Experimental Design for Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Aqueous Solution Using the Exchange Resin Amberlite FPA-98 as an Efficient Adsorbent in Fixed Bed Reactor Using Box–Behnken Design and Full Factorial Design
In the present study, application of Amberlite FPA-98 was investigated for the removal of Acide
Orange 7 from aqueous solution using the continuous method and was optimized using Box–Behnken design
(BBD) and full factorial design (FFD). Fixed bed adsorption has become a frequently used in wastewater
treatment processes. In this work, the intention of the study was to explore the efficacy and feasibility for azo
dye, Acid Orange 7 (AO7) adsorption onto fixed bed column of Amberlite FPA-98. The effect of operating
parameters such as flow rate, initial dye concentration, and bed height was modeled by response surface
methodology (RSM). This study compares Box–Behnken design (BBD) and full factorial design (FFD) utility for
modeling and optimization by response surface methodology. The precision of the equation obtained by RSM
was confirmed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA)and calculation of correlation coefficient relating the
predicted and the experimental values of adsorption efficiency. The results revealed a good agreement between
the predicted values, as obtained by full factorial design (FFD) and the experimental values for AO7 (R2 =
0.987) . The optimum conditions proposed by Box–Behnken design (BBD) to reach the maximum dye removal
through adsorption process. Under the optimum conditions, the removal efficiency of AO7 were (R2 = 0.959).
The application of response surface methodology in order to optimize using Box–Behnken design (BBD) and full
factorial design (FFD). The research on modeling adsorption by RSM has been highly developed and The
Amberlite was shown to be suitable adsorbent for adsorption of AO7 using fixed-bed adsorption column.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using cast iron filingseSAT Journals
Abstract The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions. Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Alcoguard® H5941 – The sustainable bio-polymerSorel Muresan
Alcoguard® H5941 represents the second generation of hybrid polymers. Hybrid polymers are a marriage of selected polysaccharides and synthetic monomers, designed to prevent scale formation in detergent applications such as automatic dishwash, hard surface cleaning and laundry detergent systems. They are particularly effective at minimizing filming and spotting in zero phosphate automatic dishwash formulations and works as effective as synthetic co-polymers.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Challenges with CLP and solutions offered by AkzoNobelSorel Muresan
To support customers in creating new solutions to meet the stricter regulations demands AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry offers surfactants with reduced or no classification and superior cleaning performance at low concentrations.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Equilibrium Studies of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Corn Cob a...IJERD Editor
The objective of this work is the study of adsorption of dye solution which is a dye malachite green
using corn cob. Removal of this dye from aqueous solution using corn cob has been investigated. Liquid phase
adsorption experiments were conducted. Batch adsorption studies are Carried out by observing the effect of
experimental parameters, namely, pH, and amount of adsorbents, contact time and initial concentration.
Optimum conditions for dye removal are studied like pH value, contact time required, amount of adsorbent,
initial concentration, etc. The results generated by this work can be used for determination of optimum
conditions for adsorption of dye in aqueous solutions. Dye is present in mixture form in various Industrial
effluents like Textile Industries, Sewage water, Water treatment plants. This work can have use in Design of
adsorption columns for dyes removal. The Freundlich adsorption model assumes that adsorption takes place on
heterogeneous surfaces. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. The adsorption of cationic dye is mainly
influenced by the amount of negative charges in the solution which is actually influenced by the solution pH. At
pH=2 there is net positive charge in the solution so adsorption is less whereas at pH=12there is increase in
negative charges increasing adsorption of malachite green. Maximum adsorption was found to take place at
pH=12. Adsorption tends to increase with contact time. At first the increase in adsorption is very rapid as there
are lots of free sites for the adsorption to take place. Adsorption decreases at later stages till saturation is reached
due to saturation of active sites. The optimum contact time for equilibrium was found to be 100 min.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using cast iron filingseSAT Journals
Abstract The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions. Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Alcoguard® H5941 – The sustainable bio-polymerSorel Muresan
Alcoguard® H5941 represents the second generation of hybrid polymers. Hybrid polymers are a marriage of selected polysaccharides and synthetic monomers, designed to prevent scale formation in detergent applications such as automatic dishwash, hard surface cleaning and laundry detergent systems. They are particularly effective at minimizing filming and spotting in zero phosphate automatic dishwash formulations and works as effective as synthetic co-polymers.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Challenges with CLP and solutions offered by AkzoNobelSorel Muresan
To support customers in creating new solutions to meet the stricter regulations demands AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry offers surfactants with reduced or no classification and superior cleaning performance at low concentrations.
Challenges with CLP and solutions offered by AkzoNobel
Similar to Experimental Design for Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Aqueous Solution Using the Exchange Resin Amberlite FPA-98 as an Efficient Adsorbent in Fixed Bed Reactor Using Box–Behnken Design and Full Factorial Design
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
Synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite (Z) For Adsorption of Cationic Dye from Textil...IJMREMJournal
The synthesis of Faujasite Zeolite from Locally available Erusu Kaolin clay sourced in Nigeria has been
attempted using standard procedures which have proven sufficient upon slight modifications and reported in
literature. The zeolite was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transformed infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometer and BET surface area analyzer. Forthwith, Adsorption of the
hazardous cationic dye malachite green (MG) on the synthesized zeolite was investigated. Batch process
variables for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite were determined. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption of
MG by the sorbent were explored using isotherms models. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was
found to be 108.26 mg/g at 30˚C. It is noteworthy that the adsorption of MG was reduced (about 45%) at low
pH (4) compared to that at high pH (12). Furthermore, among the other parameters affecting adsorption, a high
MG adsorption capacity (about 54%) was observed at a maximum initial MG dye concentration of 200 mg/L
compared to that at lower initial MG dye concentration (25 mg/L), indicating the dependency of sorption on the
initial adsorbate concentration (CO) in the solution. The MG adsorption data indicate multilayer adsorption
because the data were fit better by the Freundlich model (R2 >0.99) than by the Langmuir model. Surface
diffusion was found to be a possible mechanism for the adsorption of MG by Zeolite. The study shed light on the
potential of synthesized kaolinite derivative “Zeolite” as an efficient sorbent for cationic dye cleanup in
wastewater treatment.
Cationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solid wastes: A comprehen...IOSR Journals
Dyes are an important class of pollutants, and can even be identified by the human eye. Disposal of dyes in precious water resources must be avoided, however, and for that various treatment technologies are in use. Among various methods adsorption occupies a prominent place in dye removal. Recently many researchers have proved that agricultural solid wastes can be effectively used as adsorbents for the removal of many pollutants including dyes. This review represents the effectiveness of agricultural solid wastes in the removal of dyes, of cationic and anionic classes, description of classification of dyes and comparison among cationic and anionic dyes adsorption by the same adsorbent, thus, possibly opening the door for a better understanding of the dye classified adsorption process. Both these classes of dyes are toxic and cause severe problems to aquatic environment. Some agricultural solid wastes can remove both dye classes. The dye adsorption capacities of agricultural waste adsorbents vary along with the variation in pH of solution, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and process temperature. As the pH of the solution affects the surface charge of the adsorbent and degree of ionization of the adsorbate, it is directly related to the dye classified adsorption. This review also contains the table representing the adsorbent and subsequent dye/dyes appropriate for a particular process. Conclusions have been drawn from the literature reviewed, and suggestions for future research are proposed.
adsorbent parameters for removal of dye products Ali
The usage of dyes is increasing due to their high demand in expanding industrial sector. As a result, large volumes of dye wastewater are being generated, particularly in the textile industry. Colored effluent discharged by industrial processes into surface water bodies negatively affects aquatic, human, and animal life, which is a major global concern. To reduce the detrimental effects of dye wastewater on the environment, it should be treated before its disposal. This article extensively reviews the existing and advancements in physical, physicochemical and chemical technologies and their efficacies in dye removal (%)
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS USING RADIAL AND VERTICAL FLOW REGIME REACTORSIAEME Publication
Batch and continuous processes were conducted to study the adsorption of methylene blue dye on to three adsorbent materials, commercial activated carbon, chemically activated corncob carbon with phosphoric acid and ion exchange resin (akualite). Batch processes were established to show the effects of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, agitation speed and initial dye concentration. Two isotherm models, Freundlich and Langmuir fitted with the experimental data found from batch processes, the Langmuir model fitted well than the Freundlich, with maximum adsorption capacities of 16.21, 30.95 and 77.52 mg/g and R2 of 0.952, 0.992 and 0.995 predicted by commercial activated carbon, corncob activated carbon akualite respectively.
