Pingdingshan Coal Mine district is one of the six mining areas of Henan Province, which is a
large coal base in China. After 60 years of exploitation, it has brought great benefits, at the same time,
serious geological disasters have been occurred. It has seriously damaged the normal production of the
masses, life, restricting the development of Pingdingshan coal mine economy. In this paper, the
geological disasters such as ground collapse, ground fissures and ground subsidence in Pingdingshan coal
mine are analyzed, and the degree of geological disasters in the mining area is analyzed in combination
with the severely affected mining area. Finally, reasonable and feasible countermeasures have been put
forward.
Land Slides in Chatorkhand Town, District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan,TehseenUllah Qureshi
The document has been prepared after detailed study of three main landslides areas in Daeen, Shulja and Dilkhushan Villages adjacent to Chatorkhand Town, District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. The study was carried out by a consultant ground GEO BAND. The field exertion was leaded by senior Geologist Mr. Tehseen Uallah Qureshi during July 2018. The same study was submitted to earth sciences department, Karakuram International University GIlgit as assignment.
Geology of district Ghizer, land slides, geology, Chatorkhand, Ghizer, GB
Due to the large-scale exploitation of mineral resources and the unreasonable human activities, the
geological disasters in Jiaozuo City have become increasingly prominent and the degree of harm increased. This
leds to a tremendous threat to human life and property safety. Jiaozuo City, the main types of geological
disasters, landslides, ground subsidence, debris flow and ground fissures. It has great significance to the
development of the city and the protection of people's life and property to explore the hidden dangers of
geological disasters and actively take preventive and control measures. The establishment of geological
hazard group measurement system of prevention and control to achieve the timely detection of geological
disasters, rapid early warning and effective avoidance.
Detachment and movement of soil material by the action of wind is known as wind erosion. Wind erosion is a common cause of land degradation in the arid and semi arid
Soil degradation implies long term decline in soil’s productivity and its environment moderating capacity.In other words,it means decline in soil quality,or reduction in attributes of the soil in relation to specific functions of value to humans.It has plagued the earth since the dawn of settled agriculture.In ancient times ,soil degradation caused the downfall of several thriving ancient civilizations,eg.the Harappan and the Kalibangan cultures in the Indus Valley,the Mesopotamian and Lydian kingdoms in the Mediterranean region, and the Mayan civilization in Central America.During the 20th century,the increase in population has drastically accentuated the risks and extent of soil degradation.(Lal,2001). Land degradation is not being adequately addressed, but is of vital importance to raise awareness so that future land management decisions can lead to more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Of India’s total geographical area (328.7 Mha), 304.9 Mha comprise the reporting area with 264.5 Mha being used for agriculture, forestry, pasture and other biomass production. The severity and extent of soil degradation in the country has been previously assessed by many agencies (Table 1). According to the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning ~146.8 Mha is degraded. Water erosion is the most serious degradation problem in India, resulting in loss of topsoil and terrain deformation. Based on first approximation analysis of existing soil loss data, the average soil erosion rate was ~16.4 ton ha−1year−1, resulting in an annual total soil loss of 5.3 billion tons throughout the country .Nearly 29% of total eroded soil is permanently lost to the sea, while 61% is simply transferred from one place to another and the remaining 10% is deposited in reservoirs.( Bhattacharyya et al.,2015)
Land Slides in Chatorkhand Town, District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan,TehseenUllah Qureshi
The document has been prepared after detailed study of three main landslides areas in Daeen, Shulja and Dilkhushan Villages adjacent to Chatorkhand Town, District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. The study was carried out by a consultant ground GEO BAND. The field exertion was leaded by senior Geologist Mr. Tehseen Uallah Qureshi during July 2018. The same study was submitted to earth sciences department, Karakuram International University GIlgit as assignment.
Geology of district Ghizer, land slides, geology, Chatorkhand, Ghizer, GB
Due to the large-scale exploitation of mineral resources and the unreasonable human activities, the
geological disasters in Jiaozuo City have become increasingly prominent and the degree of harm increased. This
leds to a tremendous threat to human life and property safety. Jiaozuo City, the main types of geological
disasters, landslides, ground subsidence, debris flow and ground fissures. It has great significance to the
development of the city and the protection of people's life and property to explore the hidden dangers of
geological disasters and actively take preventive and control measures. The establishment of geological
hazard group measurement system of prevention and control to achieve the timely detection of geological
disasters, rapid early warning and effective avoidance.
