This document summarizes a study that optimized the removal of two ionic dyes (Reactive Blue 19 and Acid Black 172) from textile wastewater using nanofiltration. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of operating parameters including feed concentration, pressure, and pH on dye removal efficiency. The results showed that increasing dye concentration and pH enhanced removal efficiency, while increasing pressure above 0.8 MPa decreased efficiency. Maximum predicted removals of 97% and 94% were achieved under optimized conditions for each dye, respectively. Nanofiltration is proposed as an effective alternative to reverse osmosis for treating textile wastewater at lower pressure and fouling.
IRJET- Effects of New Era Coagulants on Properties of Industrial Wastewat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using new coagulants like poly aluminium chloride (PAC), aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH), and magnesium chloride to treat industrial wastewater. Specifically, it examines their effects on properties like chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and pH levels. The document reviews studies on treating:
1) Textile wastewater containing dyes like reactive black 5, disperse blue, and congo red. Maximum decolorization and COD reduction was achieved using MgCl2/lime or FeSO4/lime.
2) Molasses spent wash from alcohol distilleries. Collective chemical and biological pretreatment methods were studied for decolorizing anaer
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
This document summarizes a study on using ferric oxide (Fe2O3) as an adsorbent to remove color from dye wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted with synthetic wastewater containing anthraquinone blue dye. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, and adsorption isotherms were evaluated. Maximum dye removal efficiency of 94% was achieved at pH 2 with 0.3 g of Fe2O3 adsorbent dosage and an initial dye concentration of 125 ppm. Equilibrium data fitted well to Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherm models, indicating favorable adsorption of dye onto Fe2O3.
Treatment of textile wastewater using electrofenton processIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on using the electrofenton process to treat textile wastewater. The electrofenton process uses iron ions and hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals that can break down organic pollutants in wastewater. The researchers used a Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of pH, iron dosage, current, and electrolysis time on treating synthetic textile wastewater. Their results showed that under optimal conditions, the process could achieve up to 86% removal of chemical oxygen demand and 70% removal of dye from the wastewater.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
The document describes research into optimizing the degradation of Acid Blue 193 dye using UV/peroxydisulfate oxidation. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of initial K2S2O8 concentration, UV irradiation, temperature, and initial dye concentration on color removal and reaction kinetics. Central composite design experiments showed that maximum color removal (100%) and reaction rate (0.086 min-1) occurred under conditions of 5 mM initial K2S2O8, 250 W UV irradiation, 50°C temperature, and 40 mg/L initial dye concentration. The study provides optimized conditions for degrading Acid Blue 193 dye using UV/peroxydisulfate oxidation.
Biodegradations of Reactive Blue-Dye Using Fresh Water Microalgae Tadele Assefa Aragaw
The document summarizes a study on the biodegradation of reactive blue dye using freshwater microalgae. The objectives were to investigate the effects of dye concentration, temperature, pH, and incubation time on biodegradation. Maximum decolorization of 82.6% was achieved at 50mg/l dye concentration, 30°C temperature, and pH 8 over 20 days. Green microalgae like Chlorella and Scenedesmus were effective at biodegrading the dye under optimal conditions. FTIR analysis indicated the dye's chromophore structure was destroyed into smaller molecules. The study demonstrates that microalgae have potential for cost-effective treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.
IRJET- Effects of New Era Coagulants on Properties of Industrial Wastewat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using new coagulants like poly aluminium chloride (PAC), aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH), and magnesium chloride to treat industrial wastewater. Specifically, it examines their effects on properties like chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and pH levels. The document reviews studies on treating:
1) Textile wastewater containing dyes like reactive black 5, disperse blue, and congo red. Maximum decolorization and COD reduction was achieved using MgCl2/lime or FeSO4/lime.
2) Molasses spent wash from alcohol distilleries. Collective chemical and biological pretreatment methods were studied for decolorizing anaer
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
This document summarizes a study on using ferric oxide (Fe2O3) as an adsorbent to remove color from dye wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted with synthetic wastewater containing anthraquinone blue dye. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, and adsorption isotherms were evaluated. Maximum dye removal efficiency of 94% was achieved at pH 2 with 0.3 g of Fe2O3 adsorbent dosage and an initial dye concentration of 125 ppm. Equilibrium data fitted well to Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherm models, indicating favorable adsorption of dye onto Fe2O3.
Treatment of textile wastewater using electrofenton processIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on using the electrofenton process to treat textile wastewater. The electrofenton process uses iron ions and hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals that can break down organic pollutants in wastewater. The researchers used a Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of pH, iron dosage, current, and electrolysis time on treating synthetic textile wastewater. Their results showed that under optimal conditions, the process could achieve up to 86% removal of chemical oxygen demand and 70% removal of dye from the wastewater.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
The document describes research into optimizing the degradation of Acid Blue 193 dye using UV/peroxydisulfate oxidation. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of initial K2S2O8 concentration, UV irradiation, temperature, and initial dye concentration on color removal and reaction kinetics. Central composite design experiments showed that maximum color removal (100%) and reaction rate (0.086 min-1) occurred under conditions of 5 mM initial K2S2O8, 250 W UV irradiation, 50°C temperature, and 40 mg/L initial dye concentration. The study provides optimized conditions for degrading Acid Blue 193 dye using UV/peroxydisulfate oxidation.
Biodegradations of Reactive Blue-Dye Using Fresh Water Microalgae Tadele Assefa Aragaw
The document summarizes a study on the biodegradation of reactive blue dye using freshwater microalgae. The objectives were to investigate the effects of dye concentration, temperature, pH, and incubation time on biodegradation. Maximum decolorization of 82.6% was achieved at 50mg/l dye concentration, 30°C temperature, and pH 8 over 20 days. Green microalgae like Chlorella and Scenedesmus were effective at biodegrading the dye under optimal conditions. FTIR analysis indicated the dye's chromophore structure was destroyed into smaller molecules. The study demonstrates that microalgae have potential for cost-effective treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.
This document summarizes research on using aerobic granular sludge to treat wastewater from azo dyes. Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated and its ability to simultaneously remove color and degrade aromatic amines through anaerobic and aerobic processes was investigated. The effects of granule size, dissolved oxygen, biomass concentration, and organic loading on treatment performance were evaluated. Under optimized conditions, over 60% equivalent dye removal and 80% removal of color and aromatic amines were achieved within 48 hours. Future work may focus on controlling granule size and applying the process to real textile wastewater.
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
Decolourization of textile waste water and dye effluentمحمد حسنین شبیر
This document provides an overview of a seminar on decolorization of textile wastewater and dye effluents. It discusses the composition of textile wastewater, effects of dye effluents, and need for treatment. It then summarizes various treatment methods including chemical (oxidation, Fenton's reagent), physical (adsorption, membrane filtration), and biological treatments. It provides details on specific treatment processes and their advantages and disadvantages for dye removal.
This document discusses various methods for removing color from textile effluents, which is an environmental concern. It covers physical methods like membrane filtration and adsorption. Chemical methods include coagulation and advanced oxidation processes, though they produce sludge. Biological methods like fungal and microbial degradation are most economical. Specifically, phytoremediation uses plants to uptake and degrade dyes, while photodegradation employs TiO2 and radiation like sunlight to break down dyes. Plant surface morphology impacts accumulation and different plant types may work best for specific dyes.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes. The study synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent called glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was pretreated with polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent and then dyed with various reactive dyes without using salt, alkali or other chemicals in the dyebath. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength and fastness properties and compared to conventionally dyed samples. The goal was to develop a non-polluting reactive dyeing process for cellulosic fabrics like viscose.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes research on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes using polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents. The researcher synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was treated with optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent, then dyed with various reactive dyes without salt or alkali at neutral pH. Different dyeing processes were tested and dye uptake was evaluated. The treated fabric showed improved dyeability with reactive dyes at neutral pH without conventional chemicals.