Optimization of ZLD in Distillery Industry by Reverse Osmosis Process for Pre...ijceronline
In this study, the effects of Operating Pressure, Potential Hydrogen, Oxidation Reduction Potential and Anti Scaling Agent on multi responses like Permeate, COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness in the Reverse Osmosis Process were experimentally investigated on RO 8100 ST8 PT44 400Wl machine. The settings of RO parameters were determined by using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the RO parameters. Results show that potential of hydrogen, operating pressure, oxidation reduction potential and anti scaling agent are the four Parameters that influence the Permit more effectively and COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness respectively. Finally, the ranges for best RO conditions are proposed for ZLD process.
Similar to Experimental Design for Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Aqueous Solution Using the Exchange Resin Amberlite FPA-98 as an Efficient Adsorbent in Fixed Bed Reactor Using Box–Behnken Design and Full Factorial Design (20)
Efforts made in many countries to stop the COVID-19 pandemic include vaccinations. However,
public skepticism about vaccines is a pressing issue for health authorities. With the COVID-19 vaccine
available,
SARS-CoV-2, as the causative agent of COVID-19, has spread throughout the world after becoming
a pandemic in March 2020. In the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are also faced with another
serious health problem
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
The optimum speed required for mass-size reduction of shells to produce most sizes that are small
comparable with kernel sizes; coupled with retention of kernel wholeness in cracked palm nut mixture under
repeated impact was investigated. This is to enhance whole kernel separation by dry method, reduce maintenance
and production cost of palm kernel oil (PK0); and lower the risk of oil rancidity associated with split kernel
production and wet method of separation. A static nut cracker and centrifugal nut cracker were used in this study as
Test Rigs while sieves were used to grade cracked shells and whole kernels. The data generated were evaluated. A
model was developed for energy via speed required to retain kernels wholeness following repeated impact in the
crackers. Technical analysis revealed that the maximum allowable speed to retain kernel wholeness is 27.93 m/s;
the minimum allowable average speed to fragment cracked shells is 24.95 m/s. Further analysis showed that the
optimum speed and energy required for cracked nut mixture under repeated impact to have kernel wholeness
retention and production of small sizes of cracked shells relative to kernel sizes are 25.71 m/s and 0.4 J,
respectively.
This review was written to provide a comprehensive summary of the suggested etiologies of Chronic Kidney
Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. In this review, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is explained
in detail and its known etiologies are discussed. CKDu is defined and its epidemiology is discussed, with the
compilation of statistic from over 15 research papers through the years 2000 to present.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Using QR Decomposition to calculate the sum of squares of a model has a limitation that the number of rows,
which is also the number of observations or responses, has to be greater than the total number of parameters used in the
model. The main goal in the experimental design model, as a part of the Linear Model, is to analyze the estimable function
of the parameters used in the model. In order not to deal with generalized invers, partitioned design matrix may be used
instead. This partitioned design matrix method may be used to calculate the sum of squares of the models whenever the total
number of parameters is greater than the number of observations. It can also be used to find the degrees of freedom of each
source of variation components. This method is discussed in a Balanced Nested-Factorial Experimental Design.
Introduction:It has been proven twice that the Hambantota District has the highest life expectancy in male
population. This study focused to find and identify reasons for Hambantota District people to have high life
expectancy at birth.
Methodology: Research was carried out in both qualitative and quantitative phases in five MOH (Medical
Health Officer) divisions in HambantotaDistrict. Study focused on 3 age categories, 55-65 Years, 66-75 Years,
and above 76 Years. Main objectives and key information areas are Life Style and Social Behaviors, Food
Consumption and Diet, Familial Trait and Physical and Mental Health.
Findings: Majority of the male population have educated up to grade 5and most are engaged in the agriculture
while others engaged in fishery and self-employment etc. Almost everyone reachestheir workplaces by foot or by
bicycle. Many of them work less than six hours. They spend their free time with their family members and watch
TV. Most of them do not consume alcohol and smoke. Almost everyone take part in social activities. Majority eat
red rice for all three meals. Almost everyone eats fish every day. They have a high salt intake. Their parents and
ancestors have also have had a high life expectancy. Only a minority suffer from chronic illnesses. They all have
a good physical and mental health condition. They spend happy and relaxed lifestyle.
Conclusion: Healthy diet, low alcohols consumption and smoking, high iodine intake, physical activeness and
their social wellbeing effect for high life expectancy within the male population of selected five MOH divisions
in Hambantota District. They have a free and happy life. Genetics of these people also may contribute for high
life expectancy. Abundance of neem trees in this area also may effect on their high life expectancy.
A clay deposit in Chavakali of western Kenya was evaluated for its potential as refractory raw
material. The collected clay sample was crushed, sieved and the chemical composition determined in
percentage weight (wt %) of (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, etc) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The
samples were moulded into rectangular shaped bricks of 40mm height, 40mm width and 80mm length, allowed
to dry and later fired up to a temperature of 10000C. Refractory properties like Compressive strength,
Hardness, Linear shrinkage on firing, Apparent porosity and Density were determined using standard
techniques. The result of chemical analysis indicated that the clay was composed of Silica (SiO2), 67.3%;
Alumina (Al2O3), 16.67%; Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), 3.87%; Calcium Oxide (CaO), 0.37%; Potassium Oxide (K2O),
2.30%; Sodium Oxide (Na2O), 1.39%; and other traces. The physical and mechanical tests show that the clay
has Cold Crushing Strength of 10.36MPa, Hardness of 40.080 GPa, Linear shrinkage of 6.17%, Apparent
Porosity of 32.71% and Bulk Density of 2.77g/cm3
. Chavakali clay can make better local refractory
Nihon University challenged world record of the human-powered aircraft flight based on the
regulation of Fédération Aérionautique Internationale in Kasumigaura Lake, Japan, 2014. The wing fell off in
midair immediately after take-off, the pilot landed to the lake for safety. So, the challenge failed. It guessed the
operational errors were correlated with the wing falling in midair, which had not happened in our experience.
The flight recording camera and the salvaged airplane were investigated. The fault tree analysis was conducted
for cause investigation. The wing falling was the result as the chain destruction starting from the coupling parts
being damaged in take-off. The defective take-off was caused by composite factors on only operational errors.
The risk that the ultralight airplane might disintegrate in midair by only operational error became apparent.
