SARS-CoV-2, as the causative agent of COVID-19, has spread throughout the world after becoming
a pandemic in March 2020. In the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are also faced with another
serious health problem
Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Coronavirus Disease-19 Patients: Report of Casesasclepiuspdfs
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to cause severe respiratory illness manifesting in a spectrum of related disorders. Amidst the continuous evolution of this pandemic which has caused vast devastation globally, it is crucial to note that tuberculosis (TB), which also causes respiratory diseases, has and still affects over a quarter of the world’s population. Coinfection of both diseases have severe health implications. Therefore, it is vital to understand the effects of this novel virus on the immune system and coinfection with a bacterial infection, like TB. Based on peer-reviewed cases, there seems to be an associational relationship between COVID-19 and TB; research suggests both weaken the immune system and further complicate clinical outcomes, which was further explored in this paper.
Corona viruses are a group of RNA viruses. In late December 2019, Patients with pneumonia with unknown etiology was get admitted in health care facilities in Wuhan, China, and resulted in a pandemic disease which affected more than 200 countries and responsible for 182,989 deaths world wide. The disease is officially named as Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19, by WHO on February 11, 2020 . COVID 19 is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate estimated 2 -5 mortality rate. Currently, there is no definite treatment for COVID 19 although some trials are under investigation. Hence, appropriate use of PPE, regular hand hygiene, Respiratory and cough etiquettes, social distancing are some key elements to prevent the spread of disease. Ms. Pabalpreet Kaur | Ms. Eenu | Ms. Pooja Jaswal | Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Sarin "The Outbreak of COVID-19: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30859.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30859/the-outbreak-of-covid19-an-overview/ms-pabalpreet-kaur
Similarities and Differences between the New Coronavirus Infectious 2019 COVI...ijtsrd
From late fall to winter of 2020, the further challenge of medical care for thetwindemic of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 COVID 19 and seasonal influenza is imminent. The key to that is the ability of family doctors to protect the front lines of community medicine. It is difficult not only for patients but also for doctors to distinguish COVID 19 from seasonal flu only based on initial symptoms such as fever and malaise. Every year, patients with suspected seasonal flu are tested and, if positive, are treated with influenza drugs. However, due to the expansion of COVID 19, tests using a nasopharyngeal swab have a high risk of droplet infection. In this review, we would like to discuss the clinical similarities and differences between COVID 19 and seasonal influenza, including new findings.The coronavirus infectious disease 2019 COVID 19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of COVID 19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 1 .The outbreak was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China 2,3 .The World Health Organization WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30January 2020 and a pandemic on 11March 2020 4,5 .As of 30 August 2020,more than 25million cases of COVID 19 have been reported in more than 188 countries and territories, resulting in more than 843,000 deaths more than 16.4million people have recovered 6 .The WHO has published a report summarizing the differences between the COVID 19 and influenza 7 . Takuma Hayashi | Ikuo Konishi "Similarities and Differences between the New Coronavirus Infectious 2019 (COVID-19) and Seasonal Influenza" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33370.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/33370/similarities-and-differences-between-the-new-coronavirus-infectious-2019-covid19-and-seasonal-influenza/takuma-hayashi
In late 2019, a novel coronavirus uncertain etiology caused in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread to other
provinces and countries. Some researchers isolated the pathogen named as the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (2019-
nCoV). The common symptoms of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, such as sore throat, high fever, diarrhea, and
dyspnea. Besides that, researchers also recorded oral symptoms including ulcers, herpes, and tongue pain. At the
same time, dental practitioners as a high-risk infection occupation always contact close patients. It is very important
to prevent infection. The review aims to look back at the progress of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
associated with stomatology, to be studied, diagnosed, and prevented from the disease from the oral aspect.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Coronavirus Disease-19 Patients: Report of Casesasclepiuspdfs
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to cause severe respiratory illness manifesting in a spectrum of related disorders. Amidst the continuous evolution of this pandemic which has caused vast devastation globally, it is crucial to note that tuberculosis (TB), which also causes respiratory diseases, has and still affects over a quarter of the world’s population. Coinfection of both diseases have severe health implications. Therefore, it is vital to understand the effects of this novel virus on the immune system and coinfection with a bacterial infection, like TB. Based on peer-reviewed cases, there seems to be an associational relationship between COVID-19 and TB; research suggests both weaken the immune system and further complicate clinical outcomes, which was further explored in this paper.