Treatment Methodology with Ammonia Recovery of Dyes and Pigment Manufacturing...IRJET Journal
This document reviews treatment methods for wastewater from dyes and pigment manufacturing industries. The wastewater has high levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). Conventional biological treatment methods are limited in their ability to remove nitrogenous compounds from this wastewater. Advanced treatment methods that allow for ammonia recovery through stripping are discussed. Stripping ammonia at a high pH provides an opportunity to recover ammonia for use in fertilizer production. Coagulation-flocculation using chemicals like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to increase pH creates favorable conditions for
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Oxidation of Acetaminophen by Fluidized-bed Fenton Process: Optimization usin...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu*, R.M. Briones**, and M.D.G. de Luna**, *** *Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan (E-mail: mmclu@mail.chna.edu.tw) ** Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (Email: rowenambriones@yahoo.com) *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
This document summarizes a study on using biodegradable organic salts as alternatives to inorganic salts and alkalis in the reactive dyeing of cotton textiles. The study found that three biodegradable polycarboxylic sodium salts - sodium edate, trisodium NTA, and tetrasodium GLDA - can provide color yields and fastness properties comparable to traditional inorganic salts and alkalis when used in pad-steam dyeing. Tetrasodium GLDA particularly increased color yield for one reactive dye. Using the organic salts also reduced the total dissolved solids in the dyeing effluent, offering environmental benefits over conventional reactive dyeing methods.
Current technologies for biological treatmentKen Kinamori
The document discusses textile wastewater and its treatment. Textile wastewater is one of the main sources of water pollution worldwide due to dyes and other chemicals used in the textile production process. Dyes can be detected in water at low concentrations and absorb light, inhibiting aquatic plant growth. Textile wastewater is difficult to treat due to fluctuations in pH, organic content, color, and other parameters depending on the chemicals used. Major pollutants come from dyeing and finishing steps. Anaerobic treatment is commonly used but produces aromatic amine byproducts, so sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment is often employed for complete degradation.
IRJET- Dye Removal from Low Cost Adsorbent :- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing dyes from wastewater. It discusses how dyes from industries like textiles can pollute water sources and harm the environment if discharged without treatment. The document examines various physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and finds that adsorption is effective at removing different types of dyes. It explores using agricultural waste as low-cost adsorbents, noting their adsorption capacity depends on factors like contact time and dye properties. The document concludes that adsorption is an affordable alternative to treatments like membrane filtration or ozonation that are effective but costly for dye removal from wastewater.
This document summarizes the characteristics and polluting effects of textile organic dyes, and procedures for separating and eliminating them from industrial effluents. It discusses that textile dyeing is a major source of organic water pollution worldwide. Textile dyes are recalcitrant and can remain in the environment for long periods. The document outlines the classification and characteristics of natural and synthetic textile dyes. It also describes common textile processing steps that generate large volumes of contaminated wastewater containing dyes, chemicals, and other pollutants. Current treatment methods aim to remove over 70% of contaminants like COD, BOD, dyes before wastewater discharge to meet environmental standards.
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
This document discusses the use of bagasse as an adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater. It provides background on dyes, their usage, and the issues they cause when discharged in wastewater. The document examines using raw and chemically activated bagasse to adsorb the dye methylene blue. It explores the adsorption process and how parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and dye concentration affect adsorption. The results found chemically activated bagasse was more effective at lower pH levels, and equilibrium was reached within 45 minutes with optimal removal achieved using 12g/L of the chemically activated bagasse.
This document discusses using bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugar production, to treat industrial wastewater. It provides background on wastewater treatment technologies like biological, chemical, and physical methods. Adsorption using activated carbon from bagasse ash is proposed, which could remove 89% of acid orange dye from water. Producing activated carbon from a low-cost agricultural byproduct like bagasse ash makes it three times cheaper than conventional activated carbon. Further studies on column tests and regeneration are needed before commercializing bagasse ash activated carbon for industrial wastewater treatment.
In the present study, application of Amberlite FPA-98 was investigated for the removal of Acide
Orange 7 from aqueous solution using the continuous method and was optimized using Box–Behnken design
(BBD) and full factorial design (FFD). Fixed bed adsorption has become a frequently used in wastewater
treatment processes. In this work, the intention of the study was to explore the efficacy and feasibility for azo
dye, Acid Orange 7 (AO7) adsorption onto fixed bed column of Amberlite FPA-98. The effect of operating
parameters such as flow rate, initial dye concentration, and bed height was modeled by response surface
methodology (RSM). This study compares Box–Behnken design (BBD) and full factorial design (FFD) utility for
modeling and optimization by response surface methodology. The precision of the equation obtained by RSM
was confirmed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA)and calculation of correlation coefficient relating the
predicted and the experimental values of adsorption efficiency. The results revealed a good agreement between
the predicted values, as obtained by full factorial design (FFD) and the experimental values for AO7 (R2 =
0.987) . The optimum conditions proposed by Box–Behnken design (BBD) to reach the maximum dye removal
through adsorption process. Under the optimum conditions, the removal efficiency of AO7 were (R2 = 0.959).
The application of response surface methodology in order to optimize using Box–Behnken design (BBD) and full
factorial design (FFD). The research on modeling adsorption by RSM has been highly developed and The
Amberlite was shown to be suitable adsorbent for adsorption of AO7 using fixed-bed adsorption column.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on using electrocoagulation to remove tartrazine dye from simulated wastewater. Tartrazine dye is commonly used in foods, drugs, and textiles but is hazardous. The study investigated the effect of parameters like electrolysis time, dye concentration, pH, and potential on decolorization efficiency. Iron and steel electrodes were used in an electrolytic cell with NaCl electrolyte to treat wastewater samples. Results showed that absorbance decreased with increased time, and maximum removal capacity was achieved. pH was also affected by concentration and time. However, potential changes did not significantly impact absorbance. Overall, electrocoagulation was found to be an effective process for removing the azo dye
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the decolorization of textile wastewater using electrocoagulation. The study analyzed the effect of various operating parameters such as current density, electrolyte concentration, process time, and dye concentration on decolorization efficiency. Results showed that color removal depends on current density and process time, with higher current densities and longer times improving removal. Electrocoagulation was found to be an efficient, safe, and reliable method for treating textile wastewater.
This document summarizes research on using aerobic granular sludge to treat wastewater from azo dyes. Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated and its ability to simultaneously remove color and degrade aromatic amines through anaerobic and aerobic processes was investigated. The effects of granule size, dissolved oxygen, biomass concentration, and organic loading on treatment performance were evaluated. Under optimized conditions, over 60% equivalent dye removal and 80% removal of color and aromatic amines were achieved within 48 hours. Future work may focus on controlling granule size and applying the process to real textile wastewater.
This document summarizes Wong Shi Ting's research project on the biosorption of the dye methylene blue using sugarcane bagasse. The research aims to characterize sugarcane bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, study the factors affecting dye adsorption using two-level factorial design and response surface methodology, and determine the optimum adsorption conditions. Key findings include sugarcane bagasse having an adsorption capacity of 26.58 mg/g for methylene blue under optimal conditions identified by RSM. FTIR analysis also confirmed electrostatic interactions between the dye and sugarcane bagasse fibers during adsorption.
