compressive strength and split tensile strength. Ever increasing generation of PCMPW has raised littering issues and has become one of the major sources for landfills. The objective of the test program was to check the feasibility of PCMPW as concrete constituent and possible way of mitigating the environmental impacts occurring from insufficient and unsafe management of PCMPW. The strength tests were performed with three sizes of PCMPW in flaks and fiber form. PCMPW was added in the mixes with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by volume of concrete mix. Test results reveled that strengths reduced with increased PCMPW flakes contents. However, up to 1% of addition of flakes the strength reduction was negligible for all flak sizes. Moreover, the PCMPW fiber with 1mmx17mm size improved the split tensile strength. Experimental results of compressive –split tensile strength were correlated by a standard analytical model and exhibited good agreement with the experimental results. Such concrete could be utilized in pavements, sub-structural components and in non-structural members. Key Words: Post consumer metalized plastic waste, Concrete, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Slump, Compaction factor.
Mechanical characterization of different orientation of glass fibre reinforce...eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluation of the mechanical characterisation such as tensile, compression and bending test and to conduct wear test. This study focus on preparation and testing of Polyester resin using glass fibre for different orientation. The Mechanical properties of the polyester changes gradually by changing the layers of fibres and for different orientation of glass fibre the property differs. The laminate is prepared of size 300*300*4mm size and specimens are prepared as per ASTM standard, different layers of glass fibres are one, two and three layers and the orientation of glass fibre is 30o, 60o, and 90o. The glass fibre used is in fabric form. From the results which were obtained we can observed that three layers glass fibre for 90o orientation has improved tensile strength and the compressive strength is found to be more for 600orientation of glass fibre. And the wear rate is also less for three layer of glass fibre for 900 orientations. Keywords: Glass Fibre/Polyesters Composites, Mechanical Characterisation of Polyester, Orientation of Glass Fibre
Bacteria as a biological admixture in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The main objective of the present study deals with the execution of the concrete by the microbiologically prompted unique growth/filler. One such thought has prompted the advancement of an extremely special concrete known as Bacterial Concrete where microscopic organisms is incited in the mortars and concrete to heal up the issues with various bacterium proposed at various bacterial concrete. Here a study was made by utilizing the microscopic organisms "Escherichia coli". Calcite arrangement by Escherichia coli is a model research facility bacterium, which can create calcite precipitates on suitable media supplemented with a Calcium source.Concrete cubes with and without addition of bacteria are studied and it is observed that there is an improvement in the compressive strength for the cubes with the addition of bacteria. Concrete cylinders with and without addition of bacteria was considered and it is observed that there is an improvement in the Split tensile strength for the cylinders with the addition of bacteria. Keywords: Escherichia Coli, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
An analytical study on test standards for assessment of jute geotextiles for global acceptance
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 457
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON TEST STANDARDS FOR ASSESSMENT
OF JUTE GEOTEXTILES FOR GLOBAL ACCEPTANCE
S.K. Ghosh1
, R. Bhattacharyya2
1
Associate Professor, 2
Senior Research Fellow, Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of Calcutta, West
Bengal, India, ijtskg40@gmail.com, rajib8181@yahoo.com
Abstract
Geosynthetics made of man-made fibres, and used for addressing a host of geotechnical problems, have for the last two decades,
registered a remarkable growth clinching about 95% share of the total global demand in several fields such as erosion control,
management of slopes, strengthening of roads, stabilization of embankments, protection of river banks, consolidation of soft soils etc.