Detachment and movement of soil material by the action of wind is known as wind erosion. Wind erosion is a common cause of land degradation in the arid and semi arid
Soil degradation implies long term decline in soil’s productivity and its environment moderating capacity.In other words,it means decline in soil quality,or reduction in attributes of the soil in relation to specific functions of value to humans.It has plagued the earth since the dawn of settled agriculture.In ancient times ,soil degradation caused the downfall of several thriving ancient civilizations,eg.the Harappan and the Kalibangan cultures in the Indus Valley,the Mesopotamian and Lydian kingdoms in the Mediterranean region, and the Mayan civilization in Central America.During the 20th century,the increase in population has drastically accentuated the risks and extent of soil degradation.(Lal,2001). Land degradation is not being adequately addressed, but is of vital importance to raise awareness so that future land management decisions can lead to more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Of India’s total geographical area (328.7 Mha), 304.9 Mha comprise the reporting area with 264.5 Mha being used for agriculture, forestry, pasture and other biomass production. The severity and extent of soil degradation in the country has been previously assessed by many agencies (Table 1). According to the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning ~146.8 Mha is degraded. Water erosion is the most serious degradation problem in India, resulting in loss of topsoil and terrain deformation. Based on first approximation analysis of existing soil loss data, the average soil erosion rate was ~16.4 ton ha−1year−1, resulting in an annual total soil loss of 5.3 billion tons throughout the country .Nearly 29% of total eroded soil is permanently lost to the sea, while 61% is simply transferred from one place to another and the remaining 10% is deposited in reservoirs.( Bhattacharyya et al.,2015)
PRINCIPLES OF EROSION: Types of erosion, factors affecting erosion, effects of erosion on land fertility and land capability, estimation of soil loss due to erosion, Universal soil loss equation.
Disasters:Risk & Management_Dr R K Sood, Himachal Institute of Public Admini...India Water Portal
What is a disaster and a hazard? Which areas lie in the vulnerability and risk zones in the state of Himachal Pradesh? A look at how the climate change too has added another dimension to this aspect.
Landforms of bangladesh and their relation to natural hazardsJahangir Alam
Landforms of Bangladesh and their Relation to natural hazards:
Bangladesh is situated between 23 34’ and 26 38’ North latitude and 88 01’ and 92 41’East longitude.
The topography is flat with elevation not exceeding 10 meters above mean sea level.
Floodplain and piedmont plains occupy almost 80 percent of the land area.
It is a low-lying, riverine country located in South Asia with a largely marshy jungle coastline of 580 km (360 mi) on the northern littoral of the Bay of Bengal.
Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate characterized by heavy seasonal rainfall, high temperatures, and high humidity.
To know about the land forms of Bangladesh.
To know about the hazards of Bangladesh.
To find out the relationship between landforms and Hazards.
Topography is a configuration of a land surface including it’s relief and contours, the distribution of mountains and valleys , the patterns of rivers and other natural features that produce the landscape .
There are three distinctive natural features in Bangladesh.
A broad alluvial plain subject to frequent flooding.
A slightly elevated relatively older plain
A small hill region drained by fant flowing rivers.
Landslides in the Hilly Regions of Bangladesh and Mitigation Measures Anjalina Diana Podder
Just a concept on the Landslide situation in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. This is University Presentation for Group 3, Batch 11, MSc in Disaster Management, University of Dhaka
PRINCIPLES OF EROSION: Types of erosion, factors affecting erosion, effects of erosion on land fertility and land capability, estimation of soil loss due to erosion, Universal soil loss equation.
Disasters:Risk & Management_Dr R K Sood, Himachal Institute of Public Admini...India Water Portal
What is a disaster and a hazard? Which areas lie in the vulnerability and risk zones in the state of Himachal Pradesh? A look at how the climate change too has added another dimension to this aspect.
Landforms of bangladesh and their relation to natural hazardsJahangir Alam
Landforms of Bangladesh and their Relation to natural hazards:
Bangladesh is situated between 23 34’ and 26 38’ North latitude and 88 01’ and 92 41’East longitude.
The topography is flat with elevation not exceeding 10 meters above mean sea level.
Floodplain and piedmont plains occupy almost 80 percent of the land area.
It is a low-lying, riverine country located in South Asia with a largely marshy jungle coastline of 580 km (360 mi) on the northern littoral of the Bay of Bengal.
Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate characterized by heavy seasonal rainfall, high temperatures, and high humidity.
To know about the land forms of Bangladesh.
To know about the hazards of Bangladesh.
To find out the relationship between landforms and Hazards.
Topography is a configuration of a land surface including it’s relief and contours, the distribution of mountains and valleys , the patterns of rivers and other natural features that produce the landscape .
There are three distinctive natural features in Bangladesh.
A broad alluvial plain subject to frequent flooding.
A slightly elevated relatively older plain
A small hill region drained by fant flowing rivers.
Landslides in the Hilly Regions of Bangladesh and Mitigation Measures Anjalina Diana Podder
Just a concept on the Landslide situation in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. This is University Presentation for Group 3, Batch 11, MSc in Disaster Management, University of Dhaka
International journal of science technologyMiftahur Rizqi
Sand is an important mineral for our society in protecting the
environment, where this practice of sand and soil mining is becoming an
environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.