Decolourization of textile waste water and dye effluentمحمد حسنین شبیر
This document provides an overview of a seminar on decolorization of textile wastewater and dye effluents. It discusses the composition of textile wastewater, effects of dye effluents, and need for treatment. It then summarizes various treatment methods including chemical (oxidation, Fenton's reagent), physical (adsorption, membrane filtration), and biological treatments. It provides details on specific treatment processes and their advantages and disadvantages for dye removal.
This document discusses various methods for removing color from textile effluents, which is an environmental concern. It covers physical methods like membrane filtration and adsorption. Chemical methods include coagulation and advanced oxidation processes, though they produce sludge. Biological methods like fungal and microbial degradation are most economical. Specifically, phytoremediation uses plants to uptake and degrade dyes, while photodegradation employs TiO2 and radiation like sunlight to break down dyes. Plant surface morphology impacts accumulation and different plant types may work best for specific dyes.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes. The study synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent called glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was pretreated with polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent and then dyed with various reactive dyes without using salt, alkali or other chemicals in the dyebath. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength and fastness properties and compared to conventionally dyed samples. The goal was to develop a non-polluting reactive dyeing process for cellulosic fabrics like viscose.
Eco friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyesiaemedu
This document summarizes research on eco-friendly dyeing of viscose fabric with reactive dyes using polyacrylic acid and cross-linking agents. The researcher synthesized and characterized polyacrylic acid and the cross-linking agent glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin. Viscose fabric was treated with optimized concentrations of polyacrylic acid and a cross-linking agent, then dyed with various reactive dyes without salt or alkali at neutral pH. Different dyeing processes were tested and dye uptake was evaluated. The treated fabric showed improved dyeability with reactive dyes at neutral pH without conventional chemicals.
Treatment Methodology with Ammonia Recovery of Dyes and Pigment Manufacturing...IRJET Journal
This document reviews treatment methods for wastewater from dyes and pigment manufacturing industries. The wastewater has high levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). Conventional biological treatment methods are limited in their ability to remove nitrogenous compounds from this wastewater. Advanced treatment methods that allow for ammonia recovery through stripping are discussed. Stripping ammonia at a high pH provides an opportunity to recover ammonia for use in fertilizer production. Coagulation-flocculation using chemicals like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to increase pH creates favorable conditions for
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Oxidation of Acetaminophen by Fluidized-bed Fenton Process: Optimization usin...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu*, R.M. Briones**, and M.D.G. de Luna**, *** *Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan (E-mail: mmclu@mail.chna.edu.tw) ** Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (Email: rowenambriones@yahoo.com) *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
This document summarizes a study on using biodegradable organic salts as alternatives to inorganic salts and alkalis in the reactive dyeing of cotton textiles. The study found that three biodegradable polycarboxylic sodium salts - sodium edate, trisodium NTA, and tetrasodium GLDA - can provide color yields and fastness properties comparable to traditional inorganic salts and alkalis when used in pad-steam dyeing. Tetrasodium GLDA particularly increased color yield for one reactive dye. Using the organic salts also reduced the total dissolved solids in the dyeing effluent, offering environmental benefits over conventional reactive dyeing methods.
Current technologies for biological treatmentKen Kinamori
The document discusses textile wastewater and its treatment. Textile wastewater is one of the main sources of water pollution worldwide due to dyes and other chemicals used in the textile production process. Dyes can be detected in water at low concentrations and absorb light, inhibiting aquatic plant growth. Textile wastewater is difficult to treat due to fluctuations in pH, organic content, color, and other parameters depending on the chemicals used. Major pollutants come from dyeing and finishing steps. Anaerobic treatment is commonly used but produces aromatic amine byproducts, so sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment is often employed for complete degradation.
IRJET- Dye Removal from Low Cost Adsorbent :- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing dyes from wastewater. It discusses how dyes from industries like textiles can pollute water sources and harm the environment if discharged without treatment. The document examines various physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and finds that adsorption is effective at removing different types of dyes. It explores using agricultural waste as low-cost adsorbents, noting their adsorption capacity depends on factors like contact time and dye properties. The document concludes that adsorption is an affordable alternative to treatments like membrane filtration or ozonation that are effective but costly for dye removal from wastewater.
This document summarizes the characteristics and polluting effects of textile organic dyes, and procedures for separating and eliminating them from industrial effluents. It discusses that textile dyeing is a major source of organic water pollution worldwide. Textile dyes are recalcitrant and can remain in the environment for long periods. The document outlines the classification and characteristics of natural and synthetic textile dyes. It also describes common textile processing steps that generate large volumes of contaminated wastewater containing dyes, chemicals, and other pollutants. Current treatment methods aim to remove over 70% of contaminants like COD, BOD, dyes before wastewater discharge to meet environmental standards.
Dye removal by adsorption on waste biomass - sugarcane bagasseMadhura Chincholi
This document discusses the use of bagasse as an adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater. It provides background on dyes, their usage, and the issues they cause when discharged in wastewater. The document examines using raw and chemically activated bagasse to adsorb the dye methylene blue. It explores the adsorption process and how parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and dye concentration affect adsorption. The results found chemically activated bagasse was more effective at lower pH levels, and equilibrium was reached within 45 minutes with optimal removal achieved using 12g/L of the chemically activated bagasse.
This document discusses using bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugar production, to treat industrial wastewater. It provides background on wastewater treatment technologies like biological, chemical, and physical methods. Adsorption using activated carbon from bagasse ash is proposed, which could remove 89% of acid orange dye from water. Producing activated carbon from a low-cost agricultural byproduct like bagasse ash makes it three times cheaper than conventional activated carbon. Further studies on column tests and regeneration are needed before commercializing bagasse ash activated carbon for industrial wastewater treatment.
In the present study, application of Amberlite FPA-98 was investigated for the removal of Acide
Orange 7 from aqueous solution using the continuous method and was optimized using Box–Behnken design
(BBD) and full factorial design (FFD). Fixed bed adsorption has become a frequently used in wastewater
treatment processes. In this work, the intention of the study was to explore the efficacy and feasibility for azo
dye, Acid Orange 7 (AO7) adsorption onto fixed bed column of Amberlite FPA-98. The effect of operating
parameters such as flow rate, initial dye concentration, and bed height was modeled by response surface
methodology (RSM). This study compares Box–Behnken design (BBD) and full factorial design (FFD) utility for
modeling and optimization by response surface methodology. The precision of the equation obtained by RSM
was confirmed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA)and calculation of correlation coefficient relating the
predicted and the experimental values of adsorption efficiency. The results revealed a good agreement between
the predicted values, as obtained by full factorial design (FFD) and the experimental values for AO7 (R2 =
0.987) . The optimum conditions proposed by Box–Behnken design (BBD) to reach the maximum dye removal
through adsorption process. Under the optimum conditions, the removal efficiency of AO7 were (R2 = 0.959).
The application of response surface methodology in order to optimize using Box–Behnken design (BBD) and full
factorial design (FFD). The research on modeling adsorption by RSM has been highly developed and The
Amberlite was shown to be suitable adsorbent for adsorption of AO7 using fixed-bed adsorption column.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on using electrocoagulation to remove tartrazine dye from simulated wastewater. Tartrazine dye is commonly used in foods, drugs, and textiles but is hazardous. The study investigated the effect of parameters like electrolysis time, dye concentration, pH, and potential on decolorization efficiency. Iron and steel electrodes were used in an electrolytic cell with NaCl electrolyte to treat wastewater samples. Results showed that absorbance decreased with increased time, and maximum removal capacity was achieved. pH was also affected by concentration and time. However, potential changes did not significantly impact absorbance. Overall, electrocoagulation was found to be an effective process for removing the azo dye
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the decolorization of textile wastewater using electrocoagulation. The study analyzed the effect of various operating parameters such as current density, electrolyte concentration, process time, and dye concentration on decolorization efficiency. Results showed that color removal depends on current density and process time, with higher current densities and longer times improving removal. Electrocoagulation was found to be an efficient, safe, and reliable method for treating textile wastewater.