One such major application of Geosynthetic material is in the field of road construction which has become an established
phenomenon worldwide. Recently, however, increasing environmental concerns concomitant with the alarming danger of carbon foot-
print generation have generated interest in and led to acceptance of natural Jute Geotextile (JGT) where this material plays a
significant role for the purpose of reinforcement providing dimensional stability as well as cushioning effect to the road surface
thereby improving the life cycle as well as maintenance cost of the road. With the increasing use of Jute Geotextile worldwide in
combating geotechnical problems without hampering environmental sustainability, and the confidence with which they are being used
is also developing amongst engineers, manufacturers and end users is opening new avenues for potential Jute Geotextile . Hence,
there is a dire need for quality control in terms of testing and evaluation of Jute Geotextile demanding formulation of new standards
for testing. The existing test standards for synthetic Geotextiles for evaluating different end use property parameters are not uniform
globally i.e., these test standards vary from country to country. However, in the field of standardization for testing of different
properties of Jute Geotextiles there is a paucity of data for formulation of specifications and quality control guidelines. Test standards
for synthetic Geotextiles understandably do not exactly apply to JGT. While study is on to develop exclusive test and design standard
for JGT, there is need to adopt any of the existing standards for synthetic Geotextiles that cater to the majority of requirements in the
interim period. The paper suggests adoption of ASTM standards for testing JGT because of the wide range of test standards available
and their credibility.
Keywords: Jute Geotextile, ASTM standards, Carbon foot print, Geotechnical Engineering, European Standards, CEN
---------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The potential of Jute Geotextile (JGT) is complemented by the
demand for these products in environmental protection and
management. The Expert Committee on Textile Policy,
constituted by Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, has
in its report on August 1999 the potential of technical textiles
in the country and has made strong recommendation for
promoting its growth to enable India, Bangladesh, Nepal and
all the other neighbouring jute growing countries to create a
place as an entity in the International Technical Textile
scenario. But for any application and supervision quality
control tests are an essential part. Again, proper testing of
technical textiles meant for geotechnical uses is critical to
ensure their effective performance. The standards evolved for
this purpose relate to synthetic Geotextiles only and are not
uniform [1, 2]. The design is based on rigorous empirical
exercise carried out individually in each country. The site
conditions are apt to vary and so also the approach to design.
While some sort of uniformity in testing methods could be
achieved in case of synthetic Geotextiles after „synthesizing‟
the standards available, no such standards have drawn up so
far for Geotextiles made of different natural fibres such as
Jute Geotextiles (JGT) [3]. In absence of testing standards for
JGT, standards for synthetic Geotextiles are presently adopted
for Geotextiles made of natural fibres. In view of the growing
demand of JGT in particular, it is felt necessary to evolve
exclusive application-wise standards for JGT.
The selection of JGT for a particular application in
geotechnical engineering areas necessarily depends on
adequate and suitable fabric properties and specific functional
characteristics in respect of end-use requirements.
If these properties are technically inadequate for a particular
application considering the limited durability of JGT and other
natural Geotextiles, distress/failure could be a distinct
possibility. On the other hand, if these properties meet the
desired specifications in excess of the actual requirement, the
selection of the fabric will understandably prove
uneconomical. As the physical features and mechanical
properties of natural [4] and man-made fibres distinctly differ,
we need to decide specifications of JGT carefully.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 458
2. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR
GEOTEXTILES
There are reportedly as many as 293 different standards for the
manufacture, testing, etc., of various types of Geotextiles all
over the world. The International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) has been working on the harmonization
of these standards for several years and has succeeded in
reducing their numbers, in some instances basically by
identifying identical standards carrying different names.
2.1 European Standards
Most of the countries of Western Europe (e.g. Belgium,
France Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the
United Kingdom) have national standards [5] on the
construction, testing and use of various types of synthetic
Geotextiles. There is already a large volume of trade in
Geotextiles among the countries of Western Europe but
standard procedures for testing different parameters of
Geotextiles of the producer country may differ with that of the
user country creating ambiguity about the conformity of the
test results of the different parameters of the product in
particular JGT.