Mining and its associated activities can be responsible for considerable
environmental damage. In this article we are discussing about the direct and indirect
impacts due to soil and sand mining to the environment in Indian regions. Pollution
of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and
streams in the mining area varies from brownish to reddish orange. Low pH (between 2-
3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic
heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physicochemical
and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality.
Contamination of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and spoils,
leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and silting by sand particles are major
causes of degradation of water quality.
URL: http://www.ejolt.org/2014/08/building-an-economy-on-quicksand/
'..Until recently sand was extracted in land quarries and riverbeds; however, these inland resources have nearly been depleted so that extraction has shifted to marine and coastal aggregates mining.'
Sand from deserts cannot be used for most purposes, as wind erosion over time forms round grains that do not bind well [4]. For most industrial uses, edged sand grains with a rough surface are needed, which stick together naturally. Desert sands, however, are usually fine- grained and of low shear strength –it does not even suit as material for the creation of artificial islands. Dubai, for example, used up all its suitable marine sand supplies for an artificial set of sand islands and, after these were exhausted, now has to import sand from Australia for continuing its building madness.
Most of the sand is by now extracted from the ocean floor – globally thousands of large boats are sucking up huge quantities of sand from the ocean floor in coastal areas like vacuum cleaners. As a result of currents, gravitation and movements of the waves, the gaps which were created by sand extraction are then filled by sand sliding in from surrounding areas and beaches. Due to this vicious cycle in Miami each year beaches have to be replenished with dredged-up sand to further provide tourists with its famous beaches.
In some extreme cases, the mining of marine aggregates has even changed international boundaries, such as through the disappearance of entire islands in Indonesia – since 2005 at least 24 small islands have disappeared as a result of erosion caused by illegal sand mining. Most of this sand is going to Singapore, which has expanded its surface area by 22% since the 1960s [5]. In response to this potentially heavy environmental toll many neighboring countries (Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam) have now banned exports of sand to Singapore, but this has only shifted the problem to countries such as Cambodia.
The conflicts caused by sand mining were for the first time brought to the attention of the general public through the documentary Sand Wars. Among many other outreach victories, the documentary inspired the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to publish a Global Environmental Alert in March 2014 titled “Sand, rarer than one thinks”. In it, the authors state that “Formed by erosive processes over thousands of years, they [sand and gravel] are now being extracted at a rate far greater than their renewal”.
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...IJERA Editor
Soil erosion is the removal and subsequent loss of soil by the action of water, ice, wind and gravity. Soil erosion is a process that occurs naturally at a slow rate. The average natural geologic rate of soil erosion is approximately 0.2 tons per acre per year. Erosion is the process were by the earth or rock is loosened or dissolved and removed from any part of earth‟s surface. Geological erosion is the rate at which the catchment or land would normally be eroded without any disturbance by human activity. If man alters the natural system by means of various land use practices that is caused accelerated erosion. The present study area is covering Parts of North Arcot The area is lies between E78°30'-E78°45' lattitudes N12°15'-N12°30„. The total aerial extent of the study area is 720 sq.km. It falls in the survey of India Toposheet 58 L11 on 1:50,000 scale. The IRS – 1D satellite imagery data were subjected to different types of image enhancement techniques and soil erosion areas were mapped out and GIS databases were generated showing the soil erosion areas using Arc Map 9.1 version. GIS overlay function was executed between soil erosion prone areas and the various controlling variables and the area has been fragmented into a number of polygons of land segments depending upon the controlling variables. Finally, the remedial measures were suggested for each land segment according to the controlling variables.
Natural disasters are casualties that occur outside of human consciousness and activity. They can occur quickly or gradually. These are events that end with the disappearance. Natural disasters: landslides, floods, strong winds, fires, droughts, landslides, avalanches, rain. Some natural emergencies lead to the development of man-made emergencies. The causes of earthquakes are divided into: - Tectonic earthquakes; - volcanic earthquake; by Ravshanova Inoyatkhon Erkinovna and Shermatova Yoqutkhon Sobirovna 2020. Natural emergencies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 170-171. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.878. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878/835 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities-Crimson P...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Critical Issues of Sustainability Associated with Quarry Activities by Nwachukwu MA*, Ojeaga K and Gilbert Chinelo in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Efforts made in many countries to stop the COVID-19 pandemic include vaccinations. However,
public skepticism about vaccines is a pressing issue for health authorities. With the COVID-19 vaccine
available,
SARS-CoV-2, as the causative agent of COVID-19, has spread throughout the world after becoming
a pandemic in March 2020. In the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are also faced with another
serious health problem
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
The optimum speed required for mass-size reduction of shells to produce most sizes that are small
comparable with kernel sizes; coupled with retention of kernel wholeness in cracked palm nut mixture under
repeated impact was investigated. This is to enhance whole kernel separation by dry method, reduce maintenance
and production cost of palm kernel oil (PK0); and lower the risk of oil rancidity associated with split kernel
production and wet method of separation. A static nut cracker and centrifugal nut cracker were used in this study as
Test Rigs while sieves were used to grade cracked shells and whole kernels. The data generated were evaluated. A
model was developed for energy via speed required to retain kernels wholeness following repeated impact in the
crackers. Technical analysis revealed that the maximum allowable speed to retain kernel wholeness is 27.93 m/s;
the minimum allowable average speed to fragment cracked shells is 24.95 m/s. Further analysis showed that the
optimum speed and energy required for cracked nut mixture under repeated impact to have kernel wholeness
retention and production of small sizes of cracked shells relative to kernel sizes are 25.71 m/s and 0.4 J,
respectively.