Due to the large-scale exploitation of mineral resources and the unreasonable human activities, the
geological disasters in Jiaozuo City have become increasingly prominent and the degree of harm increased. This
leds to a tremendous threat to human life and property safety. Jiaozuo City, the main types of geological
disasters, landslides, ground subsidence, debris flow and ground fissures. It has great significance to the
development of the city and the protection of people's life and property to explore the hidden dangers of
geological disasters and actively take preventive and control measures. The establishment of geological
hazard group measurement system of prevention and control to achieve the timely detection of geological
disasters, rapid early warning and effective avoidance.
Dangerous gas explosion accidents result in considerable amount of casualties and property damage.
Hence, an investigation on the generation of poisonous gases in gas explosions exerts important implications
for accident prevention and control and in the decision-making processes of fire rescue. Therefore, a gas
explosion piping test system is established in this paper. Experimental research on gas explosion is conducted by
selecting methane/air premixed gases with concentrations of 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, and 15% in the gas explosive
range. This research aims to reveal the regularity of CO generation after gas explosion in pipelines.
Experimental results showed that when the gas concentration is small (< 9%), 1500–3000 ppm CO will be
produced. When the gas concentration is large (> 9%), the CO amount will reach 3000–40000 ppm. The
variation trend in CO concentration and the quantity of explosive gas are also obtained.
To evaluate the influence of the entry speed to flow field above the water surface on an object
high-speed entering into water, the flow field was measured experimentally by using an optical visualization
method. The entry speed was ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 km/s. In case that the entry speed was higher than the
sound speed of gas above the water surface, the vertical velocity of the tip of a water splash was linear to the
vertical location of the tip. The ratio between the initial vertical velocity of a water splash and the entry speed
was independent from the entry speed and was constant.A shock wave was driven above the water surface by the
entry even thoughthe entry speed was lower than the sound speed of gas above the water surface.A scaling law
for the propagation of a shock wave driven by explosion of an explosive was applicable to the propagation of
the shock wave driven by the water entry by using the kinetic energy of the entry object instead of the explosive
energy.
Pingdingshan Coal Mine district is one of the six mining areas of Henan Province, which is a
large coal base in China. After 60 years of exploitation, it has brought great benefits, at the same time,
serious geological disasters have been occurred. It has seriously damaged the normal production of the
masses, life, restricting the development of Pingdingshan coal mine economy. In this paper, the
geological disasters such as ground collapse, ground fissures and ground subsidence in Pingdingshan coal
mine are analyzed, and the degree of geological disasters in the mining area is analyzed in combination
with the severely affected mining area. Finally, reasonable and feasible countermeasures have been put
forward.
Kelud volcano is located in East Java Province, Indonesia. According to Geochemical study of
Kelud Volcano, it could be divided into 3 periods which are Kelud I (older than 100 ky BP), Kelud II (40 – 100
ky BP), and Kelud III (younger than 40 ky BP). A specific petrogenesis of Kelud are dominatad by magma
mixing and fractional crystalization. New petrological data from Kelud volcano was taken through products of
the eruption in 1990 (Vulkanian type), 2007 (Lava plug forming) and 2014 (Plinian type). Petrographic study
on these rocks showed that reverse and oscilatory zoning on plagioclases, Shieve-like and corroded textures on
plagioclases and pyroxenes are common. However, normal zoning textures were also found on plagioclases and
pyroxenes. Whole rock study on these rocks showed all rocks were classified into Basalt to Andesite in
composition with calc-alkaline group. The study indicated that their magma origin derrived from slab with
fractional crystallization during in the magma reservoir, and magma mixing processes are dominant expecially
in magma pockets. Concequently, the magma origin and petrogenesis of Kelud magma after the 1966 eruption
are still the same as those of old magma of Kelud.
Black cotton soils are among a group of soils termed as problematic soils. These soils have
undesirable characteristics in relation to construction works and therefore need some form of improvement
when encountered in construction projects. Techniques for improvement of black cotton soils include
replacement, moisture control or adding a stabilizer. Cement and/or lime has been commonly used in soil
stabilization for ages. However, due to the associated cost, required quality control and the need to utilize waste
materials in construction, new stabilizing materials are emerging. This paper presents a study on application of
quarry dust for improving properties of black cotton soil in Mbeya region, Tanzania. The targeted improvement
was to achieve minimum acceptable characteristics for road subgrade as per Tanzania standards. It was
determined that 40% by weight of quarry dust added to the black cotton soil was able to improve the
characteristics by increasing CBR value from 3.8 to 15.7 and reducing PI from 32% to 15%. It will be worthy
studying the cost implication of the suggested improvement in relation to other techniques before application of
the study findings.
High intensity rain and morphometri in Padang city cause at Arau. Morphometri
geomorphologi that is related to wide of, river network, stream pattern and gradien of river. The form wide
of DAS will be by stream pattern and level.This will influence to the number of rain. Make an index to
closeness of stream depict closeness of river stream at one particular DAS. Speed of river stream influenced
by storey, level steepness of river. Steepness storey, level is comparison of difference height of river
downstream and upstream. Ever greater of steepness of river stream, excelsior speed of river stream that
way on the contrary. High to lower speed of river stream influence occurence of floods, more than anything
else if when influenced by debit big. By using rainfall from year 2005 to year 2015, and use Thiessen method
got a rainfall. Use the DEM IFSAR, analysed sofware ARGIS, and with from earth map, the result got DAS
in at condition of floods gristle and sedimentation. There are band evakuasi for resident which data in
floods area.
The chemical (extractives and lignin) content and histological property (microscopic structure)
of tissues of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill, Pierre ex Pax), an angiosperm, were investigated for its potential
as a fibrous raw material for pulp and paper production. Bolts of about 70 cm were cut from the felled trees at
three different merchantable height levels of 10%, 50%, and 90% to obtain: corewood, middlewood and
outerwood samples. The fiber characteristics of the selected trees viz: the fiber length, fibre diameter and lumen
diameter were measured while the cell wall thickness was derived from the measured fibre dimensions. The
average fiber length, cell wall thickness, and lumen width, were 1.40 mm, 4.6 µm, and 32.3 µm, respectively.
The extractive and lignin contents were determined. Klason lignin content was about 30%. Extractive content of
R. heudelotii ranged from 0.41 to 0.5%. Based on these findings R. heudelotii is suitable for pulp and paper
production.
The prolific Niger Delta Basin is a mature petroleum province. Therefore, further prospectivity in
the basin lies within deeper plays which are high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) targets. One of the
main characteristics of the Niger Delta is its unique diachronous tripartite stratigraphy. Its gross onshore and
shallow offshore lithostratigraphy consists of the deep-seated Akata Formation and is virtually exclusively
shale, the petroliferous paralic Agbada Formation in which sand/shale proportion systematically increases
upward, and at the top the Benin Formation composed almost exclusively of sand. This stratigraphic pattern is
not exactly replicated in the deep offshore part of the delta.
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
new carbonitriding parameter settings evidently improve the performance measures over their values at the
original settings. The strength of the carbonitrided AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws is effectively improved.
More from International journal of scientific and technical research in engineering (IJSTRE) (20)
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Experimental Design for Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Aqueous Solution Using the Exchange Resin Amberlite FPA-98 as an Efficient Adsorbent in Fixed Bed Reactor Using Box–Behnken Design and Full Factorial Design
1. International journal of scientific and technical research in engineering (IJSTRE)
www.ijstre.com Volume 1 Issue 3 ǁ June 2016
Manuscript id. 717551442 www.ijstre.com Page 48
Experimental Design for Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from
Aqueous Solution Using the Exchange Resin Amberlite FPA-98 as
an Efficient Adsorbent in Fixed Bed Reactor Using Box–Behnken
Design and Full Factorial Design
S. Akazdam1
*, M. Chafi1
, L. Sebbahi1
, R. Benchekroune1
, B. Gourich1
,
N. Barka2
,M.Essahli3
, O. Cherkaoui4
1
Laboratory of Engineering, Processes and Environment (LEPE) High School of Technology University
Hassan II of Casablanca Morocco .