European Economic Community (EEC) has a number of
European Committees for Standardization (CENs) for various
disciplines and product groups. The committee for Geotextiles
and Geotextiles related products is CEN / TC 189, of which
the Belgian Institute for Standardization (Institut Belge de
Normalization) acts as the secretariat. CEN / TC 189 has been
functioning through five working groups (W. G.s) covering all
areas in which standards need to be set. W.G.1 deals with
general and specific requirements and performance criteria for
Geotextiles in various applications. W.G.2 deals with
identification processes for Geotextiles on site, the sampling
and preparation of test specimens, the determination of
thickness at specified pressures, the determination of mass per
unit area and the vocabulary to be used in connection with
Geotextiles. It also deals with classification schemes for
Geotextiles based on characteristics determined from index
tests. The terms of reference of W.G.3 cover a large number of
standards relating to determination of properties and
performance tests for Geotextiles. W.G.4 deals with the
determination of properties of, and test procedures for,
Geotextiles and related products, such as Geogrids and
Geonets. The terms of reference of W.G.5 relate to
measurement of different endurance properties like the ageing
of Geotextiles in wet and dry air, resistance to chemicals and
microbiological degradation, etc. The decision to use a
particular Geotextile material in any construction process will
depend, among other things, on whether it complies with the
specifications indicated for that material by the specialist
engineer in the design of the project. As already stated
different countries have developed their own standards for use
of Geotextiles which enable the specialist consulting engineers
and other users to specify clearly the products they want; in
addition, standardized testing methods make it possible to
compare products and results.
2.2 Issues
The question is about the specifications and testing methods to
be adopted in the intervening period till such time the
application-wise specifications for JGT are finalized and
testing methods specific for JGT are decided. Although an
International Organization for standardization (ISO) exists,
there are in fact very few ISO standards which apply to
Geotextiles [2]. Whilst the national standards of different
countries for test methods recommend a unified approach for
testing, the way in which the test results are applied to specify
a Geotextile for a particular application could hardly be
uniform. As there is hardly any difference between JGT and
synthetic Geotextiles functionally, the standards available for
synthetic Geotextiles are applied for JGT. In the United States,
the ASTM [6] has a standard committee specially organized
for Geosynthetics (D – 35) testing methodology, which is
useful and convenient as well as accepted globally for
different Geotextile applications. As the standard testing
methods of Geotextiles are not uniform in developed countries
and are somewhat sporadic in developing countries, ASTM
standard testing methods for testing of different types of
synthetic Geotextiles as well as JGT in most of the cases are
being followed for the sake of uniformity. In India, BIS
standards are followed where such standards exist for testing
of JGT.
3. SPECIALITY OF JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the most versatile natural fibres and is second
only to cotton in availability and variety of uses among
vegetable fibres. It is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that
can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It falls into the bast
fibre category (fibre collected from bast or skin of the plant)
along with kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen), ramie. It is
produced from plants in the genus Corchorus, which has been
classified in the family Tiliaceae, or more recently in
Malvaceae. Two species of Jute [7] which are commonly
cultivated are Corchorus capsularis (White Jute) and
Corchorus olitorius (Tossa Jute). The fibres are off-white to
brown, and 1–4 metres (3–12 feet) long. Jute fibre is grown
abundantly in Bengal (India) and adjoining areas of Indian
subcontinent. Retted jute fibers have three principal chemical
constituents, namely α-cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin.
The hemicelluloses consist of polysaccharides of
comparatively low molecular weight built up from hexoses,
pentoses, and uronic acid residues. In jute, capsularis and
olitorius have similar analyses, although small differences
occur among different fiber samples. In addition to the three
principal constituents, jute contains minor constituents such as
fats and waxes inorganic matter, nitrogenous matter and traces
of pigments [8]. The details of chemical composition [9, 10]
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 459
of the jute fibre is given in table 1 and the fibre properties of
most widely used fibres for producing Geotextiles like jute,
polyester and polypropylene are depicted below in table 2.
Table - 1: Average chemical composition (in
percent of bone dry weight of the fibre) of jute [10]
C.capsularis (White), C. olitorius (Tossa).