This review was written to provide a comprehensive summary of the suggested etiologies of Chronic Kidney
Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. In this review, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is explained
in detail and its known etiologies are discussed. CKDu is defined and its epidemiology is discussed, with the
compilation of statistic from over 15 research papers through the years 2000 to present.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Using QR Decomposition to calculate the sum of squares of a model has a limitation that the number of rows,
which is also the number of observations or responses, has to be greater than the total number of parameters used in the
model. The main goal in the experimental design model, as a part of the Linear Model, is to analyze the estimable function
of the parameters used in the model. In order not to deal with generalized invers, partitioned design matrix may be used
instead. This partitioned design matrix method may be used to calculate the sum of squares of the models whenever the total
number of parameters is greater than the number of observations. It can also be used to find the degrees of freedom of each
source of variation components. This method is discussed in a Balanced Nested-Factorial Experimental Design.
Introduction:It has been proven twice that the Hambantota District has the highest life expectancy in male
population. This study focused to find and identify reasons for Hambantota District people to have high life
expectancy at birth.
Methodology: Research was carried out in both qualitative and quantitative phases in five MOH (Medical
Health Officer) divisions in HambantotaDistrict. Study focused on 3 age categories, 55-65 Years, 66-75 Years,
and above 76 Years. Main objectives and key information areas are Life Style and Social Behaviors, Food
Consumption and Diet, Familial Trait and Physical and Mental Health.
Findings: Majority of the male population have educated up to grade 5and most are engaged in the agriculture
while others engaged in fishery and self-employment etc. Almost everyone reachestheir workplaces by foot or by
bicycle. Many of them work less than six hours. They spend their free time with their family members and watch
TV. Most of them do not consume alcohol and smoke. Almost everyone take part in social activities. Majority eat
red rice for all three meals. Almost everyone eats fish every day. They have a high salt intake. Their parents and
ancestors have also have had a high life expectancy. Only a minority suffer from chronic illnesses. They all have
a good physical and mental health condition. They spend happy and relaxed lifestyle.
Conclusion: Healthy diet, low alcohols consumption and smoking, high iodine intake, physical activeness and
their social wellbeing effect for high life expectancy within the male population of selected five MOH divisions
in Hambantota District. They have a free and happy life. Genetics of these people also may contribute for high
life expectancy. Abundance of neem trees in this area also may effect on their high life expectancy.
A clay deposit in Chavakali of western Kenya was evaluated for its potential as refractory raw
material. The collected clay sample was crushed, sieved and the chemical composition determined in
percentage weight (wt %) of (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, etc) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The
samples were moulded into rectangular shaped bricks of 40mm height, 40mm width and 80mm length, allowed
to dry and later fired up to a temperature of 10000C. Refractory properties like Compressive strength,
Hardness, Linear shrinkage on firing, Apparent porosity and Density were determined using standard
techniques. The result of chemical analysis indicated that the clay was composed of Silica (SiO2), 67.3%;
Alumina (Al2O3), 16.67%; Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), 3.87%; Calcium Oxide (CaO), 0.37%; Potassium Oxide (K2O),
2.30%; Sodium Oxide (Na2O), 1.39%; and other traces. The physical and mechanical tests show that the clay
has Cold Crushing Strength of 10.36MPa, Hardness of 40.080 GPa, Linear shrinkage of 6.17%, Apparent
Porosity of 32.71% and Bulk Density of 2.77g/cm3
. Chavakali clay can make better local refractory
Nihon University challenged world record of the human-powered aircraft flight based on the
regulation of Fédération Aérionautique Internationale in Kasumigaura Lake, Japan, 2014. The wing fell off in
midair immediately after take-off, the pilot landed to the lake for safety. So, the challenge failed. It guessed the
operational errors were correlated with the wing falling in midair, which had not happened in our experience.
The flight recording camera and the salvaged airplane were investigated. The fault tree analysis was conducted
for cause investigation. The wing falling was the result as the chain destruction starting from the coupling parts
being damaged in take-off. The defective take-off was caused by composite factors on only operational errors.
The risk that the ultralight airplane might disintegrate in midair by only operational error became apparent.
Dangerous gas explosion accidents result in considerable amount of casualties and property damage.