REMOVAL OF COLOR AND COD FROM C.I.ACID RED 52 AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY NaOCl AND H...IAEME Publication
The document investigates the removal of color and COD from an aqueous solution of the textile dye C.I. Acid Red 52 using chemical coagulation, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Coagulation was ineffective at removing color. NaOCl achieved 87% color removal and 53% COD removal at pH 9.5. H2O2 achieved 98% color removal and 67% COD removal at pH 12. The document proposes mechanisms for the oxidative degradation and decolorization of the dye by these advanced oxidation processes.
This document summarizes a study on using natural coagulants from Moringa, corn, green bean, and tamarind seeds to decolorize textile wastewater. The study tested the coagulation efficiency of the different seeds at removing dyes under varying conditions of pH, coagulant dose, and contact time. Moringa seed extract showed the highest color removal rate of 86.45% and produced the lowest sludge content. The natural coagulants were found to be effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical coagulants for treating textile wastewater.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study on the effect of temperature on treating textile dyeing effluent using a pilot-scale UASB reactor with sago effluent as a co-substrate. The reactor was operated at temperatures of 35, 40, 45, and 50°C. Maximum COD and color removal of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively were achieved at 45°C. Biogas production was highest (0.512 m3/d) at 45°C as well. VFA and alkalinity ratios indicated the reactor was stable. Overall, the results demonstrate that the UASB reactor effectively treated the textile dyeing effluent and sago effluent mixture
Dye removal from waste water by using low cost adsorbent: A review Satish Movaliya
This document provides a literature review on using low-cost adsorbents for dye removal from wastewater. It discusses various adsorbents that have been used such as sugarcane bagasse, sawdust, coconut coir pith, and clay. The review examines factors that affect dye adsorption such as pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. It also discusses commonly used isotherm models like Langmuir and Freundlich to analyze adsorption equilibrium. The review concludes that more research is needed to develop efficient, selective, and eco-friendly low-cost adsorbents as well as continuous processes and desorption methods.
This document discusses treatment of wastewater from a water jet loom machine in the textile industry. It compares the efficiency of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods. For chemical coagulation, the type and amount of coagulant and coagulant aids, pH, and stirring rate significantly impacted treatment efficiency. The optimum conditions removed 89% of turbidity, 85% of COD, and 71% of oil. For electrocoagulation, electrode material, electric potential, and contact time were significant. The optimum electrocoagulation conditions removed 99% of turbidity, 97% of COD, and 87% of oil.
This document provides information about reactive dyes and disperse dyes. It discusses the dyeing conditions for different types of dyes including acid, basic, direct, disperse, and reactive dyes. It also summarizes the types and properties of reactive dyes and disperse dyes, as well as the dyeing processes for polyester fibers using disperse dyes. Finally, it lists some of the author's textile-related Facebook pages for additional information.
Comparative Study for Adsorptive Removal of Coralene Blue BGFS Dye from Aqueo...IJERA Editor
Textile industries represent biggest impact on the environment due to high water consumption and waste water discharge as government control water pollution by setting strength regulation for waste water discharge, removal of color from waste water becomes more and more essential and attractive. Adsorption technology is very efficient in treatment of textile effluent. In this paper comparison of adsorption phenomena of textile dye Anthraquinone blue onto two different adsorbents MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 amorphous powder has been studied for removal of said dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of Anthraquinone blue on adsorbents occurs by studying the effects of adsorbent amount, dye concentration, contact time and pH of solution. All results found that MgO nano powder and Fe2O3 provide a fairly high dye adsorption capacity, which combined with their fulfilment of pollution control board’s standards, lack of pollution, lower environmental hazard and low-cost makes them promising for future applications. The present work also provides information on optimum value of different operating parameter for dye removal by two adsorbent.
Dyes and Pigments Manufacturing Industrial Waste Water Treatment MethodologyIRJET Journal
This document discusses treatment methods for wastewater from dyes and pigments manufacturing industries. It analyzes the characteristics of the wastewater, which contains high levels of ammonia, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total dissolved solids. It evaluates different coagulation and flocculation treatments using various coagulants like ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, and polyaluminum chloride. The best treatment found was a combination of ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride coagulants with sodium hydroxide as a flocculant, which achieved the highest removal rates of COD, ammonia, and total dissolved solids.
IRJET- Colours Removal using Iron Oxide Nano PaarticlesIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using iron oxide nanoparticles to remove two types of dyes (Reactive green 19A and Direct yellow 12) from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Reactive green 19A removal was most efficient at alkaline pH 9, while Direct yellow 12 removal worked best at neutral pH 7.
2) Dye removal efficiency decreased as the initial dye concentration increased.
3) The highest dye removal rates of 99.99% for Reactive green 19A and 99.9% for Direct yellow 12 were achieved with 400mg of iron oxide nanoparticles at a contact time of 80 minutes and initial dye concentration of 10mg/L.
This document summarizes research investigating the continuous biological treatment of anaerobically pre-
treated membrane concentrates from thermal mechanical pulping wastewater streams. The study found that
continuous biological treatment using an activated sludge system achieved maximum elimination rates of 52-
58% for COD, CODmf, and suspended solids. Previous studies using sequential batch reactors yielded lower
elimination results. The research concluded that combining continuous biological treatment with membrane
technology and activated sludge processing is an effective secondary treatment for purifying contaminated
industrial wastewater from pulp and paper industries.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Cationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solid wastes: A comprehen...IOSR Journals
This document provides a comprehensive review of using agricultural solid wastes to adsorb cationic and anionic dyes. It discusses the classification and characteristics of different dye types and their impacts. It also examines various dye removal methods and their advantages and disadvantages. The focus is on using agricultural wastes like peanut hull, rice husk, and coconut shell as low-cost adsorbents for dye removal. Their adsorption capacities for cationic dyes like methylene blue and anionic dyes are evaluated. Factors affecting dye adsorption like pH, concentration, dosage, and temperature are also considered. The review concludes agricultural wastes show potential as effective and economical adsorbents for treating textile wastewater
Residuos de flores como adsorventes de bajo costoEmiy Nicole
This document describes research on using flower waste (carnation, rose, and daisy stalks) as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Acid Blue 9 dye from water. Batch experiments tested the effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium was modeled using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with better fit to the Freundlich model. Kinetic studies fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Over 90% removal was achieved at pH 2.0 using 15 mg/L initial dye concentration and 4 g/L adsorbent dosage. The flower wastes were characterized and showed potential as an alternative,
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
IRJET- Biosorption and Optimization Studies on Congo Red Dye with Fanwort...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the biosorption of Congo Red dye using fanwort powder. The researchers characterized the fanwort powder and dye-loaded powder using FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Equilibrium studies were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, biosorbent size, and pH on the biosorption process. The optimum conditions for biosorption were found to be a contact time of 40 minutes, biosorbent size of 53 μm, and pH of 5. Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies were also included to understand the biosorption process. A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the process parameters.