Constituent
C.capsularis
(White) jute
C.olitorius
(Tossa)
jute
Cellulose* 60.0 – 63.0 58.0 –59.0
Lignin 12.0 - 13.0 13.0 –14.0
Hemicellulose** 21.0 - 24.0 22.0 -25.0
Fats and waxes 0.4 - 1.0 0.4 - 0.9
Proteins or
nitrogenous
matter etc. (%
nitrogen x 6.25)
0.8 - 1.87 0.8 - 1.56
Pectins 0.2 – 0.5 0.2 - 0.5
Mineral matter
(Ash)
0.7 – 1.2 0.5 – 1.2
* Major constituents of jute-cellulose include
glucosan (55.0 – 59.0%), xylan (1.8 – 3.0%)
polyuronide (0.8 – 1.4%).
**Major constituents of jute-hemicellulose include
xylan or pentosan (15.5-16.5%), hexosan (2.0 –
4.0%), polyuronide (3.0 - 5.0%) and acetyl content
(3.0-3.8%).
Table-2: Properties of jute fibre [11-20] in contrast with man-
made fibre
Sl.No Properties Jute Poly-
ester
Poly-
propylene
1. Specific
gravity [21]
1.48 1.38 0.91
2. Tenacity, g/d 3 to 5 2 to
9.2
2.5 to 5.5
3. Breaking
Elongation, %
0.8 -2 10-14.5 14-100
4. Elastic
Recovery, %
75to85 57 to 99 75 to 95
5. Moisture
regain [22],
At 65% R.H.
and 270
C.
12.5 to
13.8
0.4 to
4.0
0.01
6. Thermal
Effect
No
melting
upto
1800
C
Sticks
at1800
C
Melts at
230-
2400
C
Softens
at 1430
–
1540
C,
melts at
1600
C &
4. ASTM STANDARDS AVAILABLE
The ASTM standards formulated for testing of synthetic
Geotextiles are given in table 3 (Annexure-1). Out of the 35
ASTM Standards available for testing of Geotextiles, 12
testing standards are being used for Jute Geotextiles at
laboratories for assessing different property parameters before
field trials. In this connection, table 4 (Annexure-2) shows the
list of Jute Geotextiles Testing instruments with sample
specifications along with other parameters which gives
different basic concepts of testing and its applicability.
5. PROBLEM OF USING THE EXISTING
TESTING STANDARDS FOR SYNTHETIC
GEOTEXTILES IN JGT
Growing market offers new possibilities for jute in technical
textile sector [23, 24]. In order to meet the challenges in this
area, JGT should conform to the stringent quality
specifications. This may be achieved only by following the
standards established specifically for JGT [25]. But as these
specific standards for JGT are yet to be formulated and
published, existing standards for man – made Geotextiles are
adopted which could be sometimes misleading for JGT.
Separate specific standards are required for JGT as the
different property parameters of JGT like physical,
mechanical, and hydraulic and endurance properties are not
similar to synthetic Geotextiles. Apart from these, behavior of
JGT on imposition of extraneous load and its withdrawal are
different from synthetic Geotextiles. JGT possess higher GSM
than its counterpart which are lighter in weight.
There are recommended norms for specifications of
Geosynthetics for construction of roads - these recommended
norms have been published by Indian Roads Congress in
“Guidelines for use of Geotextiles in Road Pavements and
Associated Works” IRC: SP: 59-2002.
The recommended norms for Geosynthetics have considered
properties for fabric strain more than 50% and less than 50%.
It is also found that during straining, elongation at break for
synthetic Geotextiles is much higher than that of JGT and their
retractive behavior is different. In case of JGT properties for
less than 50% are only applicable. The lower strain induces
greater membrane effect necessary for ensuring larger CBR
value in pavement design.
Behavioral differences between JGT and synthetic Geotextiles
demand formulation of separate standards for JGT for
assessing of different property parameters in the laboratory for
its acceptance globally. This will not only meet the technical
requirements for assessing the property of JGT but also make
successful marketing of JGT globally.
BIS is working for finalizing two standards on JGT for its
application in rural road construction and river bank erosion
control which are expected to be published as BIS standards
for JGT shortly.
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6. SUITABILITY OF ASTM STANDARDS AS AN
INTERIM OPTION
There are different National / International standards available
for synthetic Geotextiles. But among the available standards
ASTM covers most of the property parameters of Geotextiles.