Hence, an investigation on the generation of poisonous gases in gas explosions exerts important implications
for accident prevention and control and in the decision-making processes of fire rescue. Therefore, a gas
explosion piping test system is established in this paper. Experimental research on gas explosion is conducted by
selecting methane/air premixed gases with concentrations of 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, and 15% in the gas explosive
range. This research aims to reveal the regularity of CO generation after gas explosion in pipelines.
Experimental results showed that when the gas concentration is small (< 9%), 1500–3000 ppm CO will be
produced. When the gas concentration is large (> 9%), the CO amount will reach 3000–40000 ppm. The
variation trend in CO concentration and the quantity of explosive gas are also obtained.
To evaluate the influence of the entry speed to flow field above the water surface on an object
high-speed entering into water, the flow field was measured experimentally by using an optical visualization
method. The entry speed was ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 km/s. In case that the entry speed was higher than the
sound speed of gas above the water surface, the vertical velocity of the tip of a water splash was linear to the
vertical location of the tip. The ratio between the initial vertical velocity of a water splash and the entry speed
was independent from the entry speed and was constant.A shock wave was driven above the water surface by the
entry even thoughthe entry speed was lower than the sound speed of gas above the water surface.A scaling law
for the propagation of a shock wave driven by explosion of an explosive was applicable to the propagation of
the shock wave driven by the water entry by using the kinetic energy of the entry object instead of the explosive
energy.
Kelud volcano is located in East Java Province, Indonesia. According to Geochemical study of
Kelud Volcano, it could be divided into 3 periods which are Kelud I (older than 100 ky BP), Kelud II (40 – 100
ky BP), and Kelud III (younger than 40 ky BP). A specific petrogenesis of Kelud are dominatad by magma
mixing and fractional crystalization. New petrological data from Kelud volcano was taken through products of
the eruption in 1990 (Vulkanian type), 2007 (Lava plug forming) and 2014 (Plinian type). Petrographic study
on these rocks showed that reverse and oscilatory zoning on plagioclases, Shieve-like and corroded textures on
plagioclases and pyroxenes are common. However, normal zoning textures were also found on plagioclases and
pyroxenes. Whole rock study on these rocks showed all rocks were classified into Basalt to Andesite in
composition with calc-alkaline group. The study indicated that their magma origin derrived from slab with
fractional crystallization during in the magma reservoir, and magma mixing processes are dominant expecially
in magma pockets. Concequently, the magma origin and petrogenesis of Kelud magma after the 1966 eruption
are still the same as those of old magma of Kelud.
Black cotton soils are among a group of soils termed as problematic soils. These soils have
undesirable characteristics in relation to construction works and therefore need some form of improvement
when encountered in construction projects. Techniques for improvement of black cotton soils include
replacement, moisture control or adding a stabilizer. Cement and/or lime has been commonly used in soil
stabilization for ages. However, due to the associated cost, required quality control and the need to utilize waste
materials in construction, new stabilizing materials are emerging. This paper presents a study on application of
quarry dust for improving properties of black cotton soil in Mbeya region, Tanzania. The targeted improvement
was to achieve minimum acceptable characteristics for road subgrade as per Tanzania standards. It was
determined that 40% by weight of quarry dust added to the black cotton soil was able to improve the
characteristics by increasing CBR value from 3.8 to 15.7 and reducing PI from 32% to 15%. It will be worthy
studying the cost implication of the suggested improvement in relation to other techniques before application of
the study findings.
High intensity rain and morphometri in Padang city cause at Arau. Morphometri
geomorphologi that is related to wide of, river network, stream pattern and gradien of river. The form wide
of DAS will be by stream pattern and level.This will influence to the number of rain. Make an index to
closeness of stream depict closeness of river stream at one particular DAS. Speed of river stream influenced
by storey, level steepness of river. Steepness storey, level is comparison of difference height of river
downstream and upstream. Ever greater of steepness of river stream, excelsior speed of river stream that
way on the contrary. High to lower speed of river stream influence occurence of floods, more than anything
else if when influenced by debit big. By using rainfall from year 2005 to year 2015, and use Thiessen method
got a rainfall. Use the DEM IFSAR, analysed sofware ARGIS, and with from earth map, the result got DAS
in at condition of floods gristle and sedimentation. There are band evakuasi for resident which data in
floods area.
The chemical (extractives and lignin) content and histological property (microscopic structure)
of tissues of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill, Pierre ex Pax), an angiosperm, were investigated for its potential
as a fibrous raw material for pulp and paper production. Bolts of about 70 cm were cut from the felled trees at
three different merchantable height levels of 10%, 50%, and 90% to obtain: corewood, middlewood and
outerwood samples. The fiber characteristics of the selected trees viz: the fiber length, fibre diameter and lumen
diameter were measured while the cell wall thickness was derived from the measured fibre dimensions. The
average fiber length, cell wall thickness, and lumen width, were 1.40 mm, 4.6 µm, and 32.3 µm, respectively.