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
This study investigated the removal of Rhodamine-B dye from an aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from the bark of Vachellia Nilotica tree. Various process parameters including interaction time, adsorbent dose, pH, and initial dye concentration were analyzed. Equilibrium isotherm models including Freundlich, Langmuir, Toth, Redlich-Peterson, and Fritz-Schulender models were evaluated, and the Fritz-Schulender model provided the best fit for the adsorption of Rhodamine-B dye. Kinetic studies determined the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics, indicating chemisorption was the rate-limiting step. The optimized parameters for dye removal were determined
Oily wastewater treatment using polyamide thin film composite membraneMedhat Elzahar
This document summarizes a study that used polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane filtration to treat edible oil wastewater emulsions. The membrane was characterized and its performance was tested for treating wastewater with oil concentrations between 3000-6000 mg/L. Experimental results showed that adding an activated carbon pre-treatment unit prior to the reverse osmosis membrane increased chemical oxygen demand removal from 94% to 99% and permeate flux from 34 L/m2hr to 75 L/m2hr. The reverse osmosis membrane filtration coupled with activated carbon was found to be an effective hybrid technique for removing over 99% of contaminants from high concentration edible oil wastewater.
TREATMENT OF DISTILLERY EFFLUENT BY USING ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on treating distillery effluent using an advanced oxidation process called electro-Fenton process. It discusses the characteristics of raw distillery effluent and its negative environmental impacts. The electro-Fenton process uses Fenton's reagent of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ions along with electrodes to effectively treat distillery effluent. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the process parameters - Fenton dosage, reaction time, and applied current. The results showed that a Fenton dosage of 0.01 mol/L, reaction time of 30 minutes, and current of 2A achieved over 90% removal efficiency of COD from distillery effluent.
EFFECTIVE TREATMENT METHODS OF COD AND BOD FROMBIO-METHANATED SPENT WASH (BSW)IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses effective treatment methods for reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from bio-methanated spent wash (BSW) using natural adsorbents like bagasse.
2) Batch studies showed that using 10g of bagasse achieved maximum removal of 91.4% for COD, 98.5% for BOD, 98.4% for chloride, and 91.4% for sulfate over 1 day of contact time.
3) Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between increased contact time and percentage removal of COD, BOD, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, and sulfate, with removal rates increasing with longer contact times up to 1
This document summarizes a study on the membrane assisted electrochemical degradation of three textile dyes: Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal. The study characterized the dyes and evaluated their degradation using four different polyelectrolyte membranes in an electrochemical membrane reactor. Degradation was compared for the different membranes and optimized experimental conditions. The goal was to develop an electrochemical membrane process for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
Screening and extraction of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated screening and extracting heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using citric acid. The study characterized the sewage sludge and found heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, nickel and zinc to be above regulatory standards. It then used a full factorial experimental design to study the effects of pH, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and extraction time on removing the heavy metals. Lead removal was highest at 99.9%, followed by nickel, copper and zinc. Statistical analysis found extraction time and hydrogen peroxide dosage to most significantly impact heavy metal removal efficiency.
This document describes a study that used a series of membrane filtration processes to selectively separate and concentrate phenolic compounds from white wine vinasses. The proposed process involved centrifugation and microfiltration to remove suspended solids, followed by nanofiltration to concentrate phenolic compounds. An optional ultrafiltration step was also tested to further reduce pollutants in the nanofiltration retentate. The goal was to produce a phenolic-rich product with antioxidant properties while reducing the environmental impact of the vinasses stream. Testing involved determining the optimal operating conditions for each membrane step based on permeate flux and selectivity for phenolic compounds and other pollutants.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Potential of hydroxamic acid in determination of phenol in industrial waste w...Alexander Decker
This document describes a spectrophotometric method for determining phenol concentration in industrial wastewater. The method uses N-phenyl benzo hydroxamic acid to react with phenol in an acidic medium containing V(V) ions, producing a purple complex with maximum absorbance at 522 nm. Beer's law is followed in the range of 0.006 to 0.03 μg/mL. The method was optimized and found to be selective. It was successfully applied to determine phenol levels in wastewater from six industrial areas, demonstrating its potential for phenol analysis in real samples.
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATERMELO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated using chemically activated watermelon rinds as a low-cost adsorbent to remove methylene blue dye from water. The researchers prepared activated carbon from watermelon rinds using sulfuric acid treatment. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, dye concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on dye removal efficiency. The results showed maximum removal efficiencies of 95-99.6% for sulfuric acid-treated activated watermelon rind. Optimum conditions were determined to be a contact time of 180 minutes, pH of 9, and increasing adsorbent dosage with increasing dye concentration.
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
This document presents a study that used sonication (ultrasound) to remediate soil contaminated with 2-methylpropane-2-thiol. A central composite design and response surface methodology were used to model and optimize the effects of sonication power, time, and water content on removal efficiency. The model showed that power and time had the greatest effects on removal efficiency. Under optimal conditions of high power and long sonication time with a lower water content, a maximum removal efficiency of 82.83% was achieved.
The document describes a study that used dissolved air flotation (DAF) to treat wastewater from an oil refinery in Kermanshah, Iran. Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of flow rate, saturation pressure, and coagulant dosage on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency. Response surface methodology (RSM) was then used to model COD removal and optimize the DAF process conditions. The maximum predicted COD removal of 67.87% was achieved at specific ranges for flow rate, saturation pressure, and coagulant dosage according to the RSM model.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the photocatalytic decolorization of methyl orange dye using TiO2/Fe3O4 and TiO2/Fe2O3 nanocomposites. Various ratios of the nanocomposites were synthesized using an ultrasonic-assisted deposition-precipitation method. Testing showed the 1 wt% Fe3O4/TiO2 nanocomposite achieved about 40% decolorization of methyl orange within 60 minutes of UV irradiation at room temperature, though it exhibited the least magnetism. Characterization of the nanocomposites involved scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller surface area analysis, and band gap determination.
This document investigates the dissipation of pollution flow in urban canyons. It uses CFD software to simulate wind flow through urban blocks at different angles (perpendicular, 45 degrees, 30 degrees) to determine which configuration best dissipates pollution particles. The simulations measure turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation at receptor points in the canyon to understand how particle energy changes. The results indicate that an angle of 30 degrees may be optimal for dissipating pollution in the urban canyon setting. Adjusting the orientation and shape of building blocks could help improve ventilation and reduce trapped particles in the canyons.
The document summarizes research on using a membrane bioreactor with the fungus Aspergillus oryzae to treat wastewater from a bakery yeast factory. Key points:
- The membrane bioreactor achieved over 80% reduction in COD and turbidity in the wastewater over 45 days of operation.
- Critical flux and suitable operating flux for the membrane were determined to be 6.7 L/m2h and 5 L/m2h respectively.
- Cake layer formation on the membrane surface was identified as the major fouling mechanism based on analysis of membrane resistances.
This document describes a study that synthesized and characterized an amine-functionalized MCM-41 nano adsorbent (MCM-41/TMSPDETA) for removing lead (Pb(II)) and nickel (Ni(II)) from wastewater. The adsorbent was characterized using various techniques and found to have a high surface area, uniform pore size, and amine functional groups. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of pH, contact time, and temperature on adsorption capacity. Optimum conditions for maximum capacity were found to be pH 6, 120 minutes contact time, and 20°C temperature. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model, indicating chemisor
This document presents a study comparing the adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions onto Iranian bentonite from the Birjand area. Characterization of the bentonite found it contains montmorillonite, quartz, oligoclase, gypsum and illite. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of initial metal ion concentration on adsorption in single and multi-component systems. Equilibrium data was analyzed using five isotherm models, finding the Langmuir model best fit the data. The maximum adsorption capacities from Langmuir for Cu(II) were 21.10-22.17 mg/g and for Pb(II) were 57.803-40.