Corona viruses are a group of RNA viruses. In late December 2019, Patients with pneumonia with unknown etiology was get admitted in health care facilities in Wuhan, China, and resulted in a pandemic disease which affected more than 200 countries and responsible for 182,989 deaths world wide. The disease is officially named as Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19, by WHO on February 11, 2020 . COVID 19 is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate estimated 2 -5 mortality rate. Currently, there is no definite treatment for COVID 19 although some trials are under investigation. Hence, appropriate use of PPE, regular hand hygiene, Respiratory and cough etiquettes, social distancing are some key elements to prevent the spread of disease. Ms. Pabalpreet Kaur | Ms. Eenu | Ms. Pooja Jaswal | Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Sarin "The Outbreak of COVID-19: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30859.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30859/the-outbreak-of-covid19-an-overview/ms-pabalpreet-kaur
Similarities and Differences between the New Coronavirus Infectious 2019 COVI...ijtsrd
From late fall to winter of 2020, the further challenge of medical care for thetwindemic of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 COVID 19 and seasonal influenza is imminent. The key to that is the ability of family doctors to protect the front lines of community medicine. It is difficult not only for patients but also for doctors to distinguish COVID 19 from seasonal flu only based on initial symptoms such as fever and malaise. Every year, patients with suspected seasonal flu are tested and, if positive, are treated with influenza drugs. However, due to the expansion of COVID 19, tests using a nasopharyngeal swab have a high risk of droplet infection. In this review, we would like to discuss the clinical similarities and differences between COVID 19 and seasonal influenza, including new findings.The coronavirus infectious disease 2019 COVID 19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of COVID 19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 1 .The outbreak was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China 2,3 .The World Health Organization WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30January 2020 and a pandemic on 11March 2020 4,5 .As of 30 August 2020,more than 25million cases of COVID 19 have been reported in more than 188 countries and territories, resulting in more than 843,000 deaths more than 16.4million people have recovered 6 .The WHO has published a report summarizing the differences between the COVID 19 and influenza 7 . Takuma Hayashi | Ikuo Konishi "Similarities and Differences between the New Coronavirus Infectious 2019 (COVID-19) and Seasonal Influenza" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33370.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/33370/similarities-and-differences-between-the-new-coronavirus-infectious-2019-covid19-and-seasonal-influenza/takuma-hayashi
In late 2019, a novel coronavirus uncertain etiology caused in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread to other
provinces and countries. Some researchers isolated the pathogen named as the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (2019-
nCoV). The common symptoms of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, such as sore throat, high fever, diarrhea, and
dyspnea. Besides that, researchers also recorded oral symptoms including ulcers, herpes, and tongue pain. At the
same time, dental practitioners as a high-risk infection occupation always contact close patients. It is very important
to prevent infection. The review aims to look back at the progress of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
associated with stomatology, to be studied, diagnosed, and prevented from the disease from the oral aspect.
Study of Clinical and laboratory profile of dengue like illness in a tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Clinical Research Centre (CRC) Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) just released their new e-newsletter. This edition focused on COVID-19 experiences by health care providers.
Here you will find: Fundamental information about Coronavirus or Covid-19. Facts and figures. Growth of the virus. Preventation from Corona Virus. Future protection against Covid-19.
COVID-19 is a virus caused by acute respiratory syndrome and also known as novel coronavirus or SARS, which was first discovered in late December 2019. It is an RNA virus that is related to influenza (H1N1) and can cause major respiratory issues in affected people. Diagnoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of symptoms may be similar to other viral and bacterial infections.
Advanced age, having comorbidities, and vitamin D deficiency are three most important reasons for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 and also worsen complications and increase the risk of death. Despite the vast amount of information available and lessons learned, many countries are still not fully utilizing these to manage secondary peaks of COVID-19 infection. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include, older age, ethnicity, male sex, having comorbidities, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking; all these are associate with vitamin D deficiency. COVID-19 symptomatology varies from mostly asymptomatic, to, up to 2% fatality.
Advanced age, having comorbidities, and vitamin D deficiency are three most important reasons for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 and also worsen complications and increase the risk of death.
Despite the vast amount of information available and lessons learned, many countries are still not fully utilizing these to manage secondary peaks of COVID-19 infection. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include, older age, ethnicity, male sex, having comorbidities, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking; all these are associate with vitamin D deficiency. COVID-19 symptomatology varies from
mostly asymptomatic, to, up to 2% fatality. The latter is characterized by cytokine storm, an immune reaction, diffuse arterial thromboembolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary oedema,and death.
Coronavirus Disease-19 and Reinfections: A Review of Casesasclepiuspdfs
Since first surfacing in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has led to a global pandemic with confirmed cases and death bells tolling in the millions with new cases still emerging daily. Despite sharing genetic similarities to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, the specific viral proteins found on the novel SARS coronavirus 2 and its structure seems to make this strain much more elusive and destructive. Based on peer-reviewed cases, there seems to be an increase in patient reinfection, but due to current testing and treatment limitations, it is yet to be determined if the new trend of reinfection is due to a persistent COVID-19 infection that involves a latent period, a recurrent infection due to the same strain of COVID-19, or a mutated strain of COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent reports of the development of reinfection in previously confirmed COVID-19 cases in an attempt to gain a further understanding of the mechanisms of virulence, the effects on the human immune system, and how current testing and treatment modalities are faring. While the virus seems to have a penchant for patients with existing comorbidities, newer data indicate that everyone may be susceptible to possible infection and that not all patients will present with typical respiratory symptoms, making it imperative to examine established cases of reinfection in an attempt to further help with developing drugs for treatment, vaccines, and protocols for prevention.