The extractive and lignin contents were determined. Klason lignin content was about 30%. Extractive content of
R. heudelotii ranged from 0.41 to 0.5%. Based on these findings R. heudelotii is suitable for pulp and paper
production.
The prolific Niger Delta Basin is a mature petroleum province. Therefore, further prospectivity in
the basin lies within deeper plays which are high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) targets. One of the
main characteristics of the Niger Delta is its unique diachronous tripartite stratigraphy. Its gross onshore and
shallow offshore lithostratigraphy consists of the deep-seated Akata Formation and is virtually exclusively
shale, the petroliferous paralic Agbada Formation in which sand/shale proportion systematically increases
upward, and at the top the Benin Formation composed almost exclusively of sand. This stratigraphic pattern is
not exactly replicated in the deep offshore part of the delta.
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
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Geological Hazards in Pingdingshan Coal Mine District and Controlling Countermeasures
1. International Journal of Scientific and Technical Research in Engineering (IJSTRE)
www.ijstre.com Volume 2 Issue 11 ǁ November 2017.
Manuscript id. 726690164 www.ijstre.com Page 22
Geological Hazards in Pingdingshan Coal Mine District and
Controlling Countermeasures
Wang Pei-yang 1
Feng You-li 1,*
(College of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China)
Abstract : Pingdingshan Coal Mine district is one of the six mining areas of Henan Province, which is a
large coal base in China. After 60 years of exploitation, it has brought great benefits, at the same time,
serious geological disasters have been occurred. It has seriously damaged the normal production of the
masses, life, restricting the development of Pingdingshan coal mine economy. In this paper, the
geological disasters such as ground collapse, ground fissures and ground subsidence in Pingdingshan coal
mine are analyzed, and the degree of geological disasters in the mining area is analyzed in combination
with the severely affected mining area. Finally, reasonable and feasible countermeasures have been put
forward.
Key words: Pingdingshan; coal mine; geological hazard; analysis; control strategy
I. Introduction
Pingdingshan mining area is located in the west of Henan Province, is an important coal industrial base in
China, including Pingdingshan coal field (including Hanliang), Ruzhou coal field and Yuzhou coal mine three
mining areas. There are 21 pairs of mines put into production, the annual production of coal can reach 23.141
million tons. Mine within the full range of coal, coal quality is the nationwide varieties of the most complete
coal and coking coal production base. With the development of mining, in the acquisition of huge economic
benefits, more and more geological disasters have followed, endangering the people's lives and property, while
restricting the economic development of Pingdingshan coal mine, contrary to the concept of sustainable
development of China's economy. How to deal with these geological disasters has become a problem can not
be ignored.
1 Distribution and Hazards of Geological Hazards
1.1 ground collapse
1.1.1 Distribution characteristics
The ground collapse and the ground fissure caused by the collapse are the most serious geological
disasters in the Pingdingshan mining area. The ground collapse in the coal mine area is mainly caused by the
collapse of the goaf. In the past, people did not pay enough attention to the destruction of underground mining,
such as land resources, villages and other buildings, railways and highways, surface water system, etc., which
caused the change of rock mass stress field, which would not only endanger the safety of underground miners
and equipment, but also the ground collapse and ground fissures, which will have a serious impact on the safety
of surface facilities, such as land resources, villages and other buildings, railway and highway, surface water
*
Corresponding author: e-mail: fengyouli66@163.com
2. Geological Hazards in Pingdingshan Coal Mine District and Controlling Countermeasures
Manuscript id. 726690164 www.ijstre.com Page 23
system and so on. It is understood that the area of the mined-out area in the Pingdingshan coal mine is
currently 185. 4km2
, the collapse of the subsidence caused by the subsidence of the subsidence affects 15 520
hectares of landError! Reference source not found.
. Mined areas within the scope of arable land, the village affected by
the perennial seasonal water, severe reduction in food production, housing damage is serious, and with the
continued exploitation of the surface collapse of the hazards will also increase.
1.1.2 Hazards of ground collapse
Eight mines of Pingdingshan is China's own design and construction of the first large-scale mine,
administrative area under the Weidong District, Pingdingshan City . The geographical coordinates of longitude
113 ° 22'9 "~ 113 ° 30'14", latitude 33 ° 45'13 "~ 33 ° 47'26" east-west along the long 12.5km, north-south tilt
width of 3.36km, the total area of the mine up to 41.4195km2
. Since 1966, the mining area has formed a 14.76
km2
mined area, resulting in more than 14 km2
of the ground subsidence, accounting for about one-third of the
total area of the entire mining areaError! Reference source not found.
(The assessment of geological hazard risk in the
mining area is shown in Fig. 1).The mined-out area lead to a large area of ground collapsed, killing large areas
of arable land, roads were destroyed, the development of ground subsidence in the mining area is shown in
Table 1. The affected area of arable land reached 144 hectares, of which 73.4 hectares of arable land had been
accumulated water over the years and could not be cultivated. Threatening houses up to 4805, part of the
village suffer more serious effects, resulting in the village for many years of water filling (Figure 2), the house is
affected by the collapse, resulting in cracks (Figure 3). The disaster is very serious, in the cause of great
economic losses, and also formed a variety of security risks, the production and life of the people and life safety
needs to be guaranteed.