This document presents a model for assessing the risk of hydrocarbon contaminant transport from the vadose zone to the groundwater table. The model numerically solves advection-diffusion-reaction equations to obtain hydrocarbon concentration profiles with depth in the soil and the mass loading rate into groundwater. The model was applied to hydrocarbon concentration data from a contaminated gas refinery site in Iran. Four scenarios were defined representing different risk management policies and natural biodegradation effects to predict future contaminant profiles and risk of contaminants reaching groundwater. Comparison of the scenarios showed that biodegradation plays an important role in attenuating contaminants, with scenarios including it resulting in a 50-year contaminant flux period into groundwater versus 300 years for scenarios
1. The document describes a mathematical model developed to model esterification in a batch reactor coupled with pervaporation for producing ethyl acetate.
2. The model accounts for the reaction kinetics of esterification catalyzed by Amberlyst 15 resin and permeation rates of components through a polydimethylsiloxane membrane based on experimental data.
3. A parametric study using the model found that conversion increases with increasing temperature, molar ratios of reactants, and catalyst concentration, with optimal conditions being a temperature of around 343K, catalyst concentration of 10g, and 50% excess acetic acid relative to ethanol.
1. The document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of chlorine gas dispersion within an urban area near a water treatment facility in Tehran, Iran.
2. The simulation considered different chlorine gas leakage scenarios from pipelines or storage tanks under various conditions to analyze chlorine gas behaviors, dispersion, distribution, accumulation, and potential hazards.
3. The CFD results were used to investigate chlorine gas dispersion and suggest some prevention and post-incident solutions to reduce risks and hazards from possible chlorine gas leaks.
This study investigated the performance of Moringa oleifera seeds from different sources for removing turbidity from water. Salt extraction of the seeds was found to be more effective at extracting the active coagulant ingredient than distilled water extraction. The effects of various water quality parameters (pH, hardness, alkalinity, salinity) on turbidity removal efficiency using an optimal dose of salt-extracted Moringa seeds were then examined. The results showed that the water quality parameters did not significantly impact the coagulation potential of the salt-extracted Moringa seeds, which remained effective over a wide range of water conditions.
This document summarizes a study on the biosorption of styrene from wastewater using sugarcane waste (bagasse) as an adsorbent. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were determined for the biosorption process. The effects of parameters like temperature, pH, particle size, and bagasse concentration on biosorption were examined. The maximum styrene uptake of 88% was achieved at pH 12.1, temperature of 35°C, particle size of 420-500 μm, and bagasse concentration of 1 g/L. Adsorption equilibrium data fit the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models well. Kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Increased temperature
The document describes an experiment on removing CO2 from air using a countercurrent rotating packed bed. Key findings include:
- A rotating packed bed was designed to absorb CO2, where the liquid and gas flow countercurrently under centrifugal force. This compact design improves mass transfer efficiency.
- Experiments investigated the effect of parameters like rotational speed, gas and liquid flow rates, and MEA solution concentration on the height of transfer unit (HTU) for CO2 absorption.
- HTU values for CO2 absorption ranged from 2.4 to 4 cm depending on the above parameters. Faster rotational speeds improved mass transfer and lowered HTU.
1. Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) was used to remove manganese (Mn) from synthetic wastewater. The effects of operational conditions like pressure, pH, SDS concentration, and NaCl concentration on permeate flux and Mn rejection were studied.
2. It was found that permeate flux increased with pressure from 0.35 L/min/m^2 at 1 bar to 1.79 L/min/m^2 at 4 bar, while Mn rejection increased slightly with pressure from 89.7% to 98%. Mn rejection and flux increased with increasing pH and SDS concentration.
3. Adding NaCl decreased Mn retention by 50-60% due to complexation of Mn with
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified biosurfactant producing bacteria from Iranian oil wells. One strain, identified as Bacillus sp. NO.4, showed high salt tolerance and biosurfactant production ability over a wide pH range. Its maximum biomass production was achieved after 60 hours. GC and HPLC analysis showed the strain had the ability to degrade hydrocarbons in crude oil and completely degrade chrysene and fluorine. The isolated strains demonstrated potential for removing oil pollutants and enhanced oil recovery applications.
Five bacterial strains capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) like phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene were isolated from an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. The isolates were identified as Sphingopyxis ummariensis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Batch experiments showed the isolates could utilize the PAHs as their sole carbon and energy source. A first-order kinetic model fit the phenanthrene degradation profiles well. Rate constants for phenanthrene degradation ranged from 0.653 to 0.878 day-1, with half-lives of 0.79 to 1.06 days. The isolates showed preference for degrading phenanthrene over anthracene
1. Advances in Environmental Technology 2 (2015) 85-92
*Corresponding author. Tel: + 98-313-7934532, Fax: + 98-313-7934031
E-mail address: m.farhadian@eng.ui.ac.ir
Advances in Environmental Technology
journal homepage: http://aet.irost.ir
Decolorization of ionic dyes from synthesized textile wastewater by
nanofiltration using response surface methodology
Najmeh Askari1
, Mehrdad Farhadian1*
, Amir Razmjou2
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
2
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 19 April 2015
Received in revised form
17 November 2015
Accepted 16 December 2015
Decolorization of aqueous solutions containing ionic dyes (Reactive Blue 19 and Acid
Black 172) by a TFC commercial polyamide nanofilter (NF) in a spiral wound
configuration was studied. The effect of operating parameters including feed
concentration (60-180 mg/l), pressure (0.5-1.1 MPa) and pH (6-10) on dye removal
efficiency was evaluated. The response surface method (RSM) was utilized for the
experimental design and statistical analysis to identify the impact of each factor. The
results showed that an increase in the dye concentration and pH can significantly
enhance the removal efficiency from 88% and 87% up to 95% and 93% for Reactive
and Acid dye, respectively. Results showed that dye removal efficiency increased by an
increase in pressure from 0.5 to 0.8 MPa, while further increase in pressure decreased
the removal efficiency. The maximum dye removal efficiencies which were predicted
at the optimum conditions by Design Expert software were 97 % and 94 % for Reactive
Blue 19 and Acid Black 172, respectively. According to the results of this study, NF
processes can be used at a significantly lower pressure and fouling issue for reuse
applications as an alternative to the widely used RO process.
Keywords:
Environment
Wastewater Treatment
Water Reuse, Nanofiltration
Ionic dye
Textile Wastewater
1. Introduction
The textile industry is known as one of the largest
consumers of fresh water and color. According to Lucas
et al. [1-3] between 25 and 250 m3
water is consumed per
each ton of product. Therefore, these industries produce
a high volume of wastewater including complex
structures such as wetting agents, dyes, fixing agents,
softeners and many other additives [4, 5]. Color, high pH,
high COD and low biodegradability are characteristics of
textile wastewater [6-8] The annual production of
synthetic dyes globally, exceeds over 700000 tons and
around 10% to 15% of the used dyes in the dyeing
process appear in the sewage [9,10] There are around
10000 different dyes which should be monitored in waste
water streams [11]. Released textile wastewater
containing dyes are the main sources of toxicity in
environment, which imposes a significant risk to the living
organisms. There are a few reports that have associated
the textile chemicals to causing cancer and other
mutagenic diseases [12]. Consideration and appropriate
treatment should be taken into account to ensure that
the final discharge will not cause any harm to society and
the environment. A variety of methods such as, chemical
precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange process, electro-
coagulation, membrane systems, and even biological
treatments have been used for dye removal from
industrial effluent. Among them, chemical precipitation
and reduction processes not only need separation stage
and produce high amounts of sludge, but also require
significant treatment chemicals [13]. Biologically assisted
approaches have also been reported as an inefficient
treatment due to the complex and stable structure of
synthetic dyes [14]. The pressure driven membrane
processes (MF, UF, NF and RO) have been found to be
2. M. Farhadian and et al / Advances in Environmental Technology 2 (2015) 85-9286
efficient and environmentally friendly. Although RO is
known as the most efficient separation technique in
terms of permeate quality and dye rejection, the required
cost and high pressure as well as fouling phenomenon has
limited its application. In comparison with RO, NF can be
used in textile wastewater treatment to remove dyes at a
significantly lower pressure and thus lesser fouling [15, 16].