COVID-19 : Introduction,Nomenclature,Incubation Period,Structure,Symptoms,Transmission,Flowchart,Diagnosis,Treatment,Drugs under testing,Prevention,Importance of Social Distancing,Effects in Lungs,Effects in Other organs,Replication,Severity,Stages,Comparison,Facts.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
Prinsotel´s establishments have implemented health protocols for preventing COVID-19 that comply with the criteria and requirements set forth in UNE 0066-2:2020 Specifications, establishing the guidelines and recommendations for reducing the spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
Efforts made in many countries to stop the COVID-19 pandemic include vaccinations. However,
public skepticism about vaccines is a pressing issue for health authorities. With the COVID-19 vaccine
available,
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
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Study of Clinical and laboratory profile of dengue like illness in a tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Clinical Research Centre (CRC) Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) just released their new e-newsletter. This edition focused on COVID-19 experiences by health care providers.
Here you will find: Fundamental information about Coronavirus or Covid-19. Facts and figures. Growth of the virus. Preventation from Corona Virus. Future protection against Covid-19.
COVID-19 is a virus caused by acute respiratory syndrome and also known as novel coronavirus or SARS, which was first discovered in late December 2019. It is an RNA virus that is related to influenza (H1N1) and can cause major respiratory issues in affected people. Diagnoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of symptoms may be similar to other viral and bacterial infections.
Advanced age, having comorbidities, and vitamin D deficiency are three most important reasons for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 and also worsen complications and increase the risk of death. Despite the vast amount of information available and lessons learned, many countries are still not fully utilizing these to manage secondary peaks of COVID-19 infection. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include, older age, ethnicity, male sex, having comorbidities, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking; all these are associate with vitamin D deficiency. COVID-19 symptomatology varies from mostly asymptomatic, to, up to 2% fatality.
Advanced age, having comorbidities, and vitamin D deficiency are three most important reasons for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 and also worsen complications and increase the risk of death.
Despite the vast amount of information available and lessons learned, many countries are still not fully utilizing these to manage secondary peaks of COVID-19 infection. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include, older age, ethnicity, male sex, having comorbidities, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking; all these are associate with vitamin D deficiency. COVID-19 symptomatology varies from
mostly asymptomatic, to, up to 2% fatality. The latter is characterized by cytokine storm, an immune reaction, diffuse arterial thromboembolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary oedema,and death.
Coronavirus Disease-19 and Reinfections: A Review of Casesasclepiuspdfs
Since first surfacing in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has led to a global pandemic with confirmed cases and death bells tolling in the millions with new cases still emerging daily. Despite sharing genetic similarities to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, the specific viral proteins found on the novel SARS coronavirus 2 and its structure seems to make this strain much more elusive and destructive. Based on peer-reviewed cases, there seems to be an increase in patient reinfection, but due to current testing and treatment limitations, it is yet to be determined if the new trend of reinfection is due to a persistent COVID-19 infection that involves a latent period, a recurrent infection due to the same strain of COVID-19, or a mutated strain of COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent reports of the development of reinfection in previously confirmed COVID-19 cases in an attempt to gain a further understanding of the mechanisms of virulence, the effects on the human immune system, and how current testing and treatment modalities are faring. While the virus seems to have a penchant for patients with existing comorbidities, newer data indicate that everyone may be susceptible to possible infection and that not all patients will present with typical respiratory symptoms, making it imperative to examine established cases of reinfection in an attempt to further help with developing drugs for treatment, vaccines, and protocols for prevention.
COVID-19 : Introduction,Nomenclature,Incubation Period,Structure,Symptoms,Transmission,Flowchart,Diagnosis,Treatment,Drugs under testing,Prevention,Importance of Social Distancing,Effects in Lungs,Effects in Other organs,Replication,Severity,Stages,Comparison,Facts.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
Prinsotel´s establishments have implemented health protocols for preventing COVID-19 that comply with the criteria and requirements set forth in UNE 0066-2:2020 Specifications, establishing the guidelines and recommendations for reducing the spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
Efforts made in many countries to stop the COVID-19 pandemic include vaccinations. However,
public skepticism about vaccines is a pressing issue for health authorities. With the COVID-19 vaccine
available,
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
The optimum speed required for mass-size reduction of shells to produce most sizes that are small
comparable with kernel sizes; coupled with retention of kernel wholeness in cracked palm nut mixture under
repeated impact was investigated. This is to enhance whole kernel separation by dry method, reduce maintenance
and production cost of palm kernel oil (PK0); and lower the risk of oil rancidity associated with split kernel
production and wet method of separation. A static nut cracker and centrifugal nut cracker were used in this study as
Test Rigs while sieves were used to grade cracked shells and whole kernels. The data generated were evaluated. A
model was developed for energy via speed required to retain kernels wholeness following repeated impact in the
crackers. Technical analysis revealed that the maximum allowable speed to retain kernel wholeness is 27.93 m/s;
the minimum allowable average speed to fragment cracked shells is 24.95 m/s. Further analysis showed that the
optimum speed and energy required for cracked nut mixture under repeated impact to have kernel wholeness
retention and production of small sizes of cracked shells relative to kernel sizes are 25.71 m/s and 0.4 J,
respectively.