Figure
1 Assessment of the risk of geological hazards caused by mining in the mining area
Table 1 Pingdingshan shares eight mine mine ground subsidence development situation
Town
Village name and
coordinates
popul
ation
House (room)
Cultivated land area (ha) and
damage
Hongzhuang ,
Yang town
Jiazhuang 960 2600 23.4 hectares of water
Zhanbei town Poli 920 2100 4 hectares, seasonal water
3. Geological Hazards in Pingdingshan Coal Mine District and Controlling Countermeasures
Manuscript id. 726690164 www.ijstre.com Page 24
Houlou 1100 2700 1 hectare, seasonal water
Wuwan 1300 2800 73.4 hectares, long water
Donggaohuang
town
Chengzhuang 2800 6500 10 hectares, seasonal water
Jiaozhuang 25.4 hectares, seasonal water
Yezhuang 980 2700
1.7 hectares of seasonal
water
Xinnan 2100 5400 5.4 hectares, seasonal water
Figure 2 Village water plot Figure 3 mine dangerous room
1.2 Ground fissures
1.2.1 Distribution characteristics
Ground fissures are also one of the important types of geological hazards in the area. The ground fissures
in the mining area are mainly due to the underground mining activities caused a certain range of mined-out areas,
so that the overlying rock and soil loss of support, resulting in the fall of these rock and soil, causing ground
cracking. Pingdingshan coal mine due to the large area of goaf, forming a large number of ground fissures[3].
Its length is from a few meters to several kilometers range, it is learned that the current Pingdingshan coal mine
development of the longest ground fissure up to 4500m; Most of the width is less than one meter and a few are
several meters wide; visible depth of not more than 4m. Individual deep bottomless, no obvious direction.
Development sites are mostly in mountainous wasteland[5.]
.
1.2.2 Hazard of ground fissures
Pingdingshan number six coal mine as an example, in the mining area is clearly visible and has a certain size
of the ground cracks up to 38, are formed by the mining activities, mostly cracks in the ground, a few were arc,
polyline. Most of the ground fissures are developed on the top of the hill, and are sloping parallel to the slope
or in a small angle. The length is from 100m to 150m. The width is generally 0.3m and the maximum width is
1.1m. The visible depth is 0.4 ~ 3.5m. Bottomed out. Most of the cracks were in the form of clusters, mostly in
parallel, with the same direction as the slope. Ground fissures mainly cause housing cracks and land damage.
There are different degrees of damage to the village houses in the six mining areas, some of which have become
dangerous (Figure 4 and Figure 5). In addition, the ground subsidence caused some damage to the roads and
greatly affected the residents. As the ground fissures are mainly developed in the mountain wasteland,
according to incomplete statistics, the ground subsidence and the ground caused by cracks, a total of 3.7
hectares of arable land damage. In addition, ground fissures also caused 131 hectares of wasteland to be
4. Geological Hazards in Pingdingshan Coal Mine District and Controlling Countermeasures
Manuscript id. 726690164 www.ijstre.com Page 25
destroyed, 1.5 hectares of forest land was destroyed. The gob and its induced ground fissures endanger the
safety of more than 1,500 households , 7800 houses and 3900 people.
Figure 4 housing cracks Figure 5 housing cracks
1.3 Ground subsidence and its hazards
The causes of ground subsidence in Pingdingshan coal mine are different due to geographical location and
mining situation. For example, the population density in the square of mining area of No.8 coal mine of
Pingdingshan coal group, water concentration and concentration of buildings, cause the underground soft rock
stratum to be compacted and consolidated; densely populated, large amount of water consumption, a large
amount of groundwater resources mining, groundwater is pumped out of large amount, belongs to the type of
pumping settlement. However, in the No.4 mining area, many affected areas are located in the secondary
tectonic zone of the fault of the Goudi mountain, and the fault is staggered, which exposes up to four faults with
a fall of more than 15 meters, and is in the outcrop area of the coal seam; Affected by the fault cutting, the
overlying strata of the whole poor, easy to be affected by a variety of induced factors, so that the relatively
stable fault " activation ", resulting in the surface movement, causing cracks in the ground construction. For
example, there are four oblique wells that have been abandoned for many years in the mining area, and the
natural collapse will induce the "activation" of the fault, which in turn causes settlement deformation. In
addition, there are many local small coal mines around the area, and over the years the super-layer crossing
exploitation may also be one of the main factors that cause the fault to cause the fault. Only the No.4 mine
area due to surface subsidence damage as many as 807 households, damaged area of 47926.22km2
, the number
of damaged 3218 people, resulting in a very serious economic losses, and security risks.