2
The University Hassan 1, Laboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux, des Milieux et de la Modélisation(LS3M), BP.145, 25000 Khouribga, Morocco.
3
The University Hassan 1, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, BP 577, Settat, Morocco.
4
Laboratoire traitement des eaux usées ESITH, casablanca, Morocco.
* E-mail : said.akazdam@gmail.com
Abstract—In the present study, application of Amberlite FPA-98 was investigated for the removal of Acide
Orange 7 from aqueous solution using the continuous method and was optimized using Box–Behnken design
(BBD) and full factorial design (FFD). Fixed bed adsorption has become a frequently used in wastewater
treatment processes. In this work, the intention of the study was to explore the efficacy and feasibility for azo
dye, Acid Orange 7 (AO7) adsorption onto fixed bed column of Amberlite FPA-98. The effect of operating
parameters such as flow rate, initial dye concentration, and bed height was modeled by response surface
methodology (RSM). This study compares Box–Behnken design (BBD) and full factorial design (FFD) utility for
modeling and optimization by response surface methodology. The precision of the equation obtained by RSM
was confirmed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA)and calculation of correlation coefficient relating the
predicted and the experimental values of adsorption efficiency. The results revealed a good agreement between
the predicted values, as obtained by full factorial design (FFD) and the experimental values for AO7 (R2 =
0.987) . The optimum conditions proposed by Box–Behnken design (BBD) to reach the maximum dye removal
through adsorption process. Under the optimum conditions, the removal efficiency of AO7 were (R2 = 0.959).
The application of response surface methodology in order to optimize using Box–Behnken design (BBD) and full
factorial design (FFD). The research on modeling adsorption by RSM has been highly developed and The
Amberlite was shown to be suitable adsorbent for adsorption of AO7 using fixed-bed adsorption column.
Keywords—Adsorption , acid orange 7, bed depth, fixed-bed column ,wastewater, dye Removal, Amberlite,
RSM, BBD, FFD, optimization, modelling.
I. INTRODUCTION
extile industry is very greedy in water and thus, [1] generates an important quantity of effluents highly
charged with pollutants which constitute a serious threat for the environment. Consequently, these effluents
require a preliminary treatment in order to decrease their polluting load before being rejected into the natural
environment. It is considered that the textile industry is responsible for 15% to 20% of the global water pollution
[2]. Among the discharged pollutants, organic dyes of are not only responsible for an esthetic pollution of water,
but also count among the most toxic compounds, even at low concentration[3]. Today, about 10,000 different
dyes are produced worldwide, for a global production of 7.105 tons per year.
Dye effluents discharged from the dyestuff manufacturing, dyeing, printing and textile industries
represent a serious problem all over the world. They contain different types of synthetic dyes which are known
to be a major source of environmental pollution in terms of both the volume of dye discharged and the effluent
composition [4]. Most of these dyes are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic [5]. From an environmental point of
view, the removal of synthetic dyes is of great concern.
Natural colorants have been used since prehistoric times. In 1856, Perkin's discovery of mauve marked the start
of the modern synthetic dye industry. In the last 145 years, several million different colored compounds have
been synthesized, with ca. 15,000 colorants over time, produced on a commercial scale. The annual worldwide
production of dyes is approximated at 800,000 tonnes and about 50% of these are azo dyes [6].Anionic azo dyes
contain many compounds from the most varied classes of dyes, which exhibit characteristic differences in
T
2. Experimental Design for Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Aqueous Solution…..
Manuscript id. 717551442 www.ijstre.com Page 49
structure (e.g. azoic, antraquinone, triphenylmethane, and nitro dyes) possessing water-solubilizing, ionic
substituents as a common feature. Acid Orange 7 has been reported to induce bladder tumors. It can also easily
undergo enzymatic breakdown along with reduction and cleavage to give aromatic amines, which, upon
exposure, can cause methemoglobinemia. When Acid Orange 7 enters the human body through ingestion, it is
considered genotoxic; however, if some impurities, such as aromatic amines, are present, it shows mutagenic
activity. Due to large amounts of Acid Orange 7 consumption, it is essential to have a proper method to remove
this dye from wastewater in order to avoid potential threat for the environment. As synthetic dyes in wastewater
cannot be efficiently decolorized by traditional methods, also Acid Orange 7 does not decompose biologically,
and resists to light irradiation and chemical oxidation.
In general, chemical and physical discoloration methods have been used for dye removal from
wastewaters [7] such as coagulation and flocculation processes which are largely used for wastewater treatment
in the textile industries. However application of these methods is somewhat restricted due to some limitations
such as operational costs, formation of hazardous by-products, intensive energy requirement and limited
adaptability to a wide range of effluents and these processes are not always effective for dye removal. Moreover,
they can sometimes generate secondary pollution due to the excessive use of chemical reagents.
However, the adsorption of this dye on efficient solid supports is considered as a simple and economical method
for its removal from water and wastewater providing sludge-free cleaning operations and many studies have
been conducted to find suitable adsorbents to reduce Acid Orange 7 concentration [8].
Because a number of exchange resins have been used quite efficiently for the removal of specific organic
compounds [9], this study investigates the adsorption characteristics of Acid Orange 7 dye on the strongly basic
polyacrylic anion exchanger Amberlite FPA-98 of macroporous structure. The present work deals with the
estimation of the adsorption properties of Amberlite FPA-98 that constitutes a possible source of adsorbent that
could be used for the removal of dyes from textile wastewater and, more generally, in industrial wastewater .
The focus of the present study was to assess the potentiality of Amberlite FPA-98 as an adsorbent for the dye
AO7 from aqueous solution as an ideal alternative to the current expensive methods of removing dyes from
wastewater using the treatment of a synthetic textile effluent containing an acide dye, Acide Orange 7 (AO7), as
the adsorbate. The Amberlite FPA-98 will be, first, characterized in terms of chemical composition, structure
and texture [10].
Adsorption studies were carried out under various parameters such as flow rate, initial dye
concentration, and bed height. The continuous adsorption in fixed-bed column is often desired from industrial
point of view. It is simple to operate and can be scaled-up from a laboratory process [11]. A continuous packed
bed adsorber does not run under equilibrium conditions and the effect of flow condition (hydrodynamics) at any
cross-section in the column affects the flow behaviour downstream. Breakthrough determines bed height and the
operating life span of the bed and regeneration times [12]. Adsorption in fixed-bed columns using activated
carbon has been widely used in industrial processes for the removal of contaminants from aqueous textile
industry effluents, since it does not require the addition of chemical compounds in the separation process [13].
Adsorption in a fixed bed column can be used continuously under high effluent flow rates and it has been used
in many pollution control processes such as removal of ions by an ion exchange bed or removal of toxic organic
compounds by carbon adsorption [14].
In this study, the amberlite has been tested for removal of aqueous solutions. In this paper,
amberlite is used to remove azo dye (AO7) from aqueous solution through column studies. The objective of this
study was to investigate the adsorption potential of AO7 onto amberlite fixed-bed. The important design
parameters such as inlet concentration of dye solution, fluid flow rate and column bed height [15] were
investigated using a laboratory scale fixed-bed column.