This review was written to provide a comprehensive summary of the suggested etiologies of Chronic Kidney
Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. In this review, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is explained
in detail and its known etiologies are discussed. CKDu is defined and its epidemiology is discussed, with the
compilation of statistic from over 15 research papers through the years 2000 to present.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Using QR Decomposition to calculate the sum of squares of a model has a limitation that the number of rows,
which is also the number of observations or responses, has to be greater than the total number of parameters used in the
model. The main goal in the experimental design model, as a part of the Linear Model, is to analyze the estimable function
of the parameters used in the model. In order not to deal with generalized invers, partitioned design matrix may be used
instead. This partitioned design matrix method may be used to calculate the sum of squares of the models whenever the total
number of parameters is greater than the number of observations. It can also be used to find the degrees of freedom of each
source of variation components. This method is discussed in a Balanced Nested-Factorial Experimental Design.
Introduction:It has been proven twice that the Hambantota District has the highest life expectancy in male
population. This study focused to find and identify reasons for Hambantota District people to have high life
expectancy at birth.
Methodology: Research was carried out in both qualitative and quantitative phases in five MOH (Medical
Health Officer) divisions in HambantotaDistrict. Study focused on 3 age categories, 55-65 Years, 66-75 Years,
and above 76 Years. Main objectives and key information areas are Life Style and Social Behaviors, Food
Consumption and Diet, Familial Trait and Physical and Mental Health.
Findings: Majority of the male population have educated up to grade 5and most are engaged in the agriculture
while others engaged in fishery and self-employment etc. Almost everyone reachestheir workplaces by foot or by
bicycle. Many of them work less than six hours. They spend their free time with their family members and watch
TV. Most of them do not consume alcohol and smoke. Almost everyone take part in social activities. Majority eat
red rice for all three meals. Almost everyone eats fish every day. They have a high salt intake. Their parents and
ancestors have also have had a high life expectancy. Only a minority suffer from chronic illnesses. They all have
a good physical and mental health condition. They spend happy and relaxed lifestyle.
Conclusion: Healthy diet, low alcohols consumption and smoking, high iodine intake, physical activeness and
their social wellbeing effect for high life expectancy within the male population of selected five MOH divisions
in Hambantota District. They have a free and happy life. Genetics of these people also may contribute for high
life expectancy. Abundance of neem trees in this area also may effect on their high life expectancy.
A clay deposit in Chavakali of western Kenya was evaluated for its potential as refractory raw
material. The collected clay sample was crushed, sieved and the chemical composition determined in
percentage weight (wt %) of (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, etc) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The
samples were moulded into rectangular shaped bricks of 40mm height, 40mm width and 80mm length, allowed
to dry and later fired up to a temperature of 10000C. Refractory properties like Compressive strength,
Hardness, Linear shrinkage on firing, Apparent porosity and Density were determined using standard
techniques. The result of chemical analysis indicated that the clay was composed of Silica (SiO2), 67.3%;
Alumina (Al2O3), 16.67%; Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), 3.87%; Calcium Oxide (CaO), 0.37%; Potassium Oxide (K2O),
2.30%; Sodium Oxide (Na2O), 1.39%; and other traces. The physical and mechanical tests show that the clay
has Cold Crushing Strength of 10.36MPa, Hardness of 40.080 GPa, Linear shrinkage of 6.17%, Apparent
Porosity of 32.71% and Bulk Density of 2.77g/cm3
. Chavakali clay can make better local refractory
Nihon University challenged world record of the human-powered aircraft flight based on the
regulation of Fédération Aérionautique Internationale in Kasumigaura Lake, Japan, 2014. The wing fell off in
midair immediately after take-off, the pilot landed to the lake for safety. So, the challenge failed. It guessed the
operational errors were correlated with the wing falling in midair, which had not happened in our experience.
The flight recording camera and the salvaged airplane were investigated. The fault tree analysis was conducted
for cause investigation. The wing falling was the result as the chain destruction starting from the coupling parts
being damaged in take-off. The defective take-off was caused by composite factors on only operational errors.
The risk that the ultralight airplane might disintegrate in midair by only operational error became apparent.
Due to the large-scale exploitation of mineral resources and the unreasonable human activities, the
geological disasters in Jiaozuo City have become increasingly prominent and the degree of harm increased. This
leds to a tremendous threat to human life and property safety. Jiaozuo City, the main types of geological
disasters, landslides, ground subsidence, debris flow and ground fissures. It has great significance to the
development of the city and the protection of people's life and property to explore the hidden dangers of
geological disasters and actively take preventive and control measures. The establishment of geological
hazard group measurement system of prevention and control to achieve the timely detection of geological
disasters, rapid early warning and effective avoidance.
Dangerous gas explosion accidents result in considerable amount of casualties and property damage.