1.4 Debris flow, collapse, landslide
Pingdingshan coal mines are mostly located in the plains (Figure 6), only a small part of the hills,
landslides rare development. Development department also has a small impact on the people. For example,
in the Pingdingshan six mining area within the no man's land to see the development of landslides, landforms
are denuded low-middle mountain, far from the village building, in addition to causing surface deformation and
damage, but also did not cause roads, bridges destroyed. The formation of debris flow requires three basic
conditions: the steep and easy to collect the appropriate water collection; upstream accumulation of abundant
loose solid material; short-term there is a large number of sudden flow of water[4.]
, the mine can not provide the
above conditions. Is located in the plains, the collapse of rare, no longer discussed too much.
0 80cm 0 60cm
5. Geological Hazards in Pingdingshan Coal Mine District and Controlling Countermeasures
Manuscript id. 726690164 www.ijstre.com Page 26
Figure 6 Pingdingshan topography map
II. Control measures
2.1 Principles of Prevention and Control
2.1.1 Prevention and treatment
Nowadays, there are a number of geological disasters, the degree of danger can be identified, and can
implement a series of governance measures such as engineering management to actively carry out land
restoration, to minimize its risk. Due to the sudden, mass, and derivative of geological disasters, it may occur
in the short time, the larger areas of the disaster, causing huge losses or even lead to a series of follow-up
geological disasters, sustained damage to the mining area. So the potential geological hazards of hidden
dangers is far greater than the proven geological disasters, in the disaster prevention and control of the relevant
units should focus on dealing with potential geological disasters, develop good preventive measures to minimize
its harm.
2.1.2 Local conditions, development, and both prevention and control
In the mining process should actively respond to the call of the state, do not go past old way "first pollution
and then control" . In the mining work should be closely combined with the geological conditions of the mine,
for different mine geological hazards to give the corresponding response measures. In the mining at the same
time, the mine custom science reasonable prevention, recovery, governance measures.
2.1.3 technical priority, the first design after the construction
Mine disaster management must be in strict accordance with the national development of technical
specifications, to design a practical program. And to ensure the feasibility of governance programs, security,
the pursuit of governance of the largest economic benefits. Rough set can be used before constructionError!
Reference source not found.
and other methods to do a risk assessment of the disaster, to minimize or avoid the mineral
development caused by mining geological hazards.
2.2 Countermeasures
2.2.1 Close monitoring, strategizing
According to the distribution of geological disasters in the mining area, disaster intensity, the status quo
6. Geological Hazards in Pingdingshan Coal Mine District and Controlling Countermeasures
Manuscript id. 726690164 www.ijstre.com Page 27
and other factors to purchase appropriate monitoring equipment, establish a sound and perfect mine geological
disaster dynamic monitoring system; closely linked to the people of mining, the introduction of the
corresponding laws and regulations, from a sound and efficient and sensitive geological disaster group policy
prevention network: the establishment of a set of geological disaster early warning system, timely access to
disaster early warning information, the degree of disaster threat to a minimumError! Reference source not found.
. On the
already have a hidden danger of geological disasters, tree warning signs, isolation and other measures to avoid
casualties. The use of balanced scorecard performance evaluation system and other scientific and rational
methods to develop efficient and reasonable rescue plan, optimize the rescue, to minimize the loss caused by
geological disasters Error! Reference source not found.
.
2.2.2 Restore the ecological environment with people-oriented
Carry out the relocation and repair of villages that are severely affected by the disaster and repairs the
village of the village where the damage is less serious; filling and repairing the damaged road; according to the
different needs of residents, reasonable deployment of excavation, arable land, roads, engineering. To take
reclamation measures to restore the mining area of land resources; mine closed pit, the timely construction of
industrial sites to clean up the land leveling project; To carry out mining area topography and ecological
environment restoration project[9.]
. So that the people get placement.
2.2.3 Vigorously promote and improve the responsibility system
The government should play its functions and increase the work on popular science, disaster, propaganda
and education. Improve the quality of the project responsible staff, to participate in the work of disaster
prevention and control personnel disaster warning training; to improve the people of the mine disaster awareness
and response to geological disasters. Establish a sound responsibility system, the responsibility system layer
by layer, specifically to each involved in the prevention and control works of the staff, who is responsible for the
problemError! Reference source not found.
.
III. Conclusion
Pingdingshan coal mine for more than 60 years of mining, resulting in mined area of 185.4km2
. A
series of geological disasters caused by the collapse of the mined-out area affected the land by as much as 15
520 hectares, which caused serious damage to buildings, railways and highways such as land resources and
villages. Not only become one of the obstacles to the development of mining economy, but also on the
residents of the mining area of property and life safety has a huge threat. Pingmei Group should rely on the
progress of science and technology to carry out comprehensive prevention and control of geological disasters,
geological disasters to closely monitor the prevention and control personnel to carry out publicity and education.
Trying to play a governance efficiency and control at the same time, restore and improve the mining geological
environment and ecological environment.
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