In application of adsorption process on an industrial scale, it is crucial to improve process efficiency,
reduce operational cost and time to minimum and take into account the most important factors, what can be
achieved by applying the optimization techniques such as response surface methodology (RSM). Determining
the effect of a single factor on the efficiency of the process is relatively simple . It is definitely more of a
challenge to assess the effect of several parameters at once. Response surface methodology based on
experimental data makes easier to plan the entire modeling process by reducing the number of experiments to
the necessary minimum, and allows a mathematical equation to fit the experimental results, which is required
for the process optimization [16].In general, RSM is a mathematical technique applied in the progression of an
appropriate functional relationship between the response and the related input variables. The structure of this
relationship is unknown, but can be approximated by low-order polynomials (the most common are first and
second-degree polynomial models) . This methodology helps to determine the most important parameters and its
main, quadratic effect or interactions which influence the response. RSM has been extensively used as an
optimization, prediction and interpretation technique for factorial designs [17].RSM is an useful tool for the
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modeling and analysis of systems in which response of interest depends on several factors and the relationship
between independent and dependent variables in a system is unknown. RSM modeling has been successfully
applied for biosorption in the past few years . RSM was selected as an effective statistical and mathematical
approach in order to recognize the efficiency of an experimental system [18]. Various parameters were
simultaneously appraised using RSM with a minimum number of experiments. Therefore, a study conducted by
RSM can reduce the cost, decrease process variability and need less time in comparison to the conventional one-
factor-at-a-time statistical strategy [19].
The present study investigates the application of response surface methodology approaches to
predict adsorption capacity of amberlite for the removal of AO7 from aqueous solution. The effect of various
operational parameters, including the initial dye concentration, flow rate, and bed height on the adsorption of
AO7 were examined and modeled by response surface methodology RSM. The Box–Behnken design BBD and
the full factorial design FFD with structure optimized by RSM models were compared in terms of predictability
and accuracy of fit, taking into account their implementations and limitations. Optimization of BBD by response
surface method is completely novel approach of RSM approximation application in chemical processes. The
main objectives of this work are to investigate the individual and the interactive effects of three operating
parameters, mainly: initial dye concentration, flow rate, and bed height on the adsorption of AO7 in a fixed bed
reactor by using a BBD and full factorial design (FFD) [20].
Conclusions as a result, the adsorptions of dyes onto AC were commonly investigated using
traditional methods, but the AO7 adsorptions based onto amberlite FPA 98 have not been studied. Moreover,
Box–Behnken design (BBD) is rarely used for the AO7 removal from aqueous solution. Then in the text, the
adsorptions of dye onto amberlite FPA 98 have been investigated in continuous systems. The main effects and
interaction effects between process variables on the dye adsorptions were analyzed based on the BBD. Their
maximum adsorption capacities have been optimized using RSM method. [21].
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
A.Porous Polymers (Resin Adsorbent) :Amberlite FPA 98
There are two main criteria for the choice of adsorbent: The maximum adsorption capacity (qm):
solute concentration transmitted in the solid phase, must be maximized. The adsorption kinetics: the adsorption
must take place rapidly. Exchange resins, strongly basic anionic ion (85% adsorbent and 15% anion exchange),
the principle is to exchange certain ions, or all with active groups on the resins. Resins, which are in the form of
beads or powder form are thus able to exchange mobile ions with ions of the same sign, contained in a solution
with which they are contacted. Strongly basic anionic resins bind the strong and weak acid anions in a pH range
between 1 and 12. This type of resin is regenerated with sodium hydroxide solution and in the form of grains
aspheric 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter, with specific surface areas of up to 750 m2
/g.
Amberlite FPA98 is unique, food-grade acrylic macroporous strong base anion resin. This use of ion exchange
technology based discoloration was more effective and more economical. The application of these adsorbents
AMBERLITE FPA98 Cl mainly develop in water treatment in the domain refining of sugar as adsorbents dyes
capturing and purification of pharmaceuticals and The guard beds for precious chromatography media [22].
B. Adsorbate Preparation
The dye chosen in this study is the Acide Orange 7, also called Acide Orange II (Sigma-Aldrich),
belonging to the family of the anionic dyes. It is representative of a textile type of pollution. Its main features
are represented in Table I; its structural formula is shown in Figure 1. Stock solutions were prepared by
dissolving requisite quantity of dye without further purification in distilled water, and the concentrations used
were obtained by dilution of the stock solution. The pH was adjusted to a given value by addition of HCl (1N)
or NaOH (1N) [23].
Fig. 1 Molecular structure of Acide Orange 7
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TABLE I : MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIC DYE ACIDE ORANGE II
Dye Acide Orange 7
Molecular formula C16H11N2NaO4S
Molecular weight [g/mol] 350.33
Molecular volume (Å/molecule) 231.95
Molecular surface area (Å/molecule) 279.02
Width (Å) 7.3
Length (Å) 13.6
Depth (Å) 2.3
λ (nm) 485
pKa pK1 11.4; pK2 1.0
III. SORPTION EXPERIMENTS IN FIXED-BED TECHNIQUE
A. Experimental Procedures
The fixed bed experiments were carried out in a glass column of 2 cm internal diameter, 30 cm of the length
height and three sampling points at 5 cm intervals. A known quantity of Amberlite FPA-98 was packed in the
column to yield the desired bed height of the adsorbent 50, 100 and 150 mm (equivalent to 3.5, 7 and 10,5 g of
activated carbon) with a layer of glass wool at the bottom. Distilled water was passed through the column in
order to remove impurities from the adsorbent. Three flow rates (2, 4 and 6 mL/min) were pumped to the top of
the packed column by using peristaltic pump with different initial dye concentrations (5, 30, 50, 80 mg/L). The
samples of AO7 solutions at the outlet of the column were taken at regular time intervals and the concentration
of dye was measured using an UV–visible spectrophotometer (Neptune Chemical Pump) at wavelength of 485
nm. Fixed bed studies were terminated when the column reached exhaustion [24].
The schematic diagram of fixed bed column used in adsorption study is shown in Fig. 2. The experimental detail
is given in Table II. Briefly, the experiment was carried out by passing through column (packed with 21 g of
Amberlite FPA-98) with controlled flow rate .
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of fixed bed column used in adsorption study of AO7 onto Amberlite FPA 98.
TABLE II
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS FOR COLUMN ADSORPTION OF AO7 ONTO AMB FPA 98
EFFECT OF
SYSTEM Flow rate(mL/min) [AO7](ppm) Bed height(cm)
Flow rate 2, 4 and 6 30 15
Initial Concentration 15 10, 30 and 50 15
Bed height 15 30 5, 10 and 15
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B. Removal efficiency
The dye removal percentage using Amberlite FPA98 adsorbent was calculated from:
0e0 )/CC-(Cx100=Re(%) (1)
Where C0 is the initial concentration of dye in solution (mg/L), and Ce is the final dye concentration in aqueous
solution after phase separation (mg/L).
C. Response surface methodology
Response surface methodology is an experimental technique used for predicting and modeling
complicated relation between independent factors and one or more responses. [25].In this study, response
surface methodology was applied to optimize the adsorption of Acide orange 7 by AmberliteFPA98 .
Experiments were performed using Box– Behnken design (BBD) and full factorial design (FFD). The second-
order polynomial equation extended with additional cubic effects was employed as an objective function. The
second order model is usually sufficient for the modeling and optimization on the basis of designs, however
third order and higher effects are sometimes important, especially in order to achieve better fit and insignificant
lack-of-fit. For instance, Box–Behnken design was created to estimate the second-order model, however there
may be situations in which non- random portion of this model provides an inadequate representation of the true
mean response, an indication of lack-of-fit of the second- order model. Thus, in this study some third order
model terms were added to the second order polynomial equation. Accuracy of model fitting was evaluated by
means of ANOVA. All calculations were performed in Statgraphics Software [26].