Hence, an investigation on the generation of poisonous gases in gas explosions exerts important implications
for accident prevention and control and in the decision-making processes of fire rescue. Therefore, a gas
explosion piping test system is established in this paper. Experimental research on gas explosion is conducted by
selecting methane/air premixed gases with concentrations of 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, and 15% in the gas explosive
range. This research aims to reveal the regularity of CO generation after gas explosion in pipelines.
Experimental results showed that when the gas concentration is small (< 9%), 1500–3000 ppm CO will be
produced. When the gas concentration is large (> 9%), the CO amount will reach 3000–40000 ppm. The
variation trend in CO concentration and the quantity of explosive gas are also obtained.
To evaluate the influence of the entry speed to flow field above the water surface on an object
high-speed entering into water, the flow field was measured experimentally by using an optical visualization
method. The entry speed was ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 km/s. In case that the entry speed was higher than the
sound speed of gas above the water surface, the vertical velocity of the tip of a water splash was linear to the
vertical location of the tip. The ratio between the initial vertical velocity of a water splash and the entry speed
was independent from the entry speed and was constant.A shock wave was driven above the water surface by the
entry even thoughthe entry speed was lower than the sound speed of gas above the water surface.A scaling law
for the propagation of a shock wave driven by explosion of an explosive was applicable to the propagation of
the shock wave driven by the water entry by using the kinetic energy of the entry object instead of the explosive
energy.
Pingdingshan Coal Mine district is one of the six mining areas of Henan Province, which is a
large coal base in China. After 60 years of exploitation, it has brought great benefits, at the same time,
serious geological disasters have been occurred. It has seriously damaged the normal production of the
masses, life, restricting the development of Pingdingshan coal mine economy. In this paper, the
geological disasters such as ground collapse, ground fissures and ground subsidence in Pingdingshan coal
mine are analyzed, and the degree of geological disasters in the mining area is analyzed in combination
with the severely affected mining area. Finally, reasonable and feasible countermeasures have been put
forward.
Kelud volcano is located in East Java Province, Indonesia. According to Geochemical study of
Kelud Volcano, it could be divided into 3 periods which are Kelud I (older than 100 ky BP), Kelud II (40 – 100
ky BP), and Kelud III (younger than 40 ky BP). A specific petrogenesis of Kelud are dominatad by magma
mixing and fractional crystalization. New petrological data from Kelud volcano was taken through products of
the eruption in 1990 (Vulkanian type), 2007 (Lava plug forming) and 2014 (Plinian type). Petrographic study
on these rocks showed that reverse and oscilatory zoning on plagioclases, Shieve-like and corroded textures on
plagioclases and pyroxenes are common. However, normal zoning textures were also found on plagioclases and
pyroxenes. Whole rock study on these rocks showed all rocks were classified into Basalt to Andesite in
composition with calc-alkaline group. The study indicated that their magma origin derrived from slab with
fractional crystallization during in the magma reservoir, and magma mixing processes are dominant expecially
in magma pockets. Concequently, the magma origin and petrogenesis of Kelud magma after the 1966 eruption
are still the same as those of old magma of Kelud.
Black cotton soils are among a group of soils termed as problematic soils. These soils have
undesirable characteristics in relation to construction works and therefore need some form of improvement
when encountered in construction projects. Techniques for improvement of black cotton soils include
replacement, moisture control or adding a stabilizer. Cement and/or lime has been commonly used in soil
stabilization for ages. However, due to the associated cost, required quality control and the need to utilize waste
materials in construction, new stabilizing materials are emerging. This paper presents a study on application of
quarry dust for improving properties of black cotton soil in Mbeya region, Tanzania. The targeted improvement
was to achieve minimum acceptable characteristics for road subgrade as per Tanzania standards. It was
determined that 40% by weight of quarry dust added to the black cotton soil was able to improve the
characteristics by increasing CBR value from 3.8 to 15.7 and reducing PI from 32% to 15%. It will be worthy
studying the cost implication of the suggested improvement in relation to other techniques before application of
the study findings.
High intensity rain and morphometri in Padang city cause at Arau. Morphometri
geomorphologi that is related to wide of, river network, stream pattern and gradien of river. The form wide
of DAS will be by stream pattern and level.This will influence to the number of rain. Make an index to
closeness of stream depict closeness of river stream at one particular DAS. Speed of river stream influenced
by storey, level steepness of river. Steepness storey, level is comparison of difference height of river
downstream and upstream. Ever greater of steepness of river stream, excelsior speed of river stream that
way on the contrary. High to lower speed of river stream influence occurence of floods, more than anything
else if when influenced by debit big. By using rainfall from year 2005 to year 2015, and use Thiessen method
got a rainfall. Use the DEM IFSAR, analysed sofware ARGIS, and with from earth map, the result got DAS
in at condition of floods gristle and sedimentation. There are band evakuasi for resident which data in
floods area.