As there is no unified standard [26,27,28] for JGT, ASTM
testing standards are considered the most preferred option for
JGT testing till such time exclusive JGT standards are
formulated and accepted. ASTM standards are accepted
globally for its authenticity of all the existing standards for
testing Geotextiles. Testing parameters of JGT which are
measured for finding its potential applications in different
geotechnical applications are given in table 4 (Annexure-2).
7. CONCLUSION
State – of – the – Art has reached the point that Geotextile
materials and technologies are accepted worldwide as
solutions to various geotechnical problems. The end-users and
specifiers of Geotextiles are supposed to be aware of
significance of technical parameters and their appropriate
evaluation procedures through unified standard testing
methods. Although an International Organization for
standardization (ISO) exists there are in fact very few ISO
standards, which are applicable to Jute Geotextiles. Hence for
acceptance of JGT globally, the researchers, users and the
producers should accept suitable standard testing methods
approved by appropriate bodies for evaluating the different
parameters of JGT to assess its performance and maintaining
the quality of the same which is highly essential.
Establishment of appropriate Jute Geotextile specifications
and test procedures under recognized National / International
standards-making bodies are of vital importance to achieve
successful implementation and long term performance of JGT
in the field of geotechnical engineering. Among the different
standard methods of testing for geotextile adopted by different
countries the ASTM standards is found to be suitable for
evaluating all the properties of JGT until new standard
methods of testings are designed keeping in mind the
properties of jute.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At the outset, the authors express their gratitude to
International Jute Study Group (IJSG), Bangladesh and
National Jute Board (NJB), Ministry of Textile, Government
of India for initiating and preparing, respectively, such a
project where Jute Geotextile has been given a platform to
prove its efficacy in different geotechnical applications,
particularly rural road constructions and river bank protection.
This is followed by the authors‟ sincere thankfulness to
Common Fund for Commodities (CFC), Amsterdam for
extending its funding aid in materializing the project. The
authors also express their heartful thanks to Shri
A.K.Khastagir, Project Manager for his cooperation and
support throughout the work. Finally the authors convey their
regards to the Honourable Vice Chancellor and Pro Vice
Chancellor (academic), University of Calcutta for their kind
consent to allow this paper for publication in a scholarly
journal and valuable guidance to carry out this work.
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[21] Liekweg, M. April, 2004.Covering the Globe in
Geotextiles. Int. Fiber J. 19, 2 : 10-22
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[22] Nevell, T. P. and S. H. Zeronian. 1985. Cellulose
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Annexure-1
Table - 3: ASTM Standards [6] followed for Geotextile Testing
Sl. No. Test Parameters ASTM No.
01. Mass per unit area D –5261-92
02. Fabric Thickness D-5199-01
03. Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method D-4595-86
04. Strip Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes D -7003
05. Grab breaking load & elongation D - 4632
06. Grab Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes. D -7004
07. Tensile Properties of Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib Tensile Method D -6637
08. Strength of Sewn or Thermally Bonded Seams of Geotextiles D -4884
09. Trapezoid Tearing Strength D - 4533
10. Index Puncture Resistance D - 4833 (96)
11. CBR Puncture Resistance D -6241
12. Determining Geonet Breaking Force D -7179
13. Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes D -5494
14. Bursting Strength-Hydraulic / Mullen Bursting Strength D –3886 /D – 3786
15. Bursting Strength - Ball D -3887
16. Apparent Opening Size D-4751–99a
17. Water Permeability by Permittivity D -4491
18. Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load D -5493
19. Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head D -4716
20. Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic by Radial Flow D -6574
21. Pore Size Characteristics of Geotextiles by Capillary Flow D -6767
22. Air Permeability D-6767-02
23. Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles (Sand Pacer/Sliding Block Method) D-4886