D.Box–Behnken design
In this study, the BBD design methodology was employed to optimize the operational variables and
was used to predict impacts of respective parameters on the adsorption process. Among many factors affecting
the adsorption process, three process variables , i.e. initial AO7 dye concentration (X1), bed height (X2) and flow
rate (X3) were selected and were considered as independent variables and the removal of dye (Y) as a response
was defined and modeled. BBD contains set of 15 experiment runs whose values of each factor with three
levels (low, medium ,high), being is coded to standard values (-1, 0,+1) in the appropriate range and levels of
parameters were listed in (Table III). The parameters (Xi) were coded as xi via Eq. (2):
X
X
=X 0i
i
X (2)
where X0 and dX are the values of Xi at the center point and step change, respectively . The second-order
polynomial response equation was used to probe the interaction between the dependent and independent
variables.The removal (%)of dye is selected as the response for the combination of independent variables,
Subsequently experimental data was fitted to the second order polynomial model extended with additional cubic
interaction effects (Eq. (3)) using the least square procedure as follows:
exbxxbxbxxbxxb 2
3333223
2
22231132112
2
1113322110 xbxbxbxbb=Y (3)
where Y is the predicted response associated with each factor level combination ;The coefficients in the
equation represent: the intercept (b0) is constant, the main (b1,b2, b3) are linear effect, quadratic effect (b11, b22,
b33) and interactions (b12, b23, b13) effects, respectively; xi and xj are the coded values of independent variables;
and e is the residual error. Validation of the model fit and significance analysis of variables were performed
using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a
calculation correlation coefficient (R2
) between predicted and experimental points [27].
Nonlinear X2
analysis is a useful method, which can compare the experimental and model predicted data. And it
is estimated using the following equation:
pred
exp2
Y
Y
=X predY (4)
whereYexp. (%) and Ypred. (%) are the adsorption removal of AO7 onto Amberlite FPA 98 by experiment
determined and model predicted.
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E. Experimental design
To determine the optimal conditions for the main parameters, a Box–Behnkendesign (BBD) was applied. For
the adsorption process, significant variables, such as the initial dye concentration, flow rate, and bed height were
regarded as the independent variables and designated as X1–X3, respectively. The dye concentration (X1) range
of 10–50 mg/ L, flow rate (X2) range of 2–6 ml/min, bed height (X3) of 5–20 cm were chosen as given in Table
III.
TABLE III : INDEPENDENT PROCESS VARIABLES AND THEIR EXPERIMENTAL LEVELS USED FOR BOX–BEHNEKEN
DESIGN (BBD) .
Variables, unit Factors Levels
X -1 0 +1
Initial dye concentrations of AO7 (mg/L) X1 10 30 50
bed height (cm) X2 5 10 15
flow rate (ml/min ) X3 2 4 6
F. Selection of the significant parameters
The Box–Behnken design consists of 15 experimental points. The experimental conditions, and the
adsorption capacity obtained for each point set by the Box– Behnken design are shown in Table IV (1–11),
together with the three central point repetitions (12–15). The relationship between responses and processed
variables was examined for the response approximation function (Y) using Eq. (1), following by the statistical
analysis of the model obtained. The most significant process variables were identified by Box–Behnken design
(BBD) experimental design. The advantage of this design is its ability to investigate of a large number of
factors in a relatively low number of experimental runs. In this study 15 run BB design with 3 factors, including
AO7 dye concentration (X1), flow rate (X2) and bed height (X3) was considered. Each independent variable was
tested at two levels, high and low, which were -1 and +1, respectively. All experiments were conducted in
duplicate and the average values of adsorption capacity were taken as a response (Y). The matrix design is
shown in Table IV. On the basis of BBD three the most significant parameters were chosen for further
investigation (modeling and optimization by RSM ).
TABLE IV : BOX–BEHNKEN DESIGN MATRIX WITH CODED AND UNCODED VALUES OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
INFLUENCING ADSORPTION OF AO7 BY AMBERLITE WITH EXPERIMENTAL AND PREDICTED VALUES OF THE
RESPONSE.
Experimental run No.
Coded values (uncoded values) Removal dye Y [(%)]
X1 [ppm] X2 [cm] X3 [ml/min] Experimental values Predicted responses
1 0 (30) -1 (5) -1 (2) 50 53,2375
2 0 (30) -1 (5) 1 (6) 66 64,7375
3 1 (50) 0 (10) 1 (6) 69 70,0125
4 -1 (10) -1 (5) 0 (4) 48,9 46,675
5 -1 (10) 0 (10) -1 (2) 52 50,9875
6 0 (30) 1 (15) -1 (2) 58 59,2625
7 1 (50) 1 (15) -1 (2) 38 34,5125
8 0 (30) 1 (15) 1 (6) 79 75,7625
9 -1 (10) 0 (10) 1 (6) 40 43,4875
10 1 (50) 1 (15) 0 (2) 58 60,225
11 1 (50) -1 (5) 0 (2) 49 49,25
12 -1 (10) 1 (15) 0 (2) 53 52,75
13 0 (30) 0 (10) 0 (2) 58 57
14 0 (30) 0 (10) 0 (2) 57 57
15 0 (30) 0 (10) 0 (2) 56 57
G.Full factorial design
Factorial designs allow the simultaneous study of the effects that several factors may have on the
optimization of a particular process. It determines which factors have the important effects on the response as
well as how the effect of one factor varies with the level of the other factors. The effects are the differential
quantities expressing how a response changes as the levels of one or more factors are changed. Also, factorial
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designs allow measuring the interaction between each different group of factors. The interactions are the driving
force in many optimizations of the processes. Without the use of factorial experiments, some important
interactions may remain undetected, and the overall optimization may not be attained. One of the simplest types
of factorial designs used in experimental work is one having two levels (2k
). In a 2k
factorial design experiment,
each factor may be assigned two levels: low (-1) and high (+1). If k factors are considered, then 2k
measurements are required to perform a factorial design analysis [28]. In this investigation, three operating
factors were chosen as independent variables, namely: initial AO7 dye concentration (X1), flow rate (X2) and
bed height (X3) was used to predict the removal of dye . The natural values of each factor and their respective
levels are presented in Table V.
TABLE V : THE EXPERIMENTAL RANGES AND LEVELS OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES.
Levels [AO7]0 (mg/L) Qv (mL/min) H (cm)
-1 10 2 5
+1 50 6 20
The selection of levels of different factors is carried out on the basis of the preliminary trials and previous
publishing result: Initial dye concentration [AO7]0 ranging from 10 to 50 mg/L, flow rate from 2 to 6 mL/min
and bed height from 5 to 20 cm . The design performed according to Table VI was composed of 23
factorial
designs.
TABLE VI : 23
FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN. FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN WITH CODED AND UNCODED VALUES OF THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND EXPERIMENTAL AND PREDICTED VALUES OF THE RESPONSE.
run No.