Hassani et al. investigated dye removal rate of four
different feed types of dyes (Acidic, Disperse, Reactive
and Direct) by utilizing a spiral wound nanofiltration
membrane (MWCO of 90 KDalton). Their results showed
that increasing the dye concentration can lead to higher
dye removal efficiency (98 %). Also, at different pressures
the removal efficiency for Acidic and Reactive dyes
reaches to 99.7 %. However, the effect of pH on color
removal efficiency was not considered [17]. Sanchuan et
al., found that the trans-membrane pressure and dye
concentration can significantly affect the dye retention
and water permeability. According to their results, the
dye retention, water permeability and salt rejection rate
of an aqueous solution containing 2000 mg/l Congo red
and 10000 mg/l NaCl were 99.8%, 7.0 l/m2
.h.bar, and
lower than 2.0%, respectively. It should be pointed out
here that they did not study the optimization of
operational parameters [18]. Sahinkaya et al., used a
combination of activated sludge with NF to treat denim
textile wastewater and to reach reuse standards quality.
The COD removal efficiency in the activated sludge
reactor was 91±2% and 84±4% based on the total and
soluble feed COD, respectively. They managed to achieve
75% color removal efficiency through the adsorption of
color on biomass or precipitation within the reactor. The
effective parameters and optimum conditions had not
been investigated [19]. In an investigation performed by
Liu et al. reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF)
were evaluated and compared for a textile effluent
treatment in terms of COD removal, salinity reduction
and permeate flux. However, color removal efficiency and
the impressive parameters had not been studied [20].
Acid and Reactive dyes can escape from conventional
treatments, because they show resistance against
microbial, chemical and photolytic degradation [21]. As
mentioned before, NF can be used efficiently for treating
textile effluent at low pressure and less fouling, which
significantly minimizes dyes escaping. The aim of the
present work is to optimize the operational parameters of
a NF process for removal of Reactive Blue 19 (RB 19) and
Acid black 172 (AB 172) from an aqueous solution. The
relationship between dye removal efficiency and three
main parameters including pH, initial dye concentration
and pressure, were evaluated by applying response
surface methodology.
2. Materials
Reactive Blue 19 (with molecular formula of
C22H16N2Na2O11S3, MW=626 gmol–1,
λmax=592nm) and Acid
Black 172 (with molecular formula of C20H12N3NaO7S and
MW=461gmol–1
, λmax=572nm) were supplied by Alvan
Sabet Co. and were used without further purification. The
structures of Reactive Blue 19 and Acid Black 172 are
presented in Fig. 1. To adjust pH, HCl (37%), NaOH were
purchased from Merck Company of Germany.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. Reactive Blue 19 structure (a) and Acid Black 172 (b).
2.1. Experimental set-up
In this study as schematically presented in Fig. 2, a
continuous co-current NF set up was used. A commercial
polyamide thin film composite membrane in a spiral
wound configuration was used for the NF process. The
membrane specifications are presented in Table 1. The
pumps used in this system are diaphragm-type. The
pumps output flow and pressure are 0.8 l/min and 6 bar,
respectively.
Feed
Permeate
Concentrated
Nanofilter
P
PT
Pressure
valve
Pressure
gauge
Pump
Temperature
controller
pH
pH controller
Fig. 2. Schematic represents the NF experimental apparatus.
3. M. Farhadian and et al / Advances in Environmental Technology 2 (2015) 85-92 87
2.2. Experimental procedure
The synthesized wastewater was prepared by mixing the
dye powders (Reactive Blue 19, Acid Black 172) in three
concentrations of 60, 120 and 180 mg/L in distilled water.
The pH of solution was adjusted by 0.1M HCl and 0.1M
NaOH. The temperature of the solution was kept constant
at room temperature (25 C0
) with recovery percentage of
75±3% of the feed volume. The recovery percentage was
kept constant by varying the feed and permeate fluxes.
All measurements were performed according to the
American Public Health Association water and
wastewater examination methods [22]. The permeated
dye concentrations were obtained by analyzing the
absorbance at maximum wavelength of each dye (592
and 572nm for RB19 and AB172) using a V-570
spectrophotometer following the standard method No.
2120C (Spectrophotometric method – single wavelength
method). The corresponding concentration was then
calculated from a calibration curve with ten points (R2
was 0.98 for reactive dye and 0.95 for acid dye). The dye
removal percentage was calculated by using NF
membrane rejection as shown below:
DR(%) = [1 −
CP
Cf
] × 100 (1)
Where DR is the dye removal percentage, 𝑪 𝒑and 𝑪 𝒇 are
permeate and feed concentration, respectively.
Table1. Commercial polyamide TFC membrane specifications.
CSM Company, KoreaProvider
PolyamideSkin layer
20 barMaximum tolerable pressure
2-11pH range
4.5Isoelectric point
Negative
0.35
Surface electrical charge
Active surface (m2)
2.3. Response surface methodology
The response surface methodology (RSM) is an effective
method for the optimization of responses.The RSM
method can be employed on the basis of different
designs including Central Composite, Box-Behnken, One
Factor, D-Optimal, etc. [23]. In current study, the Box-
Behnken design was selected to optimize the responses
for a three level factors design. A full factorial design for
the three parameters of pH, pressure and concentration
requires 27 runs while by using the design the total
number of experiments was reduced to 15. The
confidence level (CL) for randomly conducted
experiments was 95% to avoid possible errors due to the
systematic bias. In this study, the aim was to obtain
maximum removal percentage of Reactive Blue 19 and
Acid Black 172, which were considered as the responses.
The contour plots and the analysis of variance (ANOVA)
evaluation were used to analyze the results. The
contributory factors and their selected levels are
presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Factors and selected parameters.
Factors Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Dye
concentration
(mg/L)
60.0±2.0 3.0±120 5.0±180.0
pH 6.00±0.10 0.80±0.1 0.1±10.00
Pressure (MPa) 0.50±0.10 0.1±0.80 0.1±1.100
3. Results and discussion
The experimental design and the responses of the
experiments for both dyes are presented in Table 3 and 4.
Results are the average values obtained by 3 parallel
experiments. The ANOVA table for the dye removal
efficiency of Reactive Blue 19 and Acid Black 172 is shown
in Table 5 and 6, respectively.
Table 3. Box-Behnken design results for Reactive Blue 19.
Dye
Removal
Percentage
Pressure
(MPa)
pHDye
.Conc
(mg/L)
Exp.
No.