24. Interface Friction between Soil & Geotextile by Direct Shear Method D -5321
25. Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) of Geocomposites D -7005
26. Biological Clogging of Geotextiles D -1987
27. Deterioration of Geotextile by Exposure to Light. Moisture & Heat D -4355
28. Oxidative Induction Time of Polyolefin Geosynthetics by High Pressure
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
D -5885
29. Effect of Temperature on stability of Geotextile D -4594
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30. Ply Adhesion Strength of Reinforced Geomembranes D -6636
31. Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of a Geotextile for Silt Fence Application Using
Site-Specific Soil
D -5141
32. Soil-Geotextile System Clogging Potential by the Gradient Ratio D -5101
33. Determination of tensile creep and creep rupture behaviour D -5262
34. Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics / Geotextile to Liquids D -5322
D -6389
35. Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin
Geosynthetics
D -5596
Annexure-2
Table - 4: Testing parameters for Jute Geotextiles (JGT)
Sl. No. Testing Parameters Woven JGT Nonwoven JGT Open
Weave
JGT
01. Width (cm) √ √ √
02. Construction : Design of Weave √ √ X
03. Converted Mass: GSM √ √ √
04. Ends / dm & Picks / dm √ √ √
05. Thickness (mm) √ √ √
06. Wide – width Tensile strength (kN/m)
(Warp X Weft)
√ √ √
Elongation at Break (%) (Warp X Weft) √ √ √
07. Index Puncture Resistance (kN) √ √ X
08. Bursting Strength (kg) √ √ X
09. Flow Rate (l/m2
/sec) at 50 mm. Constant
Water Head Pressure.
√ √ X
10. Permittivity (/sec) at 50 mm. Constant
Water Head Pressure.
√ √ X
11. Permeability (cm/sec) at 50 mm. Constant
Water Head Pressure.
√ √ X
12. Apparent Opening Size (micron), O95 √ √ X
13. Open Area (%) X X √
√- applicable, X- not applicable
BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Swapan Kumar Ghosh, After graduation
in Science with Physics (Hons.), he has passed
Diploma in Jute Technology, 1987 followed
by B.Tech (Fibre Technology) in 1989 and
subsequently M.Sc. (Tech) in Textile
Technology from the University of Calcutta in
2002. He has joined the Institute of Jute Technology as
Research Fellow in the year 1992 and subsequently he was
appointed to the post of Lecturer in Fabric Manufacture in
1994. He has been awarded PhD degree in Engineering in the
year 2009. Presently he is an Associate Professor of the
Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of
Calcutta. His field of research is manufacturing of Woven and
Nonwoven Jute Geotextiles and studies of its structural
aspects alongwith its application of different Geotechnical
areas. He has more than twenty five research papers, around
seventeen proceedings and journals, several training manuals.
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He is the Principal Investigator of different national and
international R&D and HRD Projects which are sponsored by
the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. Apart from
contributing for training of Jute Mill supervisors, sardars and
workers for the upliftment of the individuals as well as the
industry on the whole he is also serving the Institution of
Engineers (India) as the Convener followed by the designation
of Chairman for the last five consecutive terms in Textile
Engineering Division, WBSC, IE(I) with utmost sincerity and
devotion. He is also actively engaged with other professional
organizations like Textile Association of India, Indian Society
for Technical Education (ISTE), FOSET, Indian Geotechnical
Society (IGS) etc. Amongst his several achievements
receiving Dr.Triguna Charan Sen Memorial Award by IE(I) in
the session 2006-07 for the best Research Paper is the most
remarkable one.
Rajib Bhattacharyya, After graduating in
Chemistry (Hons.) from the University of
Calcutta in 1996, he has passed Diploma in
Jute Technology, 1998 followed by B.Tech
(Fibre Technology) in 2000 and subsequently
M.Tech. in Textile Technology (Technical Textiles) in 2010.
Presently, he is engaged in the Department of Jute and Fibre
Technology, University of Calcutta since 2011 as Senior
Research Fellow and pursuing his Ph.D. Course from the same
university under the wise guidance of Dr. S.K.Ghosh,
Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of
Calcutta. He has bagged one research paper and one review
paper in one of the national scholarly journals followed by
several research articles and review papers in the international
journals which have already undergone the review process and
are waiting to be published shortly. Moreover he is also an
Associate Member of IE(I), WBSC.