Coded values (uncoded values) Removal dye Y [(%)]
X1 [ppm] X2 [ml/min ] X3 (cm) Experimental values Predicted responses
1 -1 (10) -1 (2) -1 (5) 55 54,625
2 1 (50) -1 (2) 1 (20) 57 56,625
3 -1 (10) -1 (2) 1 (20) 52 52,375
4 1 (50) 1 (6) -1 (5) 56 55,625
5 1 (50) 1 (6) 1 (20) 50 50,375
6 1 (50) -1 (2) -1 (5) 62 62,375
7 -1 (10) 1 (6) 1 (20) 53 52,625
8 -1 (10) 1 (6) -1 (5) 54 54,375
The experimental data are analyzed by full factorial design to fit the following first order polynomial equation
(Eq. (5)).
exxxbxxbxxbxxb 3211233223311321123322110 xbxbxbb=Y (5)
Where Y the estimated removal of dye ; b0 is the value of fitted response at the centre point of design; bj and bji
are the linear and interaction terms, respectively [29].When the response data are obtained from the test work, a
regression analysis is carried out to determine the coefficients of the response model (b1; b2; . . . bn), as well as
their standard errors and their significance. In addition to the constant (b0) and error (e) terms, the response
model incorporates .Linear terms in each of the variables (x1; x2; . . . ; xn). First-order interaction terms for each
paired combination (x1x2; x1x3; . . . ; xn-i xn)
H. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
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ANOVA expounds every variation in the statistically obtained model and importance of each model
parameters. The significance of the model was evaluated by F-test for a confidence level of 95% as well as lack-
of-fit test. In general, the greater the F-value and the smaller the p-value, the more significant is a model.
Moreover, effects and their importance in the model were investigated adapting t-test and p-value. Usually, the
larger the t-value and lower probability p-value (p < 95%), the model parameter is considered as significant
[30]. The sum of squares, degree of freedom and mean squares were also determined for the model and error.
IV. RESULTS and discussion
A. Box–Behnken
Response surface methodology (RSM) is more advantageous than the traditional single parameter
optimization because it can save time, space and raw material. In experimental design, a Box– Behnken design
(BBD) is a type of RSM, and it is used for optimizing the important process variables. The most important
parameters, which affect the efficiency of adsorption of AO7 onto AMB FPA 98 , are AO7 dye concentration,
flow rate and bed height of the solution in a continuous fixed bed. In order to study the combined effect of these
factors, experiments are performed for different combinations of the physical parameters using statistically
designed experiments. The initial dye concentration range studied is between 10 and 50 ppm. The flow rate is
between 2 and 6 ml/min. The bed height is varied between 5 and 20 cm . The main effects of each of the
parameter on AO7 removal efficiency is given in Figs.3. Fig. 3 shows that the removal efficiency increases
with increasing AO7 dye concentration, flow rate or bed height. Consequently, we note high AO7 removal
efficiencies at high flow rate and bed height.
-1.0
bed height
1.0 -1.0 1.0
Main Effects Plot for removal dye
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
removaldye
intial concentration
1.0 -1.0
flow rate
Fig. 3. Main effects plot of parameters for AO7 removal efficiency.
Table VII shows the experimental results of removal of AO7 in the solution for the 15 experiments. Using the
experimental results, the regression model equations (second-order polynomial) relating the response is
developed and is given in Eqs. (6) . Apart from the linear effect of the parameter for the response, the RSM also
gives an insight into the quadratic and interaction effect of the parameters. These analyses are done by means of
Fisher’s ‘F’ test and Student ‘t’ test. The Fisher’s ‘F’ test is used to determine the significance of each of the
interaction among the variables, which in
turns may indicate the patterns of the interactions among the variables.
TABLE VII THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR AO7 REMOVAL EFFICIENCY IN SOLUTION ACCORDING TO BBDESIGN.
Experimental run No.
Removal dye Y [(%)]
Experimental values Predicted responses
1 50 53,2375
2 66 64,7375
3 69 70,0125
4 48,9 46,675
5 52 50,9875
6 58 59,2625
7 38 34,5125
8 79 75,7625
9 40 43,4875
10 58 60,225
11 49 49,25
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12 53 52,75
13 58 57
14 57 57
15 56 57
In general, the larger the magnitude of F, the smaller the value of P, the more significant is the corresponding
coefficient term. The regression coefficient, F and P values for all the linear, quadratic and interaction effects of
the parameter are given in Tables VIII for the removal of AO7. It is observed that the coefficients for the linear
effect of the factors flow rate and bed height (P =0.0191and p=0.0025) for the responses are significant except
AO7 dye concentration (P = 0.1008) for removal of dye is slightly less significant.
However, for the removal efficiency of AO7, the interaction effect of the variables dye concentration and flow
rate is found highly significant p=0.0017 exempt the interaction between dye concentration and bed height (P =
0.5194) . Consequently, the best fitting response function , for the AO7 removal efficiency model are then
conveniently written as follows:
Y = 57,0 + 2,5125.x1 + 4,2625.x2 + 7,0.x3 - 9,1375.x1
2
+ 1,225.x1.x2 + 10,75.x1.x3 + 4,3625.x2
2
+ 1,25.x2.x3 +
1,8875.x3
2
(6)
where Y (%) is the removal dye of AO7 , and x1, x2 and x3 are the AO7 dye concentration , flow rate and bed
height respectively.
TABLE VIII ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND CORRESPONDING F AND P VALUES FOR AO7 REMOVAL EFFICIENCY.
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value
A:intial concentration 50,5012 1 50,5012 4,04 0,1008
B:bed height 145,351 1 145,351 11,62 0,0191
C:flow rate 392,0 1 392,0 31,33 0,0025
AA 308,285 1 308,285 24,64 0,0042
AB 6,0025 1 6,0025 0,48 0,5194
AC 462,25 1 462,25 36,95 0,0017
BB 70,2698 1 70,2698 5,62 0,0640
BC 6,25 1 6,25 0,50 0,5113
CC 13,1544 1 13,1544 1,05 0,3522
Total error 62,5525 5 12,5105
Total (corr.) 1547,04 14
The ANOVA table partitions the variability in removal dye into separate pieces for each of the effects. It
then tests the statistical significance of each effect by comparing the mean square against an estimate of the
experimental error. In this case, 4 effects have P-values less than 0,05, indicating that they are significantly
different from zero at the 95,0% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted
explains 95,9566% of the variability in removal dye. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable
for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 88,6785%. Further, the ANOVA for
AO7 removal efficiency in solution indicates that the second-order polynomial model Eqs. (6) is highly
significant and adequate to represent the actual relationship between the response and variables, with very a
high value of coefficient of determination (R2
= 0.959566 for AO7 removal efficiency in solution. This implies
that 95.95% of sample variation for AO7 removal efficiency in solution is explained by the model.
The statistical significance of the ratio of mean square variation due to regression and mean square
residual error is tested using ANOVA. ANOVA is a statistical technique that subdivides the total variation in a
set of data into component parts associated with specific sources of variation for the model. According to the
ANOVA (Table VIII), the Fstatistics values for all regression are higher. The large value of F indicates that most of
the variation in the response can be explained by the regression equation. The associated P value
is used to estimate whether Fstatistics is large enough to indicate statistical significance.
The ANOVA table also shows a term for residual error, which measures the amount of variation in the response
data left unexplained by the model. The form of the model chosen to explain the relationship between the factors
and the response is correct.
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The 3D response surface and 2D contour plot are generally the graphical representation of the regression
equation. We will use it to search the optimal values of the process parameters. Then, the response surface plots
and contour plots to estimate the removal efficiency (Figs. 4 and 5) is given.
Estimated Response Surface
flow rate=0,0
-1 -0,6 -0,2 0,2 0,6 1
intial concentration
-1
-0,6
-0,2
0,2
0,6
1
bed height
34
44
54
64
74
84
removaldye
Fig. 4. Response surface plot of AO7 removal efficiency .