93.80.8±o.18.00±0.1120.0±21
90.51.1±o.18.00±0.160.00±32
95.70.8±0.110.0±0.1180.0±53
91.40.8±o.16.00±0.1180.0±24
89.60.5±0.18.00±0.160.00±25
93.40.8±0.110.0±0.160.00±56
89.31.1±0.16.00±0.1120.0±37
91.00.5±0.110.0±0.1120.0±38
92.81.1±0.18.00±0.1180.0±59
92.90.8±0.18.00±0.1120.0±510
93.50.8±0.18.00±0.1120.0±211
92.71.1±0.110.0±0.1120.0±312
89.60.8±0.16.00±0.160.00±313
88.90.5±0.16.00±0.1120.0±314
91.70.5±0.18.00±0.1180.0±315
4. M. Farhadian and et al / Advances in Environmental Technology 2 (2015) 85-9288
3.1. Effect of pH
The results in Figs. 3a and 4a indicate that an increase in
pH from 6 to 10 has a positive effect on the color removal
efficiency. This might be related to the two factors of
electrostatic repulsive force and membrane swelling.
From Table 1, the isoelectric point for applied commercial
NF membranes is at pH of 4.5 above which the
membrane surface is negatively charged. With an
increase in pH, the electrical repulsive force between the
membrane surface and the dye molecules increases and
thus the dye removal efficiency rises to 95% and 93% for
Reactive Blue and Acid Black, respectively. According to
Mahmoodi et al. [24], the membranes will swell at higher
pH values and cause the pores to shrink. Reduction in
pore size will directly increase the membrane rejection
and removal efficiency. However, as the experiment was
conducted at constant flux and no significant pressure
increment was observed when pH increased, the
contribution of pore shrinkage on the removal efficiency
enhancement is negligible.
Table 4. Box-Behnken design results for Acid Black 172.
Dye Removal
Percentage
Pressure
(MPa)
pHDye Concentration
(Lmg–1)
Experiment No.
91.40.8±o.18.00±0.1120.0±31
89.20.5±o.110.0±0.1120.0±52
87.00.5±0.16.00±0.1120.0±23
93.60.8±o.110.0±0.1180.0±24
91.00.8±0.110.0±0.160.00±35
90.91.1±0.18.00±0.1180.0±36
88.51.1±0.18.00±0.160.00±27
90.20.8±0.16.00±0.1180.0±38
90.81.1±0.110.0±0.1120.0±59
91.80.8±0.18.00±0.1120.0±310
90.00.5±0.18.00±0.1180.0±311
88.00.8±0.16.00±0.160.00±212
91.50.8±0.18.00±0.1120.0±313
87.41.1±0.16.00±0.1120.0±514
88.00.5±0.18.00±0.160.00±515
Table 5. Analysis of variance for Reactive Blue 19 removal percentage.
StatusP-valueF-value
Degree of
freedom
Sum of the error
squares
Mean square
error
Model terms
Significant<0.000128.060952.605.840Model
Significant<0.000144.28019.2209.220A:dye concentration
Significant<0.0001114.95123.9423.94B: pH
Significant0.02579.840012.0502.050C: P
Not significant0.60040.310010.0650.065B×A
Not significant0.83520.048010.0010.001C×A
Not significant0.20492.120010.4400.440C×B
Not significant0.81320.062010.0130.013A×A
Significant0.03028.980011.8701.870B×B
Significant0.000375.170115.6615.66C×C
Not significant0.31842.290030.8100.270Lack of fit
3.2. Effect of dye concentration
Increasing the dyes concentration resulted in higher
removal efficiency due to the increase in size exclusion
mechanism and space prevention [25]. As can be seen in
Figs. 3a and 4a, Reactive Blue 19 removal efficiency is 6%
more than that of Acid Black dye. As can be seen in Table 5
and 6, F-values for the concentration parameter are 293
and 44 for Acid Black 172 and Reactive Blue 19
respectively. Therefore, the concentration is the second
important factor after pH for removal of both dyes. Dyes
and the membrane surface charge at the NF operational
pH are negative; as a result, by increasing the dyes
concentrations the repulsive forces between the
membrane surface and the dyes molecules increase.
3.3. Effect of pressure
In order to increase the pressure, the feed and permeate
flow valves were adjusted to increase the feed side
5. M. Farhadian and et al / Advances in Environmental Technology 2 (2015) 85-92 89
pressure while keeping recovery percentage constant. As
shown in Figs. 3c and 4c, increasing the pressure from 0.5
to about 0.8 MPa led to an increase in removal efficiency
for both dyes. However, further increase in pressure
revealed a marginal reduction in the removal efficiency
[26]. Operating NF processes at higher pressure increases
the chance of concentration polarization which promotes
fouling on the membrane surface and consequently
increases the intrinsic membrane rejection and removal
efficiency [26]. The maximum removal efficiency for dye
removal from contaminated water was estimated 97.77%
by Box-Behnken method, which was attained at the
optimum conditions of 180 mg l–1
of dye, pressure of 0.825
MPa and pH of 9.9 for Reactive Blue 19. However, the
maximum efficiency based on the experimental data for
Reactive Blue 19 was 95.7% at the concentration of 180
mg l–1
, pH of 10 and pressure of 0.8 MPa. The maximum
estimated removal efficiency at the concentration of 178
mg/l of dye, pressure about 0.87 MPa and pH of 10 for
Acid Black 172 from Box-Behnken method was 93.63%
which is close to the experimentally obtained removal
efficiency (93.6%, see Table 4)
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 3. Contour plots of the Reactive Blue 19 removal efficiency; (a): the effect of dye concentrations and pH on dye removal percentage
(DR %) of Reactive Blue 19 at constant pressure. (b): the effect of pressure and dye concentration on the removal efficiency at constant
pH (c): the effect of pH and pressure on the removal efficiency at constant dye concentration.
6. M. Farhadian and et al / Advances in Environmental Technology 2 (2015) 85-9290
Table 6. Analysis of variance for Acid Blue 172 removal percentage.
StatusP-valueF-valueDegree of
freedom
Sum of the error
squares
Meansquare
error
Model terms
Significant<0.0001156.95948.225.360Model
Significant<0.0001293.30110.1010.10A:dye concentration
Significant<0.0001502.95117.1717.17B: pH
Significant0.001441.09011.4001.400C: P
Not significant0.10893.800010.1300.130B×A
Not significant0.36271.000010.0340.034C×A
Not significant0.017012.38010.4200.420C×B
Not significant0.75220.110010.0130.013A×A
Significant0.000565.87012.2502.250B×B
Significant<0.0001510.67117.4317.43C×C
Not significant0.60540.780030.0310.092Lack of fit
---20.0390.079Pure Error
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 4. Contour plots of the Acid Black 172 removal efficiency; (a): the effect of dye concentrations and pH on dye removal (DR %)
efficiency of.Acid Black 172 at constant pressure. (b): the effect of P and dye concentration on the removal efficiency at constant pH (c):
the effect of pH and pressure on the removal efficiency at constant dye concentration.
4. Conclusions
According to the obtained results, the commercial spiral
wound polyamide nanofilter (TFC) was remarkably efficient
for removing dyes from textile wastewater. pH had the
most significant effect among the other factors (having the
highest F-value) on the removal of both applied dyes
(Reactive Blue 19 and Acid Black 172). The results
indicated that with an increase in pH and dye
concentration, the removal efficiency of both colors
increased. Also, our experimental data revealed that under
optimum condition, operating pressure had a significant
influence on the dye removal efficiency. The agreement
between the estimated and obtained removal efficiency
showed that the design of experiments using response
surface method not only can be considered as a good
choice for the experimental design and statistical analysis
but also for the optimization of process parameters.
7. M. Farhadian and et al / Advances in Environmental Technology 2 (2015) 85-92 91
Acknowledgements
The authors of this work would like to gratefully
acknowledge the Golnesar Woolen Co. (Isfahan, Iran) for
the financial support and Environmental Research Institute
(ERJ, University of Isfahan) which helped in the work.
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