The chemical (extractives and lignin) content and histological property (microscopic structure)
of tissues of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill, Pierre ex Pax), an angiosperm, were investigated for its potential
as a fibrous raw material for pulp and paper production. Bolts of about 70 cm were cut from the felled trees at
three different merchantable height levels of 10%, 50%, and 90% to obtain: corewood, middlewood and
outerwood samples. The fiber characteristics of the selected trees viz: the fiber length, fibre diameter and lumen
diameter were measured while the cell wall thickness was derived from the measured fibre dimensions. The
average fiber length, cell wall thickness, and lumen width, were 1.40 mm, 4.6 µm, and 32.3 µm, respectively.
The extractive and lignin contents were determined. Klason lignin content was about 30%. Extractive content of
R. heudelotii ranged from 0.41 to 0.5%. Based on these findings R. heudelotii is suitable for pulp and paper
production.
The prolific Niger Delta Basin is a mature petroleum province. Therefore, further prospectivity in
the basin lies within deeper plays which are high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) targets. One of the
main characteristics of the Niger Delta is its unique diachronous tripartite stratigraphy. Its gross onshore and
shallow offshore lithostratigraphy consists of the deep-seated Akata Formation and is virtually exclusively
shale, the petroliferous paralic Agbada Formation in which sand/shale proportion systematically increases
upward, and at the top the Benin Formation composed almost exclusively of sand. This stratigraphic pattern is
not exactly replicated in the deep offshore part of the delta.
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
new carbonitriding parameter settings evidently improve the performance measures over their values at the
original settings. The strength of the carbonitrided AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws is effectively improved.
We consider a real-time multi-server system with identical servers (such as machine controllers,
unmanned aerial vehicles,overhearing devices, etc.) which can be adjusted/programmed for different types of
activities (e.g. active or passive). This system provides a service for real-time jobs arriving via several channels
(such as assembly lines, surveillance regions, communication channels, etc.) and involves maintenance. We
perform the worst case analysis of the system working under maximum load with preemptive priorities assigned
for servers of different activity type. We consider a system with separate queue to each channel. Two models
with ample maintenance teams and shortage of maintenance teams are treated. We provide analytical
approximations of steady state probabilities for these real-time systems and check their quality.
More from International journal of scientific and technical research in engineering (IJSTRE) (20)
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The Challenges of Handling Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Literature Review
1. International Journal of Scientific and Technical Research in Engineering (IJSTRE)
www.ijstre.com Volume 7 Issue 2 ǁ Mar-Apr 2022.
ISSN: 2581-9941
Manuscript id.754235606 www.ijstre.com Page 1
The Challenges of Handling Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever during
the COVID-19 Pandemic: Literature Review
Mubarak1
, Haryati1
, Waode Syahrani Hajri1
, Sukurni1,
I Putu Sudayasa1
and Tri
Baskoro Tunggul Satoto2
1
Faculty of Medicine, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, mubarak@uho.ac.id;
haryati@uho.ac.id; syahrani.hajri@uho.ac.id; sukurni@uho.ac.id; dr.putusudayasa@uho.ac.id.
2
Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, UniversitasGadjahMada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia, tribaskoro@ugm.ac.id
Abstract : SARS-CoV-2, as the causative agent of COVID-19, has spread throughout the world after becoming
a pandemic in March 2020. In the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are also faced with another
serious health problem, namely Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Changes in weather patterns due to the
transition from the dry season to the rainy season contribute to the large number of cases of DHF. The COVID-
19 pandemic has put pressure on efforts to prevent DHF. With the recommendation to stay at home, people
cannot carry out activities to eradicate mosquito nests massively. Water reservoirs, such as at hotels and
resorts, are also not properly maintained because some workers are not on duty. These conditions contribute to
the breeding of mosquitoes. Meanwhile, the clinical symptoms of the early stages of these two diseases have
several similarities. This can cause misdiagnoses that can lead to patient fatality and community transmission.
This article review aimed to identify the challenges of handling DHF during the COVID-19 pandemic. WC:165
Keywords: COVID 19 Pandemic, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, SARS-CoV-2, Coinfection.
I. Introduction
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory syndrome disease caused by the
SARS-CoV-2 virus [1]. COVID-19 is mostly characterized by fever and cough [2]. SARS-CoV-2 was first
identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019 [3]. The number of cases of COVID-19 rapidly
increased throughout China and eventually spread throughout the world and was declared a global pandemic
outbreak. As of December 31, 2021 with more than 4.1 million new cases and over 45,000 new deaths reported,
globally there have been nearly 285 million cases and more than 5.4 million deaths [4]. During this pandemic,
cases of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) have increased in many countries, especially in countries where
dengue fever is endemic. This includes several countries in Southeast Asia and South Asia such as the
Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and in South
America such as Brazil, Paraguay, and Colombia [5]. DHF cases continues to increase in many countries,
including Indonesia. Cases of DHF in Indonesia have increased in 2020 compared to the previous year 2019. In
Indonesia, out of a total of 513 districts/cities, 481 (93.58%) districts/cities were infected with dengue fever with
an Incidence Rate of 51.48 per 100,000[6].
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is an arboviral infection that often occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. It is
estimated that every year there are 96 million infections by dengue virus with 21,000 deaths worldwide [7].
Fever, headache, arthromyalgia, retro-orbital discomfort, and rash are all symptoms of dengue infection.
Because the clinical and laboratory signs of COVID-19 are similar to those of DHF, the COVID-19 pandemic in
DHF endemic areas is an additional health concern. The similarities in symptoms make identifying and treating
the two diseasesdifficult[3]. Despite the similarities in clinical symptoms such as fever, headache, and body
pains, as well as test findings such as thrombocytopenia and leucopenia, the patient management of these two
diseases is very different [8,9]. Accordingly, the use of Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-
PCR) and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) tests are needed as the basis for confirming the
diagnosis.
The rainy season has always contributed to an increasing number of DHF cases. This is a challenge for health
workers, especially those in the emergency room who will be faced with an increase in cases of DHF
wherepreviously they had to identify cases of suspected or confirmed COVID-19. In this situation, a complete
2. The Challenges Of Handling Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Liter..
Manuscript id. 754235606 www.ijstre.com Page 2
history, physical examination and appropriate laboratory examinations are vital in confirming the diagnosis of
DHF and COVID-19.
There are reports of coinfection between SARS-CoV-2 and the dengue virus (DENV) which raise serious
concerns about the handling of the two viruses [10,11]. For example, recent reports from Singapore
identifiedtwo cases of COVID-19 which were misdiagnosed as DHF due to clinical manifestations and
hematological profiles, showing false positive dengue and DENV IgM antibodies using rapid diagnostic tests
(RDT) [12]. Therefore, this review aimed to map the challenges of managing DHF during the COVID-19
pandemic.
II. Material & Methods
We thoroughly reviewed publications regarding the challenges of handling Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
during the COVID-19 pandemic. The challenges found were the presence of signs and symptoms of similarities
between dengue hemorrhagic fever and SARS COVID-2, the challenges of changes in temperature/weather
during the SARS COVID-2 period and the increase in DHF cases and Coinfection between dengue fever and
SARS Covid-2.
III. Signs and Symptoms of Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever and SARS COVID-2
The patients with DHFin general will suddenly experience a high fever. Face flushing, skin erythema,
body pains, myalgia, arthralgia, and headache are all symptoms of the acute febrile phase, which can last 2-7
days [8]. Some patients may experience sore throat, inflammation of the pharynx and inflammation of the
conjunctiva. In general, anorexia, nausea and vomiting may also occur. It is difficult to differentiate clinically in
the early stages of dengue fever from non-dengue fever. At this time, a positive tourniquet test raises the risk of
confirmed dengue fever [8]. In addition, these clinical signs cannot be distinguished between severe and non-
severe cases of dengue. As a result, monitoring of warning signs and other clinical parameters is very important
to recognize the disease progression to a critical phase. If the dengue phase continues, it can cause mild bleeding
manifestations such as petechiae and mucous membrane bleeding (e.g., nose and gums) [13]. Massive vaginal
bleeding (in women of reproductive age) and gastrointestinal bleeding are possible but unusual at this stage.
After a few days of fever, the liver is frequently swollen and painful. Furthermore, there can be a progressive
decrease in white blood cells which indicates that there is a high probability that dengue fever has occurred [8].
In patients with COVID-19, the disease can cause various signs and symptoms in different people in different
ways. Most people who become infected will have amild to moderate illness or recover on their own without
hospitalization. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, fatigue, and loss of taste or
smell. In addition, less common symptoms may occur, including sore throat, headache, aches and pains,
diarrhea, skin rash, or discoloration of fingers or toes, with red or irritated eyes[14]
COVID-19 and DHF are very difficult to distinguish in the early stages because the two diseases have very
similar clinical and laboratory features [3]. General clinical symptoms such as fever, headache, and cough are
present in the majority of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection[15]. Similarly, clinical
symptoms of fever, skin rash is a clinical symptom of dengue fever [11]. Clinical symptoms in the early stages
such as fever, myalgia, and headache are commonly seen in patients infected with COVID-19 and DHF.
However, symptoms related to breathing such as sore throat, cough and loss of smell and sense of taste need to
be confirmed by laboratory tests to confirm COVID-19 infection [16].
The differential approach to early diagnosis between DHF and COVID-19 patients can be guided by neutrophil
and lymphocyte counts, NLR, and thrombocytopenia in the first week of symptoms. Thrombocytopenia is more
common in patients with DHF, and it can occur without a fever. Meanwhile, the patients with COVID-19 will
usually have a low platelet count a few days after that, followed by a clinical course of fever. The patients with
DHF tend to be admitted to the emergency room earlier because of the fever response that appears earlier than
COVID-19 [17–19].
IV. Changes in temperature/weather, SARS COVID-2
And increase in DHF cases
Weather and temperature factors have been shown to be important for the dynamics of DHF transmission.
Understanding the empirical association between weather and temperature conditions and DHF is critical for
3. The Challenges Of Handling Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Liter..
Manuscript id. 754235606 www.ijstre.com Page 3
disease warning systems. [20,21]. Environmental risk factors have an effect on the area of dengue incidence
Environmental factors known to have an effect on dengue virus transmission, include ineffective vector control,
climate change, temperature, rainfall, humidity, and mobility of people or residents [22]. Additionally, changes
in climate and temperature have an impact on the Aedes spp. mosquito's life cycle, including larval
development, adult survival, and the distribution of the Aedes aegypti mosquito [23,24].
Preventing or reducing dengue virus transmission is strongly influenced by mosquito vector control measures,
including breaking contact with vectors. During a pandemic, public health personnel are diverted and focused on
the pandemic, and as a result, the routine mosquito vector surveillance and control programs that have been
carried out so far are automatically stopped in many countries. [25] This temporary hiatus in eradication
programs can interfere with efforts to control and prevent DHF. An Indian study reported that the density of
Aedes spp. mosquitoes increased dramatically during the COVID-19 period due to the temporary suspension of
the vector control program[19]. In another study, Malaysia officials reported an increase in vector density during
the COVID-19 period, which has led to an increase in dengue incidence [26]. When people's movement is
limited and they stay at home during a pandemic, the opportunity for human-vector contact may increase,
thereby increasing the risk of viral infection and transmission. This impact is likely to be more pronounced in
the rainy season because of the potential for many used cans/bottles/used tires to become ideal places for
mosquito larvae to breed.
V. Coinfection between dengue and SARS Covid-2
As the whole world struggles to combat COVID-19, in countries with dengue endemic tropical and
sub-tropical climates, this burden is increasing with increasing cases of DHF, which is transmitted by mosquito
vectors [27]. Currently, it is strongly estimated that there will be co-infection of COVID 19 and DHF in dengue
endemic countries. Similar clinical symptoms such as fever, pain and respiratory illness shared by the two viral
diseases have caused serious concern in dengue-endemic countries with limited resources. It is certain that the
occurrence of co-infection between DHF and COVID-19 has created an additional burden on health and public
health workers in dengue endemic countries.[28]. Meanwhile, coinfection poses a major challenge for correct
diagnosis and treatment where symptoms overlap. In addition, there are increasing numbers of cases and this
needs attention because many medical workers make mistakes by not recognizing the possibility of false
positive results [12].
Coinfection between DHFand COVID-19 has been reported in several dengue endemic countries, including
Singapore [12], Thailand, India [29] and Bangladesh [30].One confusing case report from Thailand found a
patient with fever and petechiae[31], which are symptoms that are very common in DHF. In this patient,
symptoms of thrombocytopenia were also found, which is also a common finding in DHF [32]. After some time,
the patient developed symptoms of respiratory distress, and after an RT-PCR examination it was confirmed, the
patient had a COVID-19 infection. In further evidence, it has been proven that SARS-CoV2 can give false
positive results in the rapid dengue test adding to the challenges of RDT. Two cases of patients with fever in
Singapore were found to be positive for DHF and later proven to have developed COVID-19 [12].After a
second test with RT-PCR, the DENV was later confirmed negative. From reports in Thailand, there were also
cases of transmission of COVID-19 to health workers from patients suspected of having DHF [29]. These
patients were treated without following the procedural respiratory precautions. At first the patient was treated as
suspected DHF, then with the additional diagnosis of COVID-19, the patient became a false positive case of
DENVcoinfection.
Of the many similarities in the early stages between DHF and COVID-19, there are key differences that can help
to distinguish the early signs of each of the two cases. COVID-19 is very typically identified as a respiratory
tract infection, and cough symptoms will appear in >75%, and the remaining 25% will have a productive cough
[33], which are very unlikely to be found in patients with DHF [32]. In addition, the symptoms of sore throat
and nose that occur in COVID-19 [33] are not found in patients with DHF [32]. In addition, the laboratory
results for DHF will show monocytosis, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia [32] and this condition has not
been the case in COVID-19 [33]. Therefore, considering the situation, the simultaneous infection of DHF and
COVID 19 can be a major challenge during the current COVID-19 pandemic [27].
VI. Conclusions
The coinfections with COVID-19 and DHF can peak during the rainy season in dengue endemic
countries. In the pandemic era, diagnosing one infection does not rule out the possibility of other infections
simultaneously, such as coinfection between DENV and COVID-19. Health workers should make extra efforts
to confirm any suspected diagnoses and take proper precautions to safeguard themselves and the community
4. The Challenges Of Handling Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Liter..
Manuscript id. 754235606 www.ijstre.com Page 4
from the increased potential for disease transmission.
Acknowledgements
Author thanks to Universitas Halu Oleo for sponsor and support acknowledgments.
Conflict of Interest
All authors confirm there are no conflicts of interest related to this manuscript.
Author's Contribution
All authors in this review contributed equally. All authors prepared, drafted, structured research, critically read
and revised manuscripts and gave final approval for publication.
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