54,0
64,0
Contours of Estimated Response Surface
flow rate=0,0
-1 -0,6 -0,2 0,2 0,6 1
intial concentration
-1
-0,6
-0,2
0,2
0,6
1
bedheight
removal dye
34,0
39,0
44,0
49,0
54,0
59,0
64,0
69,0
74,0
79,0
84,0
49,0
59,0
Fig. 5. Contour plot of estimated response surface of AO7 removal efficiency.
Thus, the surface and contour plots for AO7 removal efficiency in Fig. 7 shows the interaction
effect of bed height and initial concentration .The response surface of mutual interactions between the variables
is found to be elliptical and the maximum AO7 removal efficiency is obtained in the following cases:
The bed height and initial concentration increase simultaneously.
The initial concentration increases and the bed height is between 10 and 15 cm and
remains unchanged.
The bed height increases and initial concentration is between 10 and 20 PPM and remains
stable.
The geometrical representation of the response removal dye , when The bed height and initial concentration
increases the removal dye increases. We also note that, the influence of flow rate is not significant. Then, to
have a good removal dye it is beneficial to work with high bed height of column . The highest value of the bed
height which gives maximum of AO7 removal is 15 cm.
B. Full factorial design
The model equation for adsorption of AO7 by amberlite in fixed bed was obtained after performing eight
experiments and discarding the insignificant effect (b12) is as follows using some statistical tests . Table IX
shows the experimental results of removal efficiency of AO7 in the solution for the 8 experiments.
TABLE IX THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR AO7 REMOVAL EFFICIENCY IN SOLUTION ACCORDING TO FF DESIGN.
run No.
Removal dye Y [(%)]
Experimental values Predicted responses
1 55 54,625
2 57 56,625
3 52 52,375
4 56 55,625
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5 50 50,375
6 62 62,375
7 53 52,625
8 54 54,375
Y=54,875 + 1,375.x1 - 1,625.x2 - 1,875.x3 - 1,625.x1.x2 - 0,875.x1.x3 + 0,125.x2.x3 (7)
The model’s coefficients were estimated by standard lest square regression techniques using an EXCEL
software. A good adjustment of the (Eq. (7)) to the experimental data was verified through the high correlation
coefficient value obtained R2 = 0.987 (Fig. 2). The (Fig. 2) shows the absence of a trend, indicating that the
mathematical model is adequate and that there is no inconsistency between the experimental and calculated
values of the response.
Fig.6. Analysis of quality of model by comparison of experimental and predicted responses.
fig.6 shows that the difference between the measured and the predicted values do not exceed 1%. Therefore,
all those results indicate that the model can adequately represent the data. Initial AO7 concentration [AO7]0 (x1)
has the strongest effect on the response since coefficient of x1 (b1 = +1,375) is large than the coefficients of the
other investigated factors, the positive sign indicate that there is a direct relation between Initial
AO7concentration [AO7]0 and response . According the regression equation, flow rate (x2) and bed height (x3)
have a negative effect on the response (b2 = -1,625 and b3 = - 1,875) respectively which have been explained by
reduction in residence time. The significance interactions found by the design of experiments are between flow
rate-bed height (x2x3) with effect (b23= +0,125).
The main effects of each of the parameter on AO7 removal efficiency is given in Figs.7. Fig. 7 shows that
the removal efficiency increases with increasing AO7 dye concentration and decreases with increasing flow rate
or bed height. Consequently, we note high AO7 removal efficiencies at high AO7 dye concentration and low the
both of flow rate and bed height
12. Experimental Design for Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Aqueous Solution…..
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Main Effects Plot for removal dye
53
54
55
56
57
removaldye
initial dye concentration
-1.0 1.0
bed height
-1.0 1.0
flow rate
-1.0 1.0
Fig. 7. Main effects plot of parameters for AO7 removal efficiency.
Results of analysis of variance were summarized in Table X. They indicated that the three regressions, F and P values for the linear and
interaction effects of the parameter were significant at the probability level of 95 % to 99 %.
TABLE X ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR REMOVAL DYE
Source Sum of
Squares
Df Mean
Square
F-Ratio P-
Value
A:initial dye
concentration
15,125 1 15,125 13,44 0,1695
B:bed height 21,125 1 21,125 18,78 0,1444
C:flow rate 28,125 1 28,125 25,00 0,1257
AB 21,125 1 21,125 18,78 0,1444
AC 6,125 1 6,125 5,44 0,2578
BC 0,125 1 0,125 0,11 0,7952
Total error 1,125 1 1,125
Total (corr.) 92,875 7
The ANOVA table partitions the variability in removal dye into separate pieces for each of the effects. It then
tests the statistical significance of each effect by comparing the mean square against an estimate of the
experimental error. In this case, 0 effects have P-values less than 0,05, indicating that they are significantly
different from zero at the 95,0% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted
explains 98,7887% of the variability in removal dye. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable
for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 91,5209%.
The 3D response surface and 2D contour plot are generally the graphical representation of the regression
equation. We will use it to search the optimal values of the process parameters. Then, the response surface plots
and contour plots to estimate the removal dye of AO7 (Figs. 8 and 9) is given.
13. Experimental Design for Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Aqueous Solution…..
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Estimated Response Surface
flowrate=0,0
-1 -0,6 -0,2 0,2 0,6 1
initial dye concentration
-1
-0,6
-0,2
0,2
0,6
1
bed height
50
53
56
59
62
65
removaldye
Fig. 8. Response surface plot of AO7 removal efficiency .
Contours of Estimated Response Surface
flowrate=0,0
-1 -0,6 -0,2 0,2 0,6 1
initial dye concentration
-1
-0,6
-0,2
0,2
0,6
1
bedheight
removal dye
50,0
51,5
53,0
54,5
56,0
57,5
59,0
60,5
62,0
63,5
65,0
54,5
56,0
57,5
59,0
Fig. 9. Contour plot of estimated response surface of AO7 removal efficiency.
Thus, the surface and contour plots for AO7 removal efficiency in Fig. 9 shows the interaction
effect of bed height and initial dye concentration .The response surface of mutual interactions between the
variables is found to be elliptical and the maximum AO7 removal efficiency is obtained in the cases: The initial
concentration increase and the bed height decrease simultaneously. The initial concentration increases and the
BED HEIGHT is between 5 and 10 cm and remains unchanged.
The bed height decreases and initial concentration is between 40 and 50 ppm and remains stable.
The geometrical representation of the response removal dye, when The bed height decreases and initial
concentration increases the removal dye increases. We also note that, the influence of flow rate is not
significant. Then, to have a good removal dye it is beneficial to work with low bed height of column. The
lowest value of the bed height which gives maximum of AO7 removal is 5cm.
V. CONCLUSION
The present study clearly demonstrated the applicability of adsorption process using the fixed bed for AO7
removal. This study clearly showed that RSM is one of the suitable methods to optimize the best operating
conditions to maximize the AO7 removal. BB and FF design is successfully employed for experimental design
and analysis of results. The Amberlite FPA 98 , which was used without further purification for the removals
of AO7 from aqueous solution because it leans close to practical purposes. The process variables of removal of
dye by amberlite FPA 98 have been optimized based on RSM method and the individual and interaction effects
of the process variables were investigated. The results indicated that all the three process variables have a direct
relationship for the removal AO7 dye onto amberlite. Satisfactory empirical model equations are developed
for the removal of AO7 in solution using RSM to optimize the parameters. Graphical response surface and
contour plot is used to locate the optimum